3C5 f}fii i)OC tt)t g i o i xa hgi hgc sd 3(127), 2014 87 VE LTNG DUNG LY THUYET TtTONG TAG BIEU TRUNG VA L t THUYET XUNG © O T TRONG NGHIEN ClTU XA HOI HOCVE GI61 LE THI THUC' Tiep can theo nhom Iy thuyet tuOTig tac - bilu trung Ly thuyet tuong tdc - bieu tnmg, gan vdi cac cdng tiinh nghien ciiu cua Mead, Goffinan vd Becker, tap trung vao nhimg sy kien vi md tao nen cdc tuong tdc hang ngdy nhdm myc dich tim hieu ve cac ttdi nghiem cd nhdn va hieu ve the gidi xd hpi cua hp, cung nhu tim hieu ve cdch thiic md nhung ngudi khdc cung chia se mdt dinh nghia chung ve thuc tai (Berger va Luckmann, 1967) Ly thuySt tuong tac - bieu tnmg ed nen tang Id tien de cho rdng chi thdng qua hdnh vi xa hdi cua cdc cd nhdn ma xd hpi mdi cd the tdn tgi va nhu vgy, xa hpi suy cho cimg Id cai dupe tgo dyng, tri va bien ddi nhd ede tuong tdc xd hdi cua nhiing thdnh vien ttong nd Do ngudi giao tiep vdi thdng qua cac bieu tupng, nen tuong tae giiia ngudi vdi ngudi Id dua tien nhirng y nghTa md cdc cd nhdn truyen tdi vdo cdc bleu tupng dd(Blumer, 1969) Thuyit tuong tac - bilu tnmg nhan mgnh vao kha nang eua ede cd nhan viec chuyen tai cac bieu trung vao hdnh dpng cua minh mpt each tich cue va kheo leo Ngupc lai, nhu da dl cap d phdn tten, thuyet cdu tnic - chiic nang gpi y rdng edu ttiic xd hdi Id cai quyet dinh hdnh dpng eua ngudi Cdc nghien ciiu theo trudng phdi ly thuyet tuong tac - bieu tnmg nghien cuu gia dfinh thudng xem xet gia dinh d edp dp nhd hon so vdi eae nghien ciiu theo trudng phdi cdu tnic - chiic ndng Ly thuyit tuong tdc - bieu trung tap trung vdo cdch thire md cdc gia dinh tgo vd tai tao ban thdn chiing d edp dd thudng ngdy Khdng coi cdc vai ttd gia ^nh Id ed sdn vd cdc cdu tnic cd sdn dupe tudn thu mpt each chdc chan, trudng phdi ly thuyet ndy nhdn manh vao y nghia va nhiing trdi nghipm sdng ddng gdn chat vdi cae vai ttd va vdo each thiie md ehiing dupe tgo dyng thdng qua tuong tae (McLennan, Ryan vd edng sy, 2000) Diiu md ly thuyet tuong tde - bleu tnmg edn thieu eac nghien ciiu ve gia dinh Id nd chii yeu nhdn mgnh vdo cdc mdi quan he gia dinh, ttong cd nhieu nghien ciiu nhan manh vdo hdu het cdc khia cgnh cd the nhan thiic cua ddi sdng gia dinh Cae hudng vd cdc chii dl cd the bao gdm tir viec tte em ITnh hdi nhu the nao ddi vdi cac gia tri mang tinh bilu trung tir cdc ndi dung ciia btra dn trua d trudng (Kaplan, 1999, 2000), ttdi * 7S, Hgc vi4n Chinh trj qudc gia Hd Chi Minh 88 Ve img dung ly thuyet tuang tdc bieu trimg vd nghipm eua cac dng bd sau ly hdn (Arendell, 1995), hay vl ca chi bieu trung cua cac nghi le nhu cdc biia dn gia dinh va ttong le hdi (DeVault, 1991), trai nghiem eua cdc ba me eho eon bii (Blum, 1999; Bentovim, 2002), den y nghTa md cac thdnh vien ciia gia dinh gan eho viee tieu dimg vd tien bgc (Zelizer, 1997; Pugh, 2002) Ddc biet, ede nghiSn eiiu ve ITnh vuc edn bao gdm nhirng ehu de nhu cdch thirc ma cdc cdp ddi (vp chong) thda thuan vdi ve viec phdn cdng lao ddng hiiu hinh vd vd hinh ttong phgm vi gia dinh (Hoehsehild vd Machung, 1989), nghien ciiu ve nhiing trdi nghigm khac ciia nam vd nG vai trd lam cha/me (Garey, 1999; Arendell, 2000), nhung kham phd vl each thiic md tte em trai nghiem thdi du tho, bao gdm viee d trudng, d nha tre, va ve nhirng ddu mdc ehung hon ttong cupc ddi (Corsaro, 1997; James va Prout, 1997; Thome, 1997), vd cac nghien cuu so sdnh van hda vd so sanh giai cap ve cdc trdi nghiem gia dinh (Glenn, Change vd cpng su, 1994; North, 2000) Van dung ly thuyet tuong tdc - bieu trung nghien ciiu quan he quyen lye gidi gia dinh ndi chung, gia dinh Viet Nam ndi rieng, cd the thay quan he dd la sdn phdm eua qua trinh tuong tac gifta eae cd nhan nam va nu: thupc ede the he ngudi Vi8t Nam Qud trinh tuong tac ndy lai chiu sy ehi phdi cua cac quy tdc, bieu tupng, cac ky hieu va bde Ip thdng qua ngdn ngij, hdnh vi, cii chi, dieu bp vd suy nghi qud trinh giao tiep Qud trinh giao tiep hang da hinh thdnh nen mpt phiic hpp eac bilu tnmg mang y nghTa chung cd tdc dung phan dinh dia vi, vai tid va hdnh vi eua mdi gidi Cu thi, qua trinh tuong tac vdi cudc sdng hdng ngay, xd hpi dd hinh thdnh "cdc khudn mdu gdn cho" hoac "diiu cdn phdi vd ed thi thuc hien" ddi vdi nam vd nii, vd da quy dinh hdnh vi vd vai trd ndo la thich hpp vdi mdi gidi Ddn ddn, ^ nghTa quy gdn ndy dupe ddng ddo cae ca nhdn xd hdi thira nhgn vd Idm theo Nd trd tiidnh khudn mau hay gid tii chudn myc, quy dinh va diiu chinh hdnh vi cua nam vd nii tiong qua tiinh giao tiep Hay ndi each khdc, nam gidi vd nxt gidi cd nhung nhgn thiic vd hdnh vi khac dya tten nhiing bilu tnmg xa hdi ma hp duac tiip nhgn Bilu trung dd cd the Id hdnh vi, cu chi, ngdn ngti hodc ciing cd thi Id vai trd vd dia vi cua moi gidi gia dinh vd xa hdi Ve van de quyen luc gidi, chdng han, thdi ky phong kiln, ngudi chdng co quyen uy rdt eao vd dupe ngudi vp tuan thu hdu nhu tuyet ddi Nhu vgy, hanh vi tuan thii, phyc tung, nhdn nhyc, cam chiu eua ngudi vp ed ^ nghTa bilu trung ehung cho cdc gia dinh gia trudng Bilu trung quy dinh nhgn thiic vd hanh vi ciia nam gidi va phu nft Theo dd, ngudi chdng gia dinh gia trudng dupe xa hdi mong dpi la cd hdnh vi thdng tri, ddi xii vol vp minh nhu ke hdu ngudi hg ("chdng chiia - vp tdi") Cdn md hinh hanh vi ciia ngudi vp dupe xd hdi mong dpi Id phue timg ngudi ddn ong gia dinh (nguyen tdc "Tam tdng") Bat ky hanh vi chdng ddi hay lam sai vai tro duac mong dpi phd bien ndo eua ngudi phu nft deu ed the bi cdng ddng len dn Rd rang Id xa hdi dd tdn tai tinh trang bdt binh ddng gidi sdu sdc Tuy nhien, eac bieu trung bdt binh ddng vdn dugc phy nu vd nam gidi xd hdi dd thira nhgn, tudn theo va sur dung mdt each phd bien Trong eac quan he tuang tac, giao tiip xd hdi, nhimg bieu trung gdn vdi hanh vi Li Thi Thuc 89 ling xii hay ngdn ngu xung hd eua mdi gidi cung phdn dnh kha ro quan he quyin lye gidi Vi du, tinh chdt ling xir dupe cho la phii hpp vdi phu nft mdt cdch phd biln la "giao tiip kheo leo", "mim mgi", "nhiit nhat", "thy dpng", "dl bao", "de hop tdc", v.v., cae tinh chdt ling xir dupe mong dpi phd bien ddi vdi nam gidi la "sang sudt", "ndng ddng", "quyet dodn", "manh me", "tu chii", "canh tranh", v.v Vl mdt ngdn ngft, cap dai tu nhan xung "anh - em" ttong quan he vp chdng ciing thi hien y nghTa cua vi thi vd tuong ling la ede vai trd cua mdi ngudi Nhu vdy, nhin ehung ngudi nft thudng cd md hinh giao tiep, ling xur tuong ung vdi vi the thdp ban, le thudc, va "yiu" han ngudi nam Trong phdn cdng lao ddng gidi ciing vdy Cd nhiing logi hinh edng viec dupe gdn cho nam va nhiing loai hinh cdng viee khac duoc gdn eho nu mpt each phd biln xa hpi ViSt Nam, mac dii tien thyc tl cd hai gidi diu cd the thye hien mpt sd logi cdng viee nhu (Le Thi Thye, 2009) Chinh nhftng bieu tnmg vl tinh chdt cdng viec gdn vdi 'Hinh nam" vd "tinh nu" Id nen tdng cua nhftng sy phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi nhu vdy Tii do, cdc chuan mue gidi tiong thue thi eac logi cdng viec ciing hinh thdnh vd dupe dp dung phd bien Den lupt nd, eac chudn muc gidi lai ddng vai trd khudn mau cho cdc quan he quyen lye tuong ling Tiep can theo nhdm ly thuyet xung dot Nhdm ly thuyet xung dot bao gdm cdc nghien cim eua Marx vd Engels, cung nhu ciia cdc tdc gid nhu Weber, Habermas, Foucault, Domhoff, v.v Trudng phai ly thuyet xung dpt nhdn mgnh vao xung dot xd hdi va bat binh ddng, vd nhu vgy, nd bao hdm ed l^' thuyet vi nft Ly thuyet vi nft nhan mgnh vdo bat binh ddng gidi vdi tu each la mdt loai hinh bat binh dang xa hpi Nhin chung, quan diem Mac-xit cho rang cau tnic xa hdi va bdn chdt cua cae quan he xa hpi la ket qua cua cac xung dot ttong qua khii vattonghien tai giua nhung ngudi sd hiiu vdi nhimg ngudi khdng sd hiiu cdc phuang ti?n san xudt cua cdi vat chdt Ly thuygt Maexit ve gia dinh nhdn mgnh vdo viee he thdng tu ban chu nghTa, vdi quan he bde lot cua tu ban vdi cdng nhdn, tdc ddng nhu the ndo tdi cdc thiet che xa hpi nhu gia dmh, vd den lupt nd, cdc thiet che ndy lai gdp phdn cung co h? thdng tu ban Nhu vgy, ly thuyet Mdc ve gia dmh cd tipng tdm Id mdi lien hp giiia cdc quan he sd hiru va cdu tnic gia dinh, theo dd gia dmh dupe coi Id thiet che ddutienvd trudc nhdt tao nen giai cap Gia dinh ciing duoc coi la cai van an todn de ngudi tnit bdt nhftng edng thdng tich tu d noi 1dm \d?c, theo each khdng lam tdn hai den todn bd he thdng tu bdn ehu nghTa ndi chung Engels (1884) dua ly thuyit rdng gia dmh hgt nhan la kit qud cua sy phdt tiiln sd hiiu tu nhdn - cai tgo vdn de thfta ke Nam gidi, vdi mong mudn chuyen giao tai san cua hp cho nhiing ngudi thiia kl hop phdp ciia minh, la ehii sd hiru tai san Engels lap ludn rdng che dp hdn nhdn mdt vp mdt chdng, dupe hdu thudn bdi nhd nude d nhiing cdp dp khac Id mdt cdng ey kiim sodt phy nft vd ddm bdo ve ngudn gdc cho nhiing diia ciiabp Ddng gdp ciia Foucault cho xd hdi hpc bao gdm cdc ly thuyit vl lich su, khoa hpc vd quyin luc, vd rdt nhieu nghien euu eua dng la phii hpp vdi eac chu dl tiong xa hpi hpc 90 Vi ling d^ng ly thuyet tuang tdc bieu trung v gia dinh Foucault lap lugn rang toan bp cdc quan he xa hdi la "quyen lye" tao ra, theo dd cac nhdm hogc ede giai cdp cd quyen lyc ty tao minh bdng cdch xdc dinh nhung nhom khac la "ngudi khac" Theo Foucault, tinh due la mot "k5' thuat can ban ciia quyen lyc", vdi ly le rdng tinh dye ddng vai trd quan tipng ddi vdi tu sdn cung tuong ty nhu vai trd quan trpng eua ddng doi ddi vdi quy toe; cd nghTa rang dd la mdt phuong tipn xdc dinh than thi NhGng ngudi tu sdn xac dinh than the Id ddi tupng dl tim hi^u, kiem sodt, va nhin chung la de su dung nham mye dich tan dung cudc sdng mpt cdch tdi da Gia dinh, theo Foucault, cd chiie ndng dinh vi cho tinh dye, gidi hgn nd vd tdng cudng eho nd Chang han, mdt nghien ciiu ciia dng (1990) dua vi du ve viec edm logn ludn vd ve vai trd ciia gia dinh ttong viec tao cdc gia tri tinh than vdi tu each la nhiing vi dy can bdn ve nhung each thiie md gia dinh the hi$n ttong vai ttd la mot ttong nhftng cdi ngudn cdn ban cua "quyen lye/tri thuc" Thome (1992) Idp luan rdng chu nghTa vi nu dd ddng gdp cho ede ly thuyit xd hdi hpc gia dinh vdi ndm chu de nghien ciiu Idn, vd ttong nhieu trudng hpp, cac chu de nghien ciru ndy da gdy khdng it tranh cai Thu nhat, cdc nhd vi nu da thach thiic tu tudng vl "gia dinh viing chdc", md theo dS cao gia dinh hat nhan vdi hinh thirc tdn tgi hpp phap nhdt Id ngudi chdng ttong vai ttd tru cdt vd ngudi vp thi chi thyc hien vai ttd la vp vd me ma thdi (Thome, 1992) Thii hai, thay vi bat dau bdng viec Idy "gia dinh" Idm don vi phdn tich, cae nha vi nu da tap trung vdo ede edu tnie ben vd cdu tnic bao chiia nd, nhu gidi, the he, tinh dye, gidng ndi vd giai cdp Thft ba, cdc nhd vi nft da nhgn thdy rdng eac cdu tnic gidi, the he, gidng ndi va giai cdp cd thi mang Igi nhftng ttdi nghiem rdt khdc ve cudc sdng gia dinh - md da bj che phii bdi hdo quang vl gia dinh hat nhdn, bdn phan Idm me vd ve gia dinh vdi tu cdch Id "noi tni dn dang yeu" Rdt cupc, ede nha vi nu dd neu nhiingttdinghiem cho thdy rdng kilu tu Id dang bj phu nhdn Thii tu, chu nghTa vi nu dd thdeh thiic su phan ddi truyin thdng gifta cai rieng vd cdi chung, neu len nhiing cdu hdi vl ranh gidi ciia gia dinh va cho thdy rdng sy tach biet gia dinh la cd phdn khdng thyc tl, nhftng mdi gdn kit chat che gifta eupe sdng ben ttong gia dinh vdi ede td chiic d noi lam viee, eac he thdng phiic lai vd phdp lugt cua nha nude, vdi trudng hpc, vdi nha tte va vdi cac thiit ehi khac Cudi cimg, viec phdn ddi cdi chung/cdi rieng la cd lien he vdi mau thuan ttong tu tudng gdn liln vdi ehu nghTa vi nft tu the ky 19, va mdu thudn dd la rdt rd rang Mdu thuan dao ddng giua cac gia tri ciia chu nghia cd nhdn vd sy binh ddng - nhftng gid tri cho rdng phu nft dd bi choi bo ttong lich sur vd dang len tiing phdn ddi diiu ndy - vd cac gia tri ciia vipc nudi duSng va cpng ddng, nhung gid tri gdn lien vdi phu nft mot each bilu tupng Cdc nhd vi nft da khdng dinh nhdm gia tri thii hai vdi tu cdch Id co sd eua sy thay ddi xa hpi rdng Idn hon, va dd, sy cdng thdng giua chu nghTa ca nhdn vd ehii nghTa cdng ddng dupe nhin nhan Id eo sd ciia trilt ly biln ddi gia dinh Cac nhd vi nft Mac-xit dd cd nhung ddng gdp Idn cho ly thuyit vl gia dinh Trong ly thuyit Mac-xit tap tiimg vao lyc lupng va quan hp sdn xudt, thi cae ly thuyit vi nft Mac-xit vl gia dinh chii tipng vdo cac luc luong va quan he tai san xuat Cung nhu Iy thuyit Mac-xit ndi chung, ehii nghia vi nu Mdc-xit tap tnmg, vdo ede quan he bde Ipt, xem Le Thi Thve 91 xet vipe gia dinh hgt nhdn dan din su bde Ipt phu nft ehu nghTa tu bdn nhu the nao, vd den lupt no, viec lai giiip cung cd he thdng tu ban chu nghTa Cac nhd vi nft Mac-xit nhin nhdn tinh tiang cua phy nft vdi tu each nen tdng can ban cua su dp bfte giai cdp vdi dp biic gidi ttong vai trd thii yeu (theo tu truyen thdng ndy, ede nha vi nu xd hdi chii nghia nhin nhdn dp biic giai edp va dp buc gidi Id quan tipng nhu nhau) (Oakley, 1974; Hartmann, 1981; Barrett, 1988; Jagger va Rothenberg, 1993) Cae nha vi nft Mac-xit Igp ludn rang phu nu Id nhftng ngudi bj bde lot vd la nhftng ngudi sdn xuat edng nhan ma khdng dupe tra luong, vd ehinh la lao ddng eua hp (chdng hgn nhu cho nhung ngudi cdng nhan an, mac, day dd va an iii tinh than) nhdm dam bao eho tilm nang eiia cdng nhdn ed the dupe su dung ddy du Nhu vdy, chinh phy nft Id ngudi hang tai san xudt siic lao ddng Hon nfta, phy nu sdn xudt nhiing cdng nhan tuong lai (tre em), va khdng chi 1dm cho chiing cd siie khde thi chit tdt, md cdn xd hdi hda chiing de chiing gia nhgp nen vdn hda tu ban chu nghia Cudi cimg, cac nhd vj nft Mdcxit luu y rang lao dpng ciia phu nft ttong gia dmh giiip tai sdn xudt sue lao dpng vdi chi phi rat thap hodc thdm chi Id khdng mdt phi cho chu nghTa tu bdn Trong eac nha vi nft Mac-xit coi cac quan he xd hdi vd he tu tudng ttong xa hpi tu bdn chu nghia la ngudn gdc dan den sy le thude eua phy nft, thi eae nha vi nu cap tien Igi kien quyit Idi cho cupc sdng gia dinh hdn nhdn di tinh Ddi vdi nhieu nha vi nu cap tien, gia dinh hat nhdn la "noi tru an cua che dp gia trudng cac xa hdi hien dgi" (Bilton vd cpng sy, 1996) vd cac quan hp hdn nhan di tinh ve can ban la quan he quyen lyc Rich (1980) lap lugn rang mdt nen van hda quy dinh "quan he di tinh la bdt budc" Id try cdt ciia cdc gia dinh hgt nhan Ba neu len cau hdi ve ban chdt duong nhien eua nhftng tranh ludn ve viec coi tinh dye di tinh la ty nhien, vd cho rang khdng cd ly gi md tinh due khde gidi (md theo bd thi dd Id viec nam gidi bde lot co the phu nft) lai nen dupe coi la "tu nhien" ttong cdc dang tinh due khac thi khdng Tuong ty nhu vdy, cdc nhd vi nft cdp tiln ndi vl "su nd dich" va "chiem gift" cua dan dng ddi vdi eo the phy nu vi mue dich giai tri, vdi viec chiem doat ndy tupng trung cho sy khudt phuc cua phu nu ve cudc s6ng, tinh thdn vd cd tinh" (Bilton, Bormett vd cpng su 1996) Ddi vdi cac nhd vi nft edp tien, gia dinh hgt nhan la lanh dia chinh dien su bde Ipt Ap dung cdch tiep can ciia Iy thuyet xung dot vao nghien cim ehu de quyen lyc gjcd ttong gia dinh d Viet Nam, cd thi nhin n h ^ sy bdt bmh dang ve quyen luc giira vo vd chdng vdi tu each Id bieu hien eua nhftng khia canh dp hue gidi truyen thdng, ma tan du cua chiing van cdn khd ndng ne Nhu vdy, dl cd duoc sy can bang hop ly tuong dditiongquan he quyen luc gifta vp va chdng, trudc het phai gidi quyet dupe van de cdt loi, cd tinh cpi ngudn cua su bdt buih ddng dd Id nhiing tu tudng trpng nam khinh nft, coi thudng lao dpng va edng hiln ciia phy nft tiong mpi liiih vue cua ddi sdng xa hdi Hon nua, su phan khdng eua phy nu ddi vdi tinhttangbat bmh dang eiia hp ciing la mot khfa cgnh rdt dang quan tam Ket luan Nhu vgy, moi each tiip can ly tiiuylt diu cd thi cdng hiln d nhiing gdc dp nao dd cho nghien ciiu ve gidi Tiiy tiing muc dp vd sy phu hop eua chu dl va phgm vi nghien 92 vi ung difng ly thuyet tuang tdc bieu trimg va Ciiu, cung nhu mue dp tuong thich ciia cae nhdm ly thuyit ludn gidi van de ma chung ta cd thi sir dung mdt hodc ket hpp mpt sd nhdm tiep can Rd rdng, viee ludn gidi ve ca sd Iy thuyit cua moi nghien ciiu la dieu hit sftc cdn thiet Tuy nhien, neu qua cimg nhac ttong sir dung ly thuyit thi Igi ddn den nguy co ho^c Id lam dung, ho^c id bd hep pham vi dp dyng eua cac Iy thuyit ttong giai quyet van de nghien ciiu Do vgy, ngudi nghien eiiu cdn ed edeh tiip can linh boat, mem deo thi mdi cd the gidi quyet duoc mdt edeh thda dang cac muc tieu dl nghien eiiu cua minh Tai lieu tham khao Arendell, T 1995 Fathers and Divorce Thousand Oaks Sage Publications Arendell, T 2000 Soccer Moms' and the New Care Work Working Paper No 16 Center for Working Families Berkeley University of California Berkeley Barrett, M 1988 Women's Oppression Today: The Marxist/Feminist Encounter London, Verso Bentovim, O A 2002 Family-friendly as a Double Edged Sword: Lessons from the "Lactation-friendly Workplace Working Paper No.46 Berkeley Center for Working Families University of California Berkeley Berger, P L and T Luckmann 1967 The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology o Knowledge London, Penguin Publishers Bilton, T., K Bonnett, et al., Eds 1996 Introductory Sociology London, Macmillan Blum, L 1999 Al the Breast: Ideologies of Breastfeeding and Motherhood in the Contemporary Unite States Boston Beacon Press Blumer, H, 1969 Embolic Inleractionism: Perspective and Method Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall Corsaro, W A 1997 The Sociology of Childhood Thousand Oaks, Pine Forge Press DeVauIt, M 1991 Feeding the Family: The Social Organization of Caring as Gendered Work Chicag Chicago University Press Engels, F 1884 The Origin ofthe Family, Private Properly and the State Hottingen-Zurich Foucault, M 1990 The History of Sexuality New York Random House Garey, A 1999 Weaving Work and Motherhood Philadelphia, Temple University Press Glenn, E N., G Change, et al., Eds 1994 Mothering: Ideology Experience and Agency New Haven, Yale University Press Hartmann, H 1981 "The family as locus of gender, class, and political struggle: The example of housework." Sign: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6(3): 143-169 Hoehsehild, A and A Machung 1989 The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution al Home New York, Viking Jagger, A and P Rothenberg 1993 Feminist Frameworks New York, McGraw-Hill James, A and A Prout 1997 Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in Th Sociological Study of Childhood London, Falmer Press Jary, D and J Jary 1991 The Harper Collins Dictionary of Sociology New York, Harper Collins Kaplan, E B 1999 The Meaning of Food to Kids in Working Families Working Paper No Center for Working Families, Berkeley Kaplan, E B 2000 "Using food as a metaphor for care: Middle-school kids talk about family, school, and class relationships." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 29(4): 474-509 Le Thi ThifC 93 lA Thi Thuc 2009 Femininity and Masculinity: The Dilemmas of Women in Political Leadership of Vietnam Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute Canberra, The Australian National University PhD: 343 McLennan, G., A Ryan, et al 2000 Exploring society: Sociology for New Zealand Students Auckland, Pearson Education New Zealand Limited North, S 2000 Cultures of complaint in Japan and the United States Working Paper No 17 Berkeley, Center for Working Families, University of California Berkeley, Oakley, A 1974 The Sociology of Housework Bath, The Pitman Press Parsons, T, 1952 The Social System, Tavistock Publications Ltd., Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, Pugh, A 2002 From "Compensation" to "Childhood Wonder" Why Parents Buy? Berkeley, Working Paper No 39 Center for Working Families, University of California Berkeley Rich, A 1980 "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society SiSmaraer): 631-660 Thome, B 1992 Feminism and the family: Two decades of thought Rethinking the Family: Some Feminist Questions B, Thome and M, Yalom Ann Arbor, Northeastern University Press Thome, B 1997 Gender Play: GiWs anrf Boys mScAoo/ New Brunswick NJ, Rutgers University Press Zelizer, V A 1997 The Social Meaning of Money: Pin Money Paychecks, Poor Relief and Other Currencies Princeton, Princeton University Press ... nhdm ly thuyet xung dot Nhdm ly thuyet xung dot bao gdm cdc nghien cim eua Marx vd Engels, cung nhu ciia cdc tdc gid nhu Weber, Habermas, Foucault, Domhoff, v.v Trudng phai ly thuyet xung dpt nhdn... tudn theo va sur dung mdt each phd bien Trong eac quan he tuang tac, giao tiip xd hdi, nhimg bieu trung gdn vdi hanh vi Li Thi Thuc 89 ling xii hay ngdn ngu xung hd eua mdi gidi cung phdn dnh kha... cd md hinh giao tiep, ling xur tuong ung vdi vi the thdp ban, le thudc, va "yiu" han ngudi nam Trong phdn cdng lao ddng gidi ciing vdy Cd nhiing logi hinh edng viec dupe gdn cho nam va nhiing