^^-v?Nghi§n ciiu Gia d i n h va Gi6i sg -2015 Mgt so each tiep can ly thuyet nghien ciru l(hu vuc l(inh to phi chinh thirc Vu Thj Cue Vi6n Nghien ciiu Gia dinh vS Gidi Tom tat: Trdn cO s6 tong quan cac nghien cflu da cong bo', bai vilt trinh bdy mgt so quan diem vl each tiep cdn ly thuye't nghien ciiu khu vUc kmh te chinh thiic NghiSn cijfu cho thd'y de nhdn dien d^y du ve khu vUc phi kinh t^ cac nha nghien ciiu c6 the ap dung tCtng each tiep can rieng le hoac ket hop nhilu each tiep cdn khac thuoc vao van de nghien ciiu va boi canh kinh te cl mdi quoc gia Viec ap dung cac quan diem ly thuyl't se gdp phan lam ro vai tro quan va nhiing khac biet ve dilu kien lara viec gifla hai khu vUc kinh te chinh thiic va phi chinh thflc, dac biet vdi hUdng tiep cdn gidi se lam ro tinh chd't viec ldm da dang cua phu nfl khu vUc phi chinh thiic T£( khoa: Gi6i; Gi6i va vigc lam; Lao dong - viec ldm; Kinh te phi chinh thiic, Gi6i va viec lam Gidi thieu Khu vuc kinh td' phi chinh thflc cd mdt vi tri va vai tro quan trpng n^n kinh td' qudc ddn d cac nudc dang phat tri^n dd cd Vidt Nam O cac nudc nay, khu vuc kinh id' phi chinh thflc co vai trd rd't quan trpng hong xda ddi giam ngheo, tao thdm vide lam mdi nhilu nhdt, tang thu nhdp cho ngudi ddn ngheo sd'ng d ndng thdn va lhi, gdp phdn dn dinh chinh t r i - x a hdi vd hd trp tich cue cho khu vue kinh td' cht'nh thflc Tuy la mdt 40 Nghign ciJru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 25, so 6, tr 39-47 khu vuc chfl chdt ndn kinh td' nhung cho den d nhilu qud'c gia, dd ed ca Viet Nam, khu vue kinh td' chua nhdn dupc su quan tdm thda dang vi mdt chinh sdch vd thdm chi cdn nhdn dupc nhung ddnh gid tidu cue (Jean-Pierre Cling vd cpng su, 2012; Mireille Razafindrakoto, 2012) Ke tfl thue hidn chinh sach Ddi Mdi vdo nam 1986, nin kinh td' Vidt Nam da chuyen ddi tfl nin kinh td' ke hoach hda, tdp trung sang nin kinh Id' thi trudng theo djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghia Vide tu hda nin kinh Id', cOng vdi vide d^y manh cdng nghidp hda ndng nghiep vd ndng thdn da thue day su phat tri^n manh me cfla Idiu vuc kinh Id' tu nhan (Nguydn Ba Ngpc, Trdn Van Hoan, 2002) Nhutig dilu kidn ndy da thflc d^y khu virc phi chinh thflc d Vidt Nam phat trien manh me vd dang ddng vai trd quan Irpng giai quyd'l vdn dl vide lam trdn thj trudng lao ddng Dudi gdc dd nghidn cihi khoa hpc, hidn cdn rd't it nhiJng cdng trinh nghidncuucobanvlkhuvuckinhtlnay.Ke tfl khai niem khu VUc kinh td' phi chinh thiJc dupc dua vao sfl dung vdo ddu nhihig nam 1970 da ddy ldn cac cudc tranh ludn sdi noi vl mat hpc thudt va phuong phap ludn vide lam ro cac khai nidm chu^n qudc Id' Hdn quan dd'n viee ldm phi chinh thflc, CO sd ly thuyd't vl khu vuc phi chi'nh thflc he thd'ng tai khoan qud'c gia (Jean-Pierre Qing vd cdng su, 2012; Nguydn Thi TTiu Huyin va Nguydn Hiiu Chi, 2008; Nguyin Huu Chi, Nguydn Thi Thu Huyin, 2012) Nhin chung cdc nghidn cflu qudc Id' vl chu dl da dp dung ridng Ie hodc kit hpp cdc each tidp cdn ly thuyd't de tim hieu vi ngudn gdc cfla tinh phi ehinh thflc, nguyen nhdn va ban chdt efla khu vuc phi chinh thflc, cung nhu md'i lien hi cua nd vdi khu vuc chi'nh thflc Va cho din eae quan di^m vd each tilp cdn vl khu vuc phi chinh thflc vin dupc lidp tuc tranh ludn va md nhihig hudng lid'p cdn mdi Dua trdn vide tong quan mdt sd cdng trinh nghidn cuu da edng bd vl vdn dl nay, bai vid't trinh bay mpt sd quan dilm vl cdch lid'p cdn ly thuyd't chu ylu va each tidp can gidi nghidn cflu ve kinh Id' chinli thflc Tim hilu vide dp dung cac quan dilm ly thuyd't nghidn cflu kinh Id' phi chinh thflc se gdp phdn Iam ro vai trd quan trpng va su ndng dpng efla khu vuc kinh te nln kinh t l qudc gia, nhihig khac bidt vl dilu kiln lam vide giua hai khu vuc kinh Id' chinh thflc va phi chinh thflc, eung nhu gdp phdn ldm rd tinh chd't vide ldm da dang cua phu nu khu virc phi chinh thfle, ddng gdp co sd eho viec xdy dung chinh sach lao ddng vile ldm, thu hep khoang each gifla khu vuc kinh te cht'nh thflc va phi chinh thflc Mot so each tiep can ly thuye) chii dao Khu vuc kinh td' phi chinh thflc dupe nghien cflu d tfl nhilu gdc dd vd bang phuong phap efla nhilu nganh khoa hpc xa hdi nhu xa hdi hpc, nhdn hpc nhung phdn ldn la cae nghidn eflu tiip cdn tir kinh td' hpc Cho ddn gifla nhung nam 1990, cd ba quan dilm chinh ban vl ngudn gd'e va nguydn nhdn cua tinh phi ehinh thfle cac nghidn cflu kinh td': nhi nguydn, edu trfle vd phdp ly (Marc Bacchetla vd edng su, 2013; Mireille Razafindrakoto vd cpng su, 2013) Cu thl nhu sau: 1) Trudng phdi nhi nguyin thd'ng trj Irong thdp nien 1960 va 1970, cd ngudn gde ly thuyd't tfl edc nghidn cflu eua Lewis vao ndm 1954 vd cua Harris vd Todaro ndm 1970 Cac nhd nghidn cflu nhi nguydn coi khu vuc phi chinh thfle Id phdn khflc thd'p kem cua thi trudng lao dpng hai phdn khuc, khdng cd lidn kd't true lid'p vdi khu vuc kinh tl^ chinh thflc Dd la khu vuc roi rdt lai, phdt sinh qua trinh ehuyen ddi nln kinh te' dang phdt triln vd nd tdn tai Id vi khu vue kinh t l chinh thfle khdng the cung cd'p du CO hdi vide lam eho mdt bp phdn luc lupng lao dpng (Marc Bacchetla vd cdc tdc gia khac, 2013) Quan dilm nhi nguyen Harris va Todaro dua trdn gia dinh rdng ngUdi lao ddng ngheo bj budc phki ldm vile khu vuc phi chinh thflc khu vuc chinh thflc khdng tao dfl vide lam dl dap ung nhu cdu cdu cua thi trudng lao ddng (Mireille Razafindrakoto vd cdng su, 2013) Ngodi ra, Jean-pierre Cling vd edng su (2013) cho rang phuong phap tilp cdn "hai mdt/kip" cdn dupc sfl dung cae nghiin ctiu eua Lewis ndm 1954 vd Harris-Todaro nam 1970 dl tim hilu vl ngudn gdc va nguyin nhdn cfla tinh phi chinh thflc cac nghidn ctiu kinh td' Phuong phap ndy dua trdn md hinh thi trudng lao ddng kep, dd khu vue phi chinh thflc dupc coi nhu mdt phdn cdn sdt lai cua thi irudng lao ddng vd khdng cd lidn hd vdi khu vuc kinh t l ehinh thflc; khu vue kinh t l muu sinh tdn tai chi vi khu vuc kinh t l chinh thflc khdng cd kha ndng tao du vide lam cho ngudi lao ddng 2) TrUdng phdi cdu trtic (hay cdn gpi Id phuong phap lid'p cdn "co cdu") khac vdi Irudng phai nhi nguydn d chd n h ^ manh din su phdn cdp san xudt vd cdc mdi lidn ke't vd phu thudc ldn gifla khu vuc chinh Ihflc vd phi chinh thflc Theo tinh thdn cua chfl nghTa Mac thi khu vuc phi chinh thflc tham gia vao hd thd'ng tu ban chu nghTa theo quan hd phu thudc (Jeanpierre Cling vd cdng su, 2013) Cdn Marc Bacchetla va cac tac gia khac (2013) thi cho rdng nd'u theo quan dilm cd'u trfle, tdc dp tdng trudng khd cd thl loai bo cdc md'i quan hd san xudt phi chinh thfle, vdn gdn chat vdi su phat triln tu ban chu nghTa Vi khu vuc cung cdp lao dpng va san p h ^ gid re cho edc doanh nghidp thudc khu vuc chinh thflc, ddng thdi lam tdng ttnh linh hoat vd kha ndng canh Iranh cua nln kinh tl 3) Cud'i cdng Id trUdng phdi phdp ly (hay cdn phuong phdp lid'p cdn mang tinh phdp ly), ma dai didn cua nd Id Hernando de Solo vao nhiing ndm 1980 va 1990 da coi khu vuc phi ehinh thflc bao gdm cdc doanh nhdn nho, nhung ngudi lira chpn phucmg ihflc hoai dpng phi chinh thflc dl giam chi phi ddng ki Khae vdi hai trudng phai nhi nguydn va cdu tnic, quan dilm cfla trudng phai phap ly cho rang ti'nh chdt phi chmh thflc cd thl xudt phdt tfl su tu nguydn tfl phia ngudi lao ddng vd cac eo sd dua trdn edc phdn tich vl clii phi - lpi ich (Marc Bacchetta va cdng su, 2013), chfl khdng phai phdn khflc san xu^t thd'p kem hay su phdn cd'p san xudt Ndi each 42 Nghien cijfu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 25, so 6, tr 39-47 khac, theo edch til'p cdn mang tinh phdp ly, thi khu vuc phi chinh thflc dupe tao ndn tfl cac doanh nghidp silu nho, hoat ddng phi chi'nh thflc nhdm thoat khdi cdc bidn phap dilu chinh vl kinh Id' cfla cac chinh phu.^ Cach tidp cdn theo trudng phai tu ndy trdi ngupc vdi hai each lid'p cdn d trin, vi vide lua chpn vj thd' phi chinh thflc la su tu nguydn vd chi phi dl chmli thflc hda va ddng ky kinh doanh qua tdn kem Nd nhd'n manh dlh viec gia nhdp khu vuc phi chinh thflc cd the la su lua chpn dita trdn sd thich ca nhdn vd edc dac dilm cfla tiJng Ioai cdng vide nhu da dupc ndu nghidn cdu eua Perry va cdng su ndm 2007 (Mireille Razafindrakoto va cpng su, 2013) Theo ly giai cua Marc Bacchetla vd cdng su, thi nhiing ngudi ung hd cdch tilp cdn nhj nguyin tdp trung nghidn cflu edng vile an luong phi chinh thflc, khia canh tiln luong thdp vd dilu kidn ldm vide ngheo nan hon so vdi khu vuc ehinh thflc, cdn nhflng ngudi thudc trudng phdi phdp ly lai chi su ndng dpng eua khu vuc ndy, nhdn manh ti'nh chdt tu nguydn cua phdn ldn nhihig ngudi lam vide ddc ldp d khu vuc phi chinh thflc Ba phuong phdp tilp cdn trdn diu cd ly vide giai thich cdc khia canh cfla khu vuc kinh td phi chfnh thfle b cdc mfle dd khac nhung mdt sd nghidn cflu thuc chung Iai cho thd'y, ba phuong phap tilp cdn khdng phan dnh ddy dfl ban chdt cua khu vuc kinh t l phi chinh thfle bdi su khac bidt lidn quan dd'n vd'n de vl dja Iy cua mdi qude gia (Marc Bacchetla va cdng sir, 2013) Bdn canh dd, cdn cd hai quan dilm trdi ngupc vl khu vuc kinh t l phi chinh thflc d cdc nude dang phat triln tfl gde dd kinh t l hpc vd quan dilm cua cdc nhd nhdn hoc vd xa hdi hpc Tfl gdc dd kinh tl, su tdn lai eua khu vuc la bilu hiln cfla hidn tupng phdn khuc cfla thj trudng lao ddng gdy bdi su du thfla Iao ddng ed tinh cdu tnic va kha ndng cdn han chl cfla khu vuc hiln dai vide tao vide lam cho ede khu vuc kinh t l thfl cdp Vi vdy, khu vuc ehi ldm chflc nang don gian Id noi dir trfl lao ddng cho khu vuc chinh thflc vd cd cac ddc dilm cdng vide nhu luong thd'p, dilu kidn lam vide bdp bdnh va ti Id thid'u vide ldm cao Trai lai, quan dilm thfl hai cua cae nha xa hdi hpe vd nhan hpe coi khu vuc kinh t l phi ehinh thflc nhu mdt khu vue dupc djnh hudng bdi cac gia trj dao dflc truyin thd'ng, vai trd cd nhdn cdng kinh doanh Gdn ddy, cac nha kinh tlhpc da chi tinh khdng ddng nhdt ndi tai cua khu vuc kinh tl' phi chinh thflc, dac dilm eho phep dung hda hai cdch tilp cdn trdn Vi vdy, v&i dl la can phdn bidt hai phdn cua khu vuc kinh tiphi chinh thflc: phdn ddu tidn (phdn khflc ihdp) gdm cdc boat ddng kilm sd'ng don gian, cd hilu qua kinh t l thdp va khdng cd co hdi tich luy; va phdn thfl hai (phdn khflc cao) gdm cac doanh nhdn nang ddng, cd kha ndng tao lpi nhudn dang kl (Mireille Razafindrakoto vd cdng su, 2013) Nhflng phdn tich va tranh ludn vl cdc each tilp cdn nghidn cflu kmh t l phi chinh thflc thdi gian qua da gdp phdn ldm xudi hidn quan dilm nghidn cflu mdi vl vdn dl Vi du nhu Jean-pierre Cling vd cdng su (2013) cho rdng ddc dilm cua vile ldm khu vuc phi chinh thflc thudng dupc coi la vide lam tam thcri chd tim dupc vide lam khac tdt hon khu vuc chinh Uiflc Dilu ndy eho thdy lam viec khu vuc cung Id bdt bupc chfl khdng phai la su Iua chpn tu nguydn, ma nguydn la vi linh trang thfla lao dpng b cac nudc dang phat triln Nhu vdy cdn phai nhin nhdn mdt each tuong dd'i nhung kit ludn cfla nhilu nhd nghidn cflu uu tiln sfl dung phuong phdp tilp cdn "phdp ly" trudng hpp cua chdu My Lalin, dilu da dupc de edp nghidn cflu cua de Soto ndm 1994 Ngoai ra, ed nhd nghidn cflu cdn eho rdng cdn su dung phuong phdp lid'p cdn kip dl xde djnh chinh sach ndo se dupc dp dung eung phu thupc vdo kd't qua phdn dodn ddu la cac ye'u td quyd'l dinh tdi viec iam khu vuc phi chinh thflc Theo phuong phdp lid'p cdn mang tfnh cdu trfle, chinh sdch kinh t l cdn hudng tdi cai thidn vide tudn thfl hd thdng cdc quy djnh phdp ludt, phuong phap tilp cdn mang ti'nh phdp ly lai dl xud'l giam bdt cac quy dinh vd gidm phf ddng ky (Jean-pierre Cling va cdng su, 2013) Cudi cung, mdt cdch til'p edn tfch hpp dua trdn y mdng thi trudng lao dpng nhilu phdn khuc, gdm phdn khuc trdn va phdn khuc dudi dupc dua Theo Mare Bacchetta va cpng su (2013), each lilp cdn kd't hpp cdc quan dilm nhj nguydn, phap ly va cd'u true, bdng cdch su dung cac yd'u td diich hpp nhdt de giai thfch eae phdn khfle vide Idm phi chfnh ihflc khae nhau: phdn khflc thdp gdm edc hd gia dinh va cd it lien he vdi khu vuc kinh t l chinh thflc (trong each til'p cdn nhi nguydn); phdn khflc cao cd cdc doanh nhdn nhd ehu ddng tranh thul va cac quy djnh each lid'p cdn phap ly; va phdn khflc trung gian gdm eae eo sd cd quy md sidu nhd va nhdn cdng ldm thud cho cae cdng ty ldn nhu each til'p cdn cd'u tnic Tfly khu vuc hoac qud'c gia, tdm quan trpng tuong ddi cfla cac phdn khflc cd the dp dung mpt ba quan dilm trdn Tfl quan dilm thd'ng nhdi nay, cupe tranh ludn da chuyin theo hudng danh gia quy md tuong ddi cfla eae phdn khfle khac va cac yd'u td anh hudng dd'n chflng Bdn canh cdc quan dilm vd cdch tilp edn vl khu vuc phi chi'nh thflc vdn dupc tilp tuc tranh ludn theo hudng dp dung ridng le hoac theo kit hpp ca cdch tid'p cdn luy vao vdn de nghidn cflu va bdi canh kinh te d mdi qudc gia ndu trdn, thi cd mdl hudng tie'p cdn nghien ctiu khac lai dupc md rpng tfly theo npi dung phdn tich Vi du nghiin cflu cua Mireille Razafindrakoto vd edng sir (2013) vl chu dl "Ldm vide khu vuc kinh t l phi chinh thflc: tu nguydn hay bdt bupc? Phdn tich su hai long vl cdng vile tai Vidt Nam" Ddy la nghiin cflu ddu tien vl chfl dl d Viet Nam Phdn lich su hai ldng vl cdng vide dupc coi la mdl each tidp cdn mdi me, phong phfl va la mang edn it dupc nghien eflu Cac tac gia ndy cho rdng each lid'p cdn ndy cd thl vupt khdi khudn khd cae Iy thuyd't truyin thd'ng vdn coi tiln luong Id chi sd nhdt dl ludng tidn ieh thu dupc tfl cdng vide Ddng thdi khdng dinh each til'p cdn dua trdn su hdi ldng vl cdng vide 44 Nghien ciiti Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 25, so 6, tr 39-47 la mdl each hidu qua d l ddnh gid chdt lupng cdng vide tai Vidt Nam ndi riing vd b cdc nudc dang phat triln ndi ehung Hudng ti^p cdn ndy da ti'ch hpp mpt cdch kha hd thdng phdn tieh yd'u td hai long vl cdng vile vao hd thdng cdc cupc dilu tra thd'ng kd chinh thflc vd c6 thl mang lai mdl sd kiln giai mdi me cho cac cdu hdi nghidn cihi va mdt sd' gpi f nhdm xdy dimg chinh sach kinh t l td't hon Vi nhu cdc co quan chflc nang cd thl xdy dung mdt h i thd'ng an sinh xa hdi khdng chi danh riing cho lao ddng hudng luong ma cdn danh cho nhiing ngudi lam vide ddc ldp mudn hudng cde Icri ich cfla cdc chucmg tnnh bao trp xa hdi Nghidn cflu cua Sylvie Fanchette vd Nguydn Xudn Hodn (2013) sfl dung each tidp cdn dia ly, chfl ylu la nghidn cflu dinh ttnh dl tim hilu vl su hpi nhdp giOa khu vuc kinh t l chinh thflc va khu vue kinh t l phi chinh thflc ldng nghi thdng qua trudng hpp edc ldng nghi truyin thdng d Ddng bang sdng Hdng (thudc khu vuc Ha Ndi) cung nhdn manh ddc dilm khdng ro rang gifla hai khu vuc chfnh Ihflc va phi chinh Ihflc su Hdn kit chat che eae doanh nghilp sidu nhd d cac ldng nghi giflp cho cdc doanh nghidp nho, thdng qua hoat ddng gia cdng thud, tham gia vdo hoat ddng xudt kh£u san ph^m thfl cdng nghidp nhu ddt may, dd gd, gd'm sfl Ddy Id nghidn eflu diln hinh dp diang phuong phdp til'p edn mang tfnh "co cdu" Cach tid'p cdn nghidn cflu cua Marc Bacchetla vd cdng su (2013) vl cdc yd'u td quylt dinh tdi vide Iam ITnh vuc phi chinh thflc b Vidt Nam trdn co sd mfle dp hdi long edng vide vd cdc du djnh chuyin sang ldm vile khde, dupc danh gid la cdch tid'p cdn nghidn eflu ddc ddo nd da giflp md rdng tidu chf tidp cdn nghidn cflu vl vide Iam phi chi'nh thflc Nghiin cflu khdng chi dflng b lilu ehi nhdt Id mfle thu nhdp, dilu kiln lam vide, ma cdn tinh den tdt ca cae phuong diln lidn quan dd'n vide ldm, dd cd ca md'i lien hd vdi ede boat ddng khac ngodi vide ldm Ngodi ra, dl tra ldi cho cdu hdi mang tinh chdt kinh t l vT md liln quan dl'n mdi quan hd giiia tang trudng kinh t l vd su vdn ddng eua khu vuc phi ehinh thflc cd thl sfl dung ca hai phuong phap ti^p cdii kinh t l vT md vd vi md Vf nhir nghidn eflu cua Javier Herrera vd Nancy Hidalgo vl "Ddng thdi cfla cae eo sd phi chinh thflc nho va tinh trang ngheo ddi b Peru: mdt cdch tie'p edn du lidu da chilu" da thuc hiln phucmg phap ti^p cdn kinh Id'vi md dua trdn co sd cdc dtt lilu thu thdp dai han tfl cae dilu tra hp gia dinh giai doan 2002-2010, da chi stt da dang cua cdc co sd khu vuc phi chmh thfle Clac tac gia da nlu ldn mfia lidn h i chat che gitta nghio ddi vd khu vuc phi chmh thfle, vd cho rdng cae chmh sach phdt triln cdn quan tdm nhilu hon tdi vide tao dilu kidn thudn lpi eho vile chuyin dich tfl khu vuc phi chuih thflc sang khu vue chinh thflc vd tang ndng sudt cho khu vuc ndy Nghien cUu Ichu vac kinh te phi chinh thut: tur each tiep can gidi Cic each ti^p cdn gidi linh vue lao ddng vide ldm, ddc bill nghidn cflu khu vue kinh t^phi chinh thflc la rdt cdn thid't bdi phu ntt Id luc lupng lao dpng chu ylu khu vuc Theo Ngd Thi TXidh Dung (2005), vdii d l gidi vd vide lam trdn lhi trudng lao ddng cd till dupc xem xit ttt mpt sd edch tilp cdn ly thuylt, dd cd quan dilm Iy thuyl't: kinh t^ tdn cd diln vl vide ldm va su tach bidt gidi tiiih trdn thi hUdng lao ddng; quan dilm ly thuylt vl thj trudng Iao ddng tach bidt; va quan dilm 1^ thuydt xa hpi hod vd tdch bilt thi trudng lao dpng Cu thl la: Ly thuyet kinh teTdn cd dien: xem vSai d l gidi va vide lam, iy tiiuyd't kuih t^ Tdn ed diln da chu y dd'n chlnh Idch mfle luong gitta lao ddng nam vd ntt Su khde bidt mfle luong dupc sfl dung d l giai thich tinh trang bdt binh d4ng vl nghi nghidp gitta nam va nu (G Becker (1965, 1980, inch lai Ngd Thi Tudn Dung, 2005) Han chaf chuih cua Iy thuyd't ndy la khdng tinh d^n hoan canh Ijch sfl, cu thl, hoac qud gian don hod h ^ h VI ngudi da bo qua hoae khdng dl cdp day du cdc nguydn nhdn CO edu, b^n chdt vd hdu qua efla bdt binh ding kuih tl^ dd'i vdi lao ddng ntt, nam co cdi rd tfl id chflc nln tang xa hdi Mdc dfl ly thuyd't ndy da tinh dd'n ylu id gia dinh vd trdeh nhidm lao ddng ntt, edng nhdn tdm quan trpng cfla khia eanh tai san xudt d l giai thich su tham gia cua ntt trdn thj trudng lao ddng, nhung ehua 1^ giai dupc vi phu ntt thudng tdch bidt jdhdi co cSu thi trudng lao ddng vd chju anh hucmg cua cdc quan hd lao ddng mang tiiih gia trudng (Ngd Thi Tiid'n Dung, 2005) Ly thuye't ve thi trudng lao ddng tdch hiet: Cach ti^p cdn ndy di sdu phdn tich vile lam phu nfl, nam gidi tfl gdc dd td ehfle thi trudng lao ddng, ly giai dac dilm, xu hudng phdn ehia ddn sd lao dpng va chflc ndng Dac bilt, ly thuylt ndy ldy gia dinh Iam dilm xudt phdt d l giai thich mdi liln quan gitta trach nhidm cua phu ntt vdi gia dinh va cdng vide d edc lmh vuc kinh t l khac Nhupc dilm chinh cua ly thuyl't Id nd dupc xdy dung chfl yd'u trdn quan dilm vl md hinh cdng nhdn cdng nghidp Idnh nghi la nam gidi thi trudng lao ddng, vi thl chua xem xel ddy du mpi khia canh vile ldm cfla phu ntt, nhdt Id vSh dl ky ndng vd ddo tao Vi vdy nd khdng phu hpp phdn tich ITnh vue dieh vu hay mdt sd nganh khde thu hflt nhilu Iao ddng ntt; ddng thdi ehua ehfl y lam rd ylu td gidi phdn tich ve thj trudng lao dpng, dd cd vdn dl giai thich vl phu ntt thadng dflng d vi tri thfl hai thj trudng lao ddng, va xu hudng thay ddi vi tri vile lam nhilu hon nam gidi (Ngd Thj Tiidh Dung, 2005) Quan dilm nghiin eflu ntt quyln vd gidi nhdri manh tdi cde ddc dilm gidi vd vi thd' kinh tl, xa hdi anh hudng nhdt djnh dd'n vj tri ed nhdn hong nhdm nghi nghidp hay ITnh vuc hoat ddng ndo dd Vj tri nam gidi thu&ng manh hon ntt d bdt ki ITnh vuc hoae tdch bilt lao dpng theo ehilu ngang hay dpc Su khae bidt gitta hai gicri tinh khdng ndn hieu mdt cdch don gian md cdii phai xem xit vd dat bdi canh ljch sfl phdt triln chfl nghia tu bdn va c h l dp gia trudng Do vdy, nghidn eihi vl vSn dl gidi thj trudng vile ldm edn vdn dung ca quan dilm ly thuylt gia trudng va tilp cdn gidi d l phdn tfch vd giai thich ddy du vdn dl gidi trin thj trudng lao 46 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 25, so' 6, tr 39-47 ddng (Delphy (1984), Walby (1986), trich Iai tfl Ngd Thj TUd'n Dung, 2005) Tiiy nhidn, Ngd Thj Tuan Dung (2005) cung cho rdng cae nghiin ctiu trdn da bdc Id mdt sd han che nhu ehua chfl y lam ro nhihig khde btdt vl kinh nghidm cdng vile nhu cfla hai gidi, dde diem vl hinh thflc lao dpng ban thdi gian cfla lao ddng ntt, hoac lac ddng cua phdn cdng lao ddng theo gidi tinh vl hinh mdu vide ldm, dp dn dinh, mong mudn chuyin doi, su thang tiln thj trudng lao ddng cfla ca hai gidi Ly thuye't xa hgi hod vd tdch hiet thi trudng lao dgng: Vdn dl gidi Iao dpng vide ldm cung da dupc tie'p cdn tfl quan dilm Iy ihuyd't xa hdi hod va tach bill thj trudng lao dpng Quan dilm tdp trung dl cdp vd 1;^ giai ede tae ddng tfl yd'u td vdn hoa - xa hdi dd'n su tham gia va vj trf phu nfl tren thj trudng Iao ddng Theo dd, qua trinh xa hdi hod theo vai trd, khudn mdu gidi truyin thdng vd kl vpng xa hdi Ihudng hudng tre em gdi vd trai vao eae nganh ngbl, anh hudng dd'n su lua chpn va tham gia vile Idm trudng thdnh Nhdn Ihflc xa hdi ve uy tin, vi thl'nghi nghilp, btnh dSng mdi trudng cdng vide eung cd anh hudng nhd't dinh tdch bidt ngbl nghidp (Ngd Thj Tiidn Dung, 2005) Tac gia ndy cho rdng dl giai thich ddy dfl vdn dl gidi vd vide ldm, dilu quan trpng chinh la vdn dl bdt binh ding gidi ITnh vuc lao ddng, vide ldm cdn dupc xem xit phdn tfch mdt edch ddy du vd mang tfnh liln ngdnh tfl nhilu gde dp nhu kinh td', xd hdi, van hod, bdi phdn cdng Iao ddng theo gidi doanh nghilp hay nln kinh t l ndi chung, khdng ehi don gian dupc cdu trfle theo ede lpi ich kinh t l khde cfla ca nhdn hodc doanh nghilp/chu sfl dung lao dpng, ma cdn cac ye'u td ehinh in, van hda -xa hpi nhu he lu tudng, ddc dilm van hod, tdp qudn Ket luan Tdm lai, dl nhdn didn ddy dfl vl khu vuc kinh tephi chinh thflc cdc nha nghien cflu cd thl ap dung tiing each tid'p cdn ridng le hodc kd't hpp nhilu cdch til'p cdn tfly thudc vdo vd'n dl nghidn euu, vdo bdi eanh kinh t l d mdi qud'c gia vd md rdng tfly theo ndi dung phdn tich eu thl Vd eho dl'n eae quan dilm vl khu vue phi chinh Ihflc vdn dupc tid'p tuc tranh ludn vd md nhttng hudng tid'p cdn mdi, cho thdy su cdn thid't vide dp dung cdc quan dilm ly thuylt cdc nghiin cflu ve chu dl ndy lidn quan dd'n dinh hudng chinh saeh, nghidn cflu co ban, chuong trinh can thilp nham dam bao tham gia vdo thi trudng lao ddng eua ca hai gidi dupc binh ding mdt each ddy du, nhdt Id ddc bilt chu y tdi linh chdl vile Idm da dang cfla phu nfl d khu vuc phi chinli thflc Trong bdi canh thieu hut cac nghiin cflu vl khu vue kinh t l phi chinh Ihflc d Vidt Nam ndi chung va cae nghidn eflu tidp cdn gidi ITnh vuc lao dpng vide ldm, nhdt Id b khu vuc kinh t l phi chinh thfle ndi riing clio thdy sir cdn thilt cdn dp dung cdc edch tilp cdn ly thuylt de ly giai ddy dfl hon vl khu vue kinh td' phi chinh thflc, dp dung quan dilm gidi Ai ldm rd su bdt loi cua phu ntt qua ttinh tham gia vao thj trucmg vide lam so nam gidi vl CO hpi vide lam, thu nhdp gdp phdn hoan thiln ludt phdp, chmh saeh hay chuong trinh hd trp, tao mdi trudng thudn Im cho tang trudng kinh te va Ihuc hidn cPng bdng vd binh ddng cho ngudi lao dpng nam, ntt." Tai lieu trich dan Javier Herrera, Nancy Hidalgo 2013 "Dpng thai ciia cdc co sd phi chfnh thflc nho va tinh trang nghlo ddi b Peru: mot each tilp cdn dfl lifeu da chilu" Trong Kinh te phi chinh thvfc tai cdc nUdc dang phdt trien Jean-pierre Cling vd cdc tdc gia khde Nxb.fri thflc Ha N6i, trang 405-440 Jean-pierre Cling, Dd Hoai Nam, Stephane Lagrle, Mireille Razafindrakoto, Francois Roubaud 2013 Kinh tephi chinh thi'fe tai cde nudc dang phdt trien Nxb.Tri thflc, Hd Npi Marc Bacchetta, Ekkehard Ernst va Juana P Bustamante 2013 "Toan cdu hoa va vide ISm phi chinh thflc tai cac nifdc dang phdt triln" Trong Kinh tephi chinh thih- lai cde nUdc dang phdt trien Jean-pierre Cling va cdc tdc gia khde Nxb.fri thflc Ha Npi Uang 441-462 Mireille Razafindrakoto, Franfois Roubaud, Jean-Michel Wachsberger 2013 "Lam vide khu virc kinh te phi chi'nh thflc: tu nguydn hay bit bupc? Phdn tich su hdi 16ng vl cdng vific tai ViSt Nam" Trong Kinh le' phi chinh Ihice tai cdc nUde dang phdt trien Jean-pierre Cling va cac tac gia khde Nxb.Tri thflc, Hd Npi, trang 73-105 Mireille Razafindrakoto, Fran9ois Roubaud, Lfi Van Duy 2012 Thd'ng ki khu vife kinh te phi chinh thdc d Viet Nam: Thtfc trgng vd trien vgng, http://vienthongke.vn/thong-tin-khoa-hoc/chuyen-san/110-nam-2008chuyen-san-thong-ke-khu-vuc-phi-chinh-thuc/487-gioi-thieu-cac-khainiem-chuan-quoc-te-lien-quan-den-khu-vuc-phi-chinh-thuc, Ngd Thj Tud'n Dung 2005 "Gidi va viSc Iam ufin thj trudng lao dpng mpt sd tilp can ly thuylt" Tap chi Khoa hgc vi'Phu nif, sl 4/2005, trang 10-20 Nguyfin Ba Ngpc, Trdn Van Hoan 2002 Todn edu hda: Ca hdi vd thdch thtfe ddi vdi lao dgng Viet Nam Nxb Lao dpng- Xa hdi Ha Npi Nguyen Hflu Chf, Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen 2012 Khu vuc phi chinh thflc thd'ng kfi tdi khoan qud'c gia: Mpt s6' vdn dl ve phuang phap iu3n http://vienthongke.vn/thong-tin-khoa-hoc/chuyen-san/110-nam-2008-chuyensan-thong-ke-khu-vuc-phi-chinh-thuc/485-khu-vuc-phi