Mối quan hệ giữa nhận thức, tư duy, gắn kết và ý định hành động khởi nghiệp của sinh viên TOMTATLUANAN TIENG ANH luận án tiến sĩ

1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY HA KIEN TAN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEIVED, MINDSET, COMMITMENT AND ENTREPRENEURIAL IMPLEMENTATION INTENTION OF STUDENTS Major: Business Administration Code : 9340101 SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC DOCTORAL THESIS Scientific instructors: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Thu Dr Tran The Hoang Ho Chi Minh City, April, 2019 The work was complete at: University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City Scientific instructors: 1: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Thu 2: Dr Tran The Hoang Reviewers: 1: 2: 3: The dissertation will be defended in front of the Dissertation Evaluation Council at The University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City at: The dissertation can also be found at:: LIST OF AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Quang Thu, Tran The Hoang, Ha Kien Tan, 2017 The role of commitment in the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior of students Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies (Jabes) 28 (11), pp.04 - 25 Ha Kien Tan, Nguyen Ngọc Diem, Nguyen Trong Minh, 018 The role of education in entrepreneurial perceived and entrepreneurial intention of students of Binh Duong Economics and Technology University Journal of Technical Economics Special volume, pp.1 15 Nguyen Quang Thu, Tran The Hoang, Ha Kien Tan, 2018 The role of entrepreneurial mindset in the relationship between entrepreneurial perceived and Entrepreneurial implementation intentions of students in the Southeast of Vietnam Journal of Technical Economics Special volume, pp.134 - 147 Nguyen Quang Thu, Tran The Hoang, Ha Kien Tan, Nguyen Hoang Son, 2018 Crowdfunding: relationship marketing theory approach Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies (Jabes) 29 (5), pp.05 - 22 Nguyen Quang Thu, Tran The Hoang, Ha Kien Tan, 2018 Receiving entrepreneurial knowledge from social network: approaching from elaboration likelihood model Journal of Economics and Development (JED) 252, pp.67 - 78 Nguyen Quang Thu, Tran The Hoang, Ha Kien Tan, 2018 Impact of entrepreneurial perceive on entrepreneurial behaviors of Vietnamese students: Role of goal intention and implementation intention Journal of science 60(3), pp.23 - 36 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1.1 The need for research and research problems In Vietnam, entrepreneurship is a very interesting topic with the Government's goal of having at least one million active business in the period of 2016-2020 According to (Government Newspaper, 2016), the proportion of business/population (over 96 million) is too low (0.57%) compared to countries such as the US, Taiwan (China) and Thailand, Israel, Japan (all over 2%) If the average level of the world is reached, then Vietnam needs more than million businesses to operate So the increase in the number of business is always the main concern of the government, policy makers and scholars However, the rate of start a business in Vietnam is very low compared to the percentage of people who perceive entrepreneurial opportunities, and intention to start a business (GEM, 2016) What makes the rate of start a business in such students so low in Vietnam, or in other words why the intention to start a business and start a business still has a certain gap is a problem to be studied? Many previous entrepreneurial studies used the TPB and EEM models show that before forming an entrepreneurial intention, the individual needs motivation (the stage of deliberative mindset) This motivation is formed from their own entrepreneurial desire and ability However, to distinguish between potential entrepreneurs and others, the ability to identify entrepreneurial opportunities through mindset, commitment (the stage of implemental mindset) The intention in previous entrepreneurial studies were vague and abstract, its predictive power for entrepreneurship is questionable Therefore, it is necessary to switch to a more detailed, more action-oriented form in order to have a higher entrepreneurial capability This intention is based on the mindset theory of action phases called the implementation intention Moreover, in order for the goal to be achieved, it is necessary to change the goal from abstract to more detailed In addition, the intention in previous models to predict behavior is a short-term single action, the intention to start a business must be a long-term goal At the same time, the time distance that plays a role in moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial desire and ability to intention of starting a business is not mentioned in previous studies The time distance makes individuals exaggerate their positive intentions and incorrectly predict the correlation between intention and behavior Thus, it is important to study the process of establishing a potential entrepreneur because this is the first step of the entrepreneurship process, and the entrepreneurial intention is considered a very important indicator to start a bussiness This thesis only focuses on the stage from potential entrepreneurs to the intention of starting a business, so there are three research questions are set as follows: (1) What is the process of forming an entrepreneurial intention of Vietnamese students? (2) How does time distance affect the relationship between entrepreneurial perceived and entrepreneurial intention? (3) Does the process of forming students’s entrepreneurial intention in Vietnam go through pre-action? In other words, are there any factors that act as mediators between the entrepreneurial perceived and entrepreneurial intention student in Vietnam? So, from the above analysis, the research problem in this thesis is “the relationship between perceived, mindset, commitment and entrepreneurial implementation intention of students” 1.2 Research objectives - Literature review theories, empirical studies to propose, supplement and formulate a - complete theoretical framework as a foundation for the thesis Verification of direct and indirect impacts (through entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial commitment - these are two factor of the implemental mindset phase) of entrepreneurial perceived feasibility and entrepreneurial perceived desirability (the stage of deliberative mindset) on students's entrepreneurial intention - Verifying the mediator role of the time distance for the relationship between entrepreneurial perceived feasibility, entrepreneurial perceived desirability and entrepreneurial implementation intention - From the research results, the thesis provides some implications for university management and management agencies in promoting the entrepreneurial intention of students in Vietnam 1.3 Objects and scope of the research Research objects: the relationship between perceived, mindset, commitment and entrepreneurial implementation intention of students Research scope: Full time students in the last year of universities in provinces/cities include: Ho Chi Minh, Binh Duong, Dong Nai, Ba Ria-Vung Tau 1.4 Research methodology The study used a mixed research method to test the model through two stages: (1) Preliminary qualitative and quantitative research to examine, adjust, supplement and standardize the scale (2) Primary quantitative research methods to test hypotheses 1.5 New contributions of the thesis - In theoretical, the thesis verified the relationship between perceived, mindset, commitment and entrepreneurial implementation intention through the mindset - theory of action phases is a research direction that has not been implemented before The thesis also provided empirical evidence that the relationship between entrepreneurial perceived and entrepreneurial intention is influenced by the time distance The addition of two mediator factor of explains the relationship between entrepreneurial perceived and entrepreneurial intention If previous studies on entrepreneurship, intentions are quite abstract and moving from intention to behavior is suspicious, then adding these factor has shifted from abstract intentions to spending intentions, more clear, and actionable Since then affirmed that starting a business is a thought, careful, serious investment of students, not because the - entrepreneurship movement affects Because previous research on entrepreneurship has mainly been done in Western countries with a developed market economy, a culture of entrepreneurship and promoting their autonomy So, it should be verified in countries where entrepreneurship is not as important as in Vietnam - In practical, Research results of the thesis also suggest for entrepreneurship support organizations and institutions to train some proposals to create conditions for students to start their businesses seriously in order increasing the potential of entrepreneurship of students in Vietnam 1.6 Thesis structure The thesis includes 05 chapters, presented in the following order and main contents: Chapter 1: Overview of research: Research problems, objectives, methodology and scope of research Chapter Theoretical foundations and Research models: Concepts of Research Discussion of previous research to construct research hypothesis Finally, the theoretical model is proposed Chapter 3: Research methodology: Describing methods of research, building measurement scale, conducting preliminary research and designing primary research program Chapter 4: Research results: Describe the process of data collection, measurement measurement analysis; analyzing linear structure model (PLS-SEM) and finally testing research hypotheses Chapter 5: Conclusion and implication of management: Synthesis of comparing meaningful findings and making conclusions about research thesis Some administrative implications for entrepreneurship are presented Finally, identify remaining constraints as the basis for further research-oriented proposals CHAPTER THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND RESEARCH MODELS 2.1 Concepts 2.1.1 Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is a multi-dimensional concept, relatively complex, not uniform and translated in many different ways In this thesis will approach in a process by Kelly et al (2012) Accordingly, potential entrepreneurs are those who see entrepreneurial opportunities, believe that they have the ability to start a business, must have entrepreneurial mindset, and be consistent and connected with entrepreneurial goal Thus, the entrepreneurship process of potential entrepreneurs is constituted by four stages: (1) Perceived of entrepreneurial opportunities and feasibility of entrepreneurs; (2) Assess opportunities through entrepreneurial mindset; (3) Commit entrepreneurial goals; (4) Forming an entrepreneurial 2.1.2 Entrepreneurial intention Intentional models suggest that intention is a predictive and significant element of one's behavior (Kautonen et al., 2013) Therefore, grasping the origin of the intention will help predict the behavior Many concepts of entrepreneurial intentions are given Therefore, many research proposals today aim to improve the models of entrepreneurial intentions to better reflect the complexity of the entrepreneurship process (Fayolle & Liñan, 2014) The intention to start a business in previous studies is quite impressive and the strength leading to behavior is questionable, can only explain 10% of the variation of entrepreneurial behavior (Van Gelderen, 2015) Therefore, it is necessary to switch to a more detailed, more action-oriented 10 form in order to have a higher entrepreneurial capability This intention by Gollwitzer & Keller (2012, 2016) is called the implementation intention 2.1.3 Entrepreneurial implementation intention According to the mindset theory of action phases (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2012, 2016), the implementation intention is personal mindset, comparing the attractiveness between the entrepreneurial opportunity and the ability to perform, from it is oriented to plan, implement plans and start a business This definition explains how individuals must think and respond to questions about why starting a business, starting a product/service, when and how to start a business 2.1.4 Entrepreneurial mindset According to the mindset theory of action phases (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2012, 2016), the pre-action phase (action mindset) is the stage in which people start planning to implement their set goals, specifically when, where and how to act to achieve their desired results through perseverance and commit when faced with difficulties (Brandstatter & Frank, 2002) Moreover, individuals with action mindset seem more eager to accomplish their goals Entrepreneurial mindset is the process of evaluating entrepreneurial opportunities through optimistic thinking, directing detailed and specific entrepreneurial plans aimed at starting a business Thus, those who have entrepreneurial thinking will think and realize closer to the goal of starting a business 2.1.5 Entrepreneurial commitment The role of commitment in entrepreneurship has been mentioned many times in many studies (Fayolle & Liñan, 2014; Sharma & Irving, 2005) Recently, however, Fayolle & Liñán (2014) called for research to use the commitment theory to describe and explain coherence in entrepreneurship Entrepreneurial commitment is defined as the attitude (desire for needs and 16 entrepreneurial implementation intention According to Li (2007), the intention to start a business mainly depends on entrepreneurial desirable and feasibility, while the subjective norm have little effect on the intention to start a business in some studies Some research by Krueger et al (2000); Li (2007) found very little evidence of this Moreover, the mindset theory of action phases (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2012, 2016) argued that individuals with entrepreneurial mindset are always optimistic with their opportunities and abilities to seize opportunities and they easily formed the intention to start a business From the above analysis, hypothesis H4a and H5a are stated as follows: Hypothesis H4a: Entrepreneurial desirable perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial implementation intention Hypothesis H5a: Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial implementation intention The relationship between entrepreneurial perceived and entrepreneurial mindset Entrepreneurial mindset is that individuals will think between the desire and the ability to implement that desire through action plans closer to the target orientation to answer the question, when I started my career the mindset theory of action phases (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2012, 2016) suggests that the more entrepreneurial mindset an individual is, the person is always optimistic about his or her opportunities and abilities to seize entrepreneurial opportunities Thus, the hypothesis H4b, H5b is stated as follows: Hypothesis H4b: Entrepreneurial desirable perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial mindset Hypothesis H5b: Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial mindset The relationship entrepreneurial commitment between entrepreneurial perceived and 17 The more entrepreneurs are aware of their entrepreneurial opportunities, the more they will start their businesses The mindset theory of action phases (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2012, 2016) suggests that the more entrepreneurial mindset an individual is, the person is always optimistic about his or her opportunities and abilities to seize entrepreneurial opportunities and they will easily commit with the goal of starting a business This leads to the hypothesis H4c, H5c is constructed as follows: Hypothesis H4c: Entrepreneurial desirable perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial commitment Hypothesis H5c: Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial commitment The relationship between time distance, entrepreneurial desirable perceived, entrepreneurial feasibility perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention Based on contruct level theory, in the process of understanding the desirability and feasibility to formulate intent, this process is influenced by time distance Specifically, it is proposed that the desired effect will increase when the entrepreneurial goal is set in the far future Similarly, the effectiveness of feasibility will increase when the entrepreneurial goal is set in the near future However, the role of the time distance in this thesis only serves as a group moderator variable Thus, the words analyzed on the hypotheses H6a and H6b are H4a+ stated as follows: H6a+ H4c+ Hypothesis H6a: Only a long time distance affects the relationship between Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial desirable perceived entrepreneurial desirable perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention H2+ H4b+ Hypothesis H6b: Only a short time distance affects the relationship between entrepreneurial feasibility perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial implementation Time distance H5c+ 2.3.2 Theoretical model H3+ H1+ Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived H5b+ Entrepreneurial mindset H6b+ H5a+ 18 Figure 2.1: Theoretical model 19 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Preliminary qualitative research Preliminary qualitative research is used to adjust and supplement observed variables that measure research concepts from repeating scales This step is done through a focus group discussion technique including a group of experts (08 people) with a deep understanding of starting a business and a group of students who have ever started (16 people) The results adjusted a number of words in the scale, and added observable variables for the concept of entrepreneurial implementation intention Specifically: (1) Entrepreneurial implementation intention (5 indicators); (2) Entrepreneurial mindset (5 indicators); (3) Entrepreneurial commitment (5 indicators); (4) Entrepreneurial desirable perceived (6 indicators); (5) Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived (5 indicators); (6) Time distance (2 indicators) 3.2 Preliminary quantitative research Preliminary quantitative research was conducted through direct questionnaires with 510 questionnaires, then collected 487 votes (because the sample size 100 is the minimum sample for analyzing exploratory factors), in which There are 129 responses who have started a business There were 12 invalid votes left, 117 reamain By locality: 28% of students come from Binh Duong province; 17% of students come from Dong Nai province; 39% of students come from Ho Chi Minh city and 16% of students come from Ba Ria-Vung Tau province According to gender: 68% of students are male and 32% are female About the school year: 39% of students are studying in the 3rd year and 61% of students are in the fourth year About the intention to start a business: 76% intention to start a business; 8% have started a business and 16% are starting a business 20 3.2.1 Cronbach’s alpha Scale reliability The results of table 3.1 show that, after removing variables that not meet the reliability requirements The scales have ensured the necessary reliability (cronbach’s alpha >= 0.6) to take the next step Table 3.1 Scale reliability Concept Items Items disqualifie remainin d g Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial mindset IMP5 Entrepreneurial commitment COM5 Entrepreneurial desirable perceived Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived 3.2.2 4 Cronbach’ s alpha 0,814 0,786 0,803 0,888 0,879 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) Results of preliminary EFA analysis with Varimax rotation and Principal component analysis extract, show KMO coefficient = 0.817> 0.50 and Sig =, 000, representing a high level of significance There are factors extracted with the total variance extracted is 66,118%> 60% (the common part of the scales contributes to the concepts larger than the private part and the error) The indicators in this analysis all have factor load factors ranging from 0.564 to 0.861 (equally> 0.5) Thus, after the preliminary EFA analysis results, there are still 05 concepts as originally proposed with 24 indicators After preliminary and quantitative qualitative research results, the following chapter will detail the results of scale assessment by testing the measurement model and testing the structure model through Bootstrapping analysis by SmartPLS tool 3.2.7 21 CHƯƠNG 4: RESEARCH RESULTS 4.1 Primary quantitative research 4.1.1 Primary quantitative research sample This study uses direct interview technique with detailed questionnaire with final year students in Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Duong Province, Dong Nai Province, Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province Hair & et al (2010) said that the sample size must be at least 100 to 150, some other studies suggest that at least 200 (Nguyen Dinh Tho, 2014) Therefore, the sample is selected in a convenient manner with the quantity according to recommendation 5: (Nguyen Dinh Tho, 2014) The model has (24 observed variables + 02 control variables) * = 120, The total number is 3,500 questionnaires, collected 2637 votes, of which 1613 students have intention to start a business (or have started career) After sorting out 246 invalid and non-quality questionnaires (202 answer sheets left lots of questions; 44 passive responses by the same assessment for most questions), there were 1367 questionnaires questions used for analysis and verification 4.1.2 Characteristics of samples About the gender of the survey subjects: male has 1077 votes (78.8%); 290 votes are female (21.2%) Regarding the local structure, the students are studying at universities that intention to start a business in Ho Chi Minh City with a majority of 81.6%, followed by Binh Duong province with the rate of 7.5% Dong Nai province ranked 3rd with the rate of 7.1% and finally Ba Ria-Vung Tau with the rate of 3.7% 4.2 Measurement model and structure model 4.2.1 Measurement model The concepts in the measurement model include 05 concepts with 20 indicators Since these are repeating scales and have a background theory, the thesis will choose the PLSc - Consistent PLS Algorithm method (in case of new 22 scales, the conventional algorithm PLS - PLS Algorithm) (Henseler et al., 2015) to evaluate the measurement model Table4.1: Results of analyzing reliability and convergence value of scale Concept Cronbach's Alpha rho_A Composite Reliability 0,753 0,753 0,752 Average Variance Extracted 0,503 0,760 0,760 0,760 0,514 0,799 0,804 0,802 0,804 0,800 0,804 0,500 0,507 0,853 0,852 0,852 0,536 Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived Entrepreneurial desirable perceived Entrepreneurial mindset Entrepreneurial implementation intention Table 4.2: Fornell – Larcker Concept Entrepreneuria l commitment Entrepreneuria l commitment Entrepreneuria l feasibility perceived Entrepreneuria l desirable perceived Entrepreneuria l mindset Entrepreneuria l implementatio n intention Entrepreneuria l feasibility perceived Entrepreneuria l desirable perceived Entrepreneuria l mindset Entrepreneuria l implementatio n intention 0,709 0,624 0,717 0,634 0,662 0,707 0,609 0,627 0,658 0,712 0,667 0,562 0,576 0,575 0,732 Bảng 4.3: Model fit Saturated model Estimated model 0,026 0,026 0,124 0,124 0,073 0,073 0,068 0,068 486,84 486,84 0,954 0,954 Coefficient SRMR d_ULS d_G1 d_G2 Chi-Square NFI From the results of tables 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3, it can be concluded that the measurement scale of concepts achieves reliability, convergence value, 23 discriminatory value, Unidimensional Can conclude the model in accordance with market data Specifically, from Table 4.1, the measurement scale of concepts in the research model achieves the required reliability in it: Cronbach's Alpha> 0.7; rho_A> 0.7; CR> 0.7 and AVE> 0.5 Fornell - Larcker matrix (Table 4.2) also shows that the top coefficient is greater than the coefficients in the same column In addition, coefficients such as: SRMR = 0.026 Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial mindset Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial mindset -> Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial mindset -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Original sample Sample mean Standar d deviation 2,50 % 97,50 % 0,411 0,413 0,060 0,297 0,532 0,280 0,282 0,060 0,167 0,402 0,341 0,339 0,060 0,219 0,454 0,117 0,116 0,059 -0,002 0,230 0,288 0,287 0,066 0,156 0,412 0,432 0,434 0,056 0,325 0,543 0,129 0,127 0,061 0,003 0,243 0,244 0,244 0,058 0,129 0,355 0,167 0,167 0,057 0,053 0,280 From Table 4.4, the original weight and average weight of bootstrapping results from 5000 are in the 95% confidence interval Thus, the estimates in the model may conclude as reliable 25 4.3 Hypothesis testing From Table 4.5, 09 hypotheses H1, H2, H3, H4a, H4b, H4c, H5a, H5b are accepted because of the statistical value t> 1.96 (or P-value Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived-> Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived -> Entrepreneurial mindset Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial mindset Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial mindset -> Entrepreneurial commitment Impact coefficient t-value Pvalues 0,411 6,814 0,000 0,280 4,645 0,000 0,341 5,669 0,000 0,117 1,963 0,046 0,288 4,347 0,000 0,432 7,747 0,000 0,129 2,099 0,036 0,244 4,222 0,000 26 Entrepreneurial mindset -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention 0,167 2,912 0,004 Thus, the hypothesis H6a and H6b are two hypotheses of group regulation To test this regulatory hypothesis, the author will simultaneously use two testing methods: (1) MICOM (Measurement invariance of composite models) and (2) PLSMGA technique (Partial Least Squares Multi- Group Analysis with non-parametric significance test Table 4.6: Permutation The relationship Impact coefficient Long time Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Short time P-values 0,211 0,053 0,019 0,088 0,227 0,046 From Table 4.6, it shows that time distance is statistically significant at 95% moderate to: (1) The relationship between entrepreneurial feasibility perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention; (2) Entrepreneurial desirable perceived and êntrepreneurial implementation intention Next, the author will use nonparametric PLS-MGA test to compare results with MICOM method Table 4.7: PLS – MGA The relationship Entrepreneurial commitment-> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived-> Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived -> Entrepreneurial mindset Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Entrepreneurial mindset Entrepreneurial desirable perceived -> Impact coefficient of two groups p-Value 0,004 0,519 0,034 0,298 0,07 0,841 0,158 0,009 0,103 0,918 0,118 0,139 0,034 0,976 27 Entrepreneurial implementation intention Entrepreneurial mindset -> Entrepreneurial commitment Entrepreneurial mindset -> Entrepreneurial implementation intention 0,031 0,315 0,039 0,287 From Table 4.7 shows that, with the PLS - MGA method, the time distance is statistically significant at 95% moderate to: (1) The relationship between entrepreneurial feasibility perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention; (2) Entrepreneurial desirable perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention Table 4.8: Hypothesis testing No 10 11 Hypothesis Hypothesis H1: Entrepreneurial mindset will have a positive impact on entrepreneurial intention Hypothesis H2: Entrepreneurial commitment has a positive impact on entrepreneurial implementation intention Hypothesis H3: Entrepreneurial mindset has a positive impact on entrepreneurial commitment Hypothesis H4a: Entrepreneurial desirable perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial implementation intention Hypothesis H5a: Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial implementation intention Hypothesis H4b: Entrepreneurial desirable perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial mindset Hypothesis H5b: Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial mindset Hypothesis H4c: Entrepreneurial desirable perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial commitment Hypothesis H5c: Entrepreneurial feasibility perceived has a positive impact on entrepreneurial commitment Hypothesis H6a: Only a long time distance affects the relationship between entrepreneurial desirable perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention Hypothesis H6b: Only a short time distance affects the relationship between entrepreneurial feasibility perceived and entrepreneurial implementation intention Significanc e 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% 95% Thus, the hypothesis test results of the research model are shown in Table 4.8, showing that all 11 hypotheses are accepted 28 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH 5.1 Research results Entrepreneurship is always paid attention and invested for the development of the national economy Researching entrepreneurship process is much interested in recent times, the focus revolves around the process of forming a entrepreneurial intention Many research approaches to the process show that before the idea of starting a business, the individual needs to have motivation (the stage of deliberative mindset or the pre-decision phase, according to theory thinking of action stages) This motivation is formed from their own desire and entrepreneurial ability However, creating motivation is not enough, it depends on the ability to identify entrepreneurial opportunities through entrepreneurial thinking, and at the same time, the individual must not be afraid of risks, persistence associated with the initial goal your career (the stage of implemental mindset or the pre-action phase) This is the stage of distinguishing between potential entrepreneurs and others This stage in previous studies has not been mentioned At the same time, the time factor is given a role to regulate the relationship between desire and ability to start a business is not mentioned There are many studies on entrepreneurship using TPB and EEM models, but the intention in these studies is quite vague and abstract, its predictive power for entrepreneurship is questionable (Van Gelderen & et al, 2015) Therefore, it is necessary to switch to a more detailed, more action-oriented form in order to have a higher entrepreneurial capability This intention by Gollwitzer & Keller (2012, 2016) is called the implementation intention Furthermore, in order for the goal to be achieved, it is necessary to change the goal from abstract to more detailed (Trope & Liberman, 2003, 2010) In addition, the intention in previous models to predict behavior is a short-term single action, the intention to start a business must be a long-term goal 29 5.2 The main contributions of the study Contribution of research in theory This study contributes to testing the measurement scale of intention to start a business for developing countries like Vietnam While in developing countries, the percentage of people who are aware of high entrepreneurship leads to a high proportion of people who intend to start a business (36.5% on average) Particularly in Vietnam, the rate of starting a business is 22.3%, which is quite low compared to the rate of people perceiving opportunities This result helps researchers have suggestions about the measurement system of students' intention to start their studies in the Vietnamese market In addition, this scale system can be used as a basis to form a unified scale system in multinational studies of student-based entrepreneurial intention for countries similar to Vietnam The thesis uses SmartPLS tool quite suitable for many advantages such as small sample size, does not require normal distribution, easy-to-use interface, can test complex models of many moderator and mediator variables In particular, this thesis is based on variance through minimum squares method (VBSEM - Variance based SEM or PLS-SEM) This method is very popular in many areas in recent years and is often referred to as second generation information analysis method Contribution of research on practical Research shows that provoking the desire and ability to start a business in students is not enough (the stage of deliberative mindset) if only the intention to start a business is vague and abstract, the ability to go to start a business is very limited Therefore, the training institutions need to focus on students' entrepreneurial mindset and attitude to engage in entrepreneurship without giving up because this is the period when students will overcome the initial obstacles in entrepreneurship process (the stage of implemental mindset distinguishes between potential entrepreneurs and others but others) Time distance is one of the important and significant contributions in this thesis For students who intend to start a business in a short time, the training institutions must focus on perfecting their 30 entrepreneurial ability to foster knowledge and skills for students, and at the same time bring students into incubator to create and take care of use entrepreneurial ecosystems to support them For students who intend to start a business in the long term, it is necessary to focus on starting a desire and passion for starting a business in students Passion is one of the prerequisites for entrepreneurs to pursue their aspirations and goals 5.3 Limitations and directions for further research Limitations: This study only investigates the intention of students to start a business, not actual entrepreneurial behavior Convenient non-probability sampling method, the ability to generalize is not high Directions for further research Firstly, it is possible to enhance empirical studies that need to clarify the relationship between intent and actual entrepreneurial behavior Secondly, the dissertation only considers the commitment and mindset factor in entrepreneurship as mediators factor affecting the relationship between perceived and intention of starting a business, such as fear of starting a business, weak elements cultural factor Finally, according to the startup thinking model of Mathisen & Arnulf (2013), entrepreneurial mindset consists of types: (1) Implemental mindset; (2) Elaborating mindset Therefore, follow-up research can add elaborating mindset ... through two stages: (1) Preliminary qualitative and quantitative research to examine, adjust, supplement and standardize the scale (2) Primary quantitative research methods to test hypotheses 1.5... feasibility perceived (5 indicators); (6) Time distance (2 indicators) 3.2 Preliminary quantitative research Preliminary quantitative research was conducted through direct questionnaires with 510 questionnaires,... Bootstrapping analysis by SmartPLS tool 3.2.7 21 CHƯƠNG 4: RESEARCH RESULTS 4.1 Primary quantitative research 4.1.1 Primary quantitative research sample This study uses direct interview technique with detailed