Một số cách tiếp cận trong nghiên cứu bạo lực gia đình đối với người cao tuổi.pdf

N g h i e n cufu Gia d i n h va Gi6i So - Mot SO each tiep can nghien cihi bao luc gia fflnii floi voi nguoi cao tuoi Iran Thj Hong, Le Thj Hong Hai Vien Nghi6n curu Gia dinh va Gidi Tom tat: Qua tong quan tai lieu nghien ciiu va ngoai nii6c, bai viet gi6i thieu va phan tich mot so' each tiep can va ly thuyet nghien ctfu ve bao liic doi v6i ngiidi cao tudi noi chung va bao liic doi v6i ngiidi cao tudi gia dinh noi rieng Thong tin thu diidc cho thay co rS!t nhieu each tiep can khac Mot so' each tie'p can xuat phat tii viec ly giai cho hanh vi cua ngiidi gay bao liic Mot so^khac nhin nhan nguy cd bi bao liic txi sii phu thuoc cua ngUcii cao tudi ve kinh te va sii cham soe So' lai ly giai van de b6i sii xung dot ve van hoa, ldi song, quyen liie va nguon liic gii3a ngiidi eao tudi v6i eae vien khac hoae cac the he khae gia dinh Theo cac tae gia, tiing boi canh xa hoi va mue dieh nghien ciiu, co the sii dung mot hay ket hdp nhieu each tie'p can khae de ly giai cho tinh trang bao liic do'i vdi ngifdi cao tudi gia dinh Txi khoa: NgUdi eao tudi; Bao liic vdi ngiidi eao tudi; Bao liic gia dinh Dat van de Bao luc va ngugc dai la va'n de ma ngudi cao tuoi (NCT) thuoc moi chung t6c, dan toc, t6n giao, a moi vi the kinh te - xa hoi co the gap phai xa hoi (Kosberg, 1988) Van de mang ti'nh toan cau va ton tai d Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13 ca cac nudc dang phat trien cung nhu cac nudc phat trien Bao luc ddi vdi NCT khdng phai la mot hien tugng mdi nhung dang cang trd va'n 66 xa hdi dang quan tam d nhieu qud'c gia Cac nghien cuu vdi nhieu each tiS'p can khac da tim hieu chu de tren cac khia canh nhu dinh nghia, quan niem ve bao luc/lam dung NCT, cac hinh thirc cua bao luc dd'i vdi NCT, viec ly giai cho nhiing hanh vi bao luc/lam dung va bd b6 NCT gia dinh Tai Viet Nam, sd lidu thdng k6 cua Bd Van hda, The thao va Du lich cho tha'y nguy ca bi bao luc gia dinh ciia NCT la kha cao va tinh trang bao luc vdi NCT gia dinh la cd thuc Tuy nhi6n, chii de bao luc ddi vdi NCT gia dinh cdn it dugc nghi6n ciiu sau mdt each rieng biet ma chu yeu dugc de cap nhu mdt va'n di, khia canh cac nghien ciiu ve NCT, quan he gia dinh va bao luc gia dinh ndi chung Cho den mdi chi cd mdt vai nghien ciiu ddc lap ve tinh trang bao luc ddi \'di NCT'" Dang luu y, cac cude nghien ciiu deu dat trgng tam vao nghien ciiu tinh trang NCT bi bao luc bdi chau Nghien ciiu ve bao luc giiia vg chdng NCT it dugc de cap Viec thie'u nhiing nghien ciiu ve bao luc gia dinh vdi NCT khdng chi lam ngheo di ndi dung cua nghien ciiu bao luc gia dinh ma cdn cd the khien xa hdi nhan thiic sai lech hoac khdng day du ve bao luc gia dinh thieu thdng tin Trong bdi canh dd, tim hieu ve nhiing each tiep can, Iy thuyet nghien Cliu ve bao luc ddi vdi NCT gia dinh la can thiet Dd se la tu lieu quan trgng cho viec xay dung co sd ly luan nghien ciiu tinh trang bao Iuc gia dinh ddi vdi NCT d Viet Nam Kliai niem "bao lire doi vdi ngirdi cao tuoi" Ra't khd de dinh nghia bao luc dd'i vdi NCT mdt each thich dang va thuc te'van chua cd mdt dinh nghia chu^n (Penhale, 2003) Viec xac dinh the nao la bao luc ddi vdi NCT phu thudc nhi^u vao mdi nen van hda, bdi canh xa hdi, phu thudc vao ttoig nha nghien ciiu, tiing eudc nghien ciiu Cho den nay, cac nghien ciiu ve bao luc vdi NCT da su dung nhiing phuang phap khac nhau, cac dinh nghia khac va trfin cac nhdm cu dan khac Va tii nhiing dinh nghia khac ve bao luc dd'i vdi NCT dan den nhiing ke't luan khac w6 hau qua va nguyen nhan ciia bao luc ddi vdi NCT (Kosberg va cdng su, 2003) Hdi ddng nghien ciiu qud'c gia (My) da dinh nghia bao luc ddi vdi NCT la hanh ddng cd y gay hai hoac tao mdt nguy ca gay hai nghiem trgng cho mdt NCT gay bdi ngudi cham sdc hoac ngudi khac cd md'i quan he tin tudng vdi NCT (Brandl, 2003) Ba ph^n quan ciia dinh nghla la su gay hai, NCT va mdi quan he tin tudng Cac tai lieu nghien Cliu cho tha'y su gay hai dugc chia lam nhdm: bao luc tinh thdn, bao luc Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai kinh te', bao luc the cha't, bao luc tinh due va su bd rai NCT dugc xac dinh theo dd tuoi cd su khac d tiing qud'c gia Phan ldn d phuang Tay, NCT dugc xac dinh la ngudi tii 65 tuoi trd len Md'i quan he tin tudng cd thi bao gdm vien gia dinh, ngudi quen va cac chuyen gia - nhirng ngudi lam viec ciing hoac cd mdi quan he xa hdi vdi NCT (Bumight va Mosqueda, 2011) Su phan chia cac loai hinh hay cac nhdm hanh vi bao luc dd'i vdi NCT (hay cdn ggi la loai hinh gay hai - theo dinh nghia cua Hdi ddng nghien Cliu qud'c gia My) cd su khac Ne'u nhu Bumight va cdng su (2011) chia hinh thiic bao luc vdi NCT nhdm nhu da ndi d tren thi Hudson (1991) gidi thieu y kie'n ciia 63 chuyen gia thudc cac nganh khac (luat, y, tam ly, y te'cdng cdng va cdng tac xa hdi) phan chia hinh thiic bao luc dd'i vdi NCT nhdm: the chat, xa hdi, tam ly va tai ehi'nh*^' Trong mdt so trudng hgp, bao luc tinh due dugc xep vao dang bao luc the chat Tap chi Hiep hdi Y khoa Hoa Ky (1992) bd sung them mdt dang bao luc nua ddi vdi NCT gdm cac hanh vi vi pham cac quyen ca nhan nhu quyen rieng tu va quyen dugc tu dua cac quye't dinh ve ddi sd'ng ca nhan hoac siic khde (trich lai tii Le Nggc Lan va cdng su, 2012) Ngoai ra, viec phli nhan quyln cua NCT cung dugc mdt sd tac gia nhan dinh la mdt hinh thiic lam dung ddi vdi NCT (Kosberg va Macneil, 2003) Nhin chung, cac loai hinh bao luc cu the dd'i vdi NCT da dugc cac hge gia nhan dien nhu sau: Bao luc th^ chat gdm nhung hanh vi sir dung siic manh the chat gay bao luc hoac nhung hanh vi khdng cung ca'p su trg giiip hgp ly ve the cha't cho NCT^ dan de'n viec bd roi NCT (Hudson, 1991) Bao lire tinh than gdm nhirng hanh vi sir dung siic manh ngdn ngiiAdi ndi lam ton thuang NCT hoac nhiing hanh vi khdng cung cap nhiing trg giiip hgp ly/hgp phap ve tam ly/tinh cam cho NCT dan den viec bd rai NCT (Hudson^ 1991) Bao luc ve mat xa hdi gdm nhiing hanh vi/hanh ddng ngan can nhiing nhu cSu xa hdi ca ban ciia NCT (Hudson, 1991) Bao luc xa hdi cd the bao gdm viec tii chd'i cung cap cac dich vu nhan van va su cd lap xa hdi (Glendenning, 1997; Kurrle, 2004 Din theo Dale Bagshaw va cdng su, 2009) - Bao luc ve mat tai chinh gdm hanh vi la'y cap hoac sir dung sai trai tiln bac/tai san ciia NCT (Hudson, 1991) - Bao luc y hge cd thi bao gdm viec su dung khdng phu hgp su cudng ep va ngan can hoac su quan ly thie'u trach nhiem ve thudc (trich lai tit Dale Bagshaw va cdng su, 2009) 6 Nghien cufu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13 Bd rai (chu ddng) la su tii chd'i hoac thie'u quan tam cham sdc theo quy dinh (tii chd'i khdng cung cSfp cho NCT nhiing thii cdn thie't cho cugc sdng hang nhu thiic an, thud'c), bao ham viec cd tinh, cd chii dinh gay cang thang, phien nao cho NCT vi tinh thdn cung nhu the' xac - Bd roi (bi ddng/khach quan) la su tii chd'i hoac khdng thuc hien ddy dii nhiem vu cham sdc (khdng bao ham vide cd tinh, cd chii dinh gay cang thang, philn nao cho NCT vl tinh thdn cung nhu thi xac) Cho dii dugc nhan didn theo nhilu chilu canh khac nhau, song tuu trung lai, bao luc ddi vdi NCT dugc xac dinh la hanh vi gay tdn hai cho NCT tren cac linh vuc thi cha't, tinh thdn, kinh te/tai san Dinh nghia chung nha't vl bao luc ddi vai NCT la ba't ky hanh ddng cd y nao gay tdn hai hoac cd nguy ca gay tdn hai din NCT ngudi cham sdc hoac ngudi cd mdi quan he tin cay dd'i vdi NCT gay (Cohen va cdng su, 2007) Theo Bridget Penhale (2003), bao luc va lam dung NCT diln d ba cap khac nhau: vi md, trung md va vi md Cdp dd vi md la nhiing van dl d cap xa hdi nhu: chi dd trg cap chua thich dang; kha nang han che tie'p can cham sdc xa hdi va cham sdc siic khoe; gia ca didn, nudc, nhien lieu; va bao luc mang tmh the che O cap trung md, bao luc va bd rai NCT xem xet nhiing thai dd, hanh vi va chinh sach gay tdn thuang de'n NCT d cdp cdng ddng Dd cd thi la nhung hanh ddng chd'ng ddi nhu su phan biet tudi tac hoac bd mac NCT ngoai ll xa hdi Cdp dd vi md, chinh la cdp ca nhan, thudng xay khudn khd gia dinh, tiic la nha cua NCT hoac nha nhiing ngudi cd lien he (con cai, hg hang) vdi NCT IVIot so' each tiep can Bao luc ddi vdi NCT la chu dl nghien ciiu dan xen giiia pham vi nghien Cliu vl bao luc gia dinh, NCT va gia dinh Vi the', tiep cto nghien ciiu vl chu dl cd thi sii dung cac each tiep can, ly thuylt vl bao luc gia dinh, hoac each tiep can ly thuyet nghien ciiu vl NCT Nhung each tiep can cung cdp nhirng md ta khac vl ke gay bao luc, VI du, mdt ngudi cham sdc qua tai (each tilp can ngudi cham sdc bi trdm cam), mdt ngudi bi xao trdn vl tinh thdn/tinh cam (benh tam thdn) hoac mdt ngudi da trai qua mdt tudi tha bi lam dung va bd be (each tilp can hge hdi xa hdi) Ben canh dd cdn cd nhiing giai thich khac tir khia canh van hda - xa hdi hay he thd'ng edu true nhu thuyet quyln luc - kilm soat, each tiep can kinh t l - chinh tri, kiln tao xa hdi Cd thi md hinh hda mdt sd each tiep can ly giai vl tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT nhu sau: 2.1 Cach tiep can ve ngirdi cham soe bi tram cam Mdt nhiing each tilp can dugc sur dung rdng rai hidn nghien ciiu vl tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT trong'gia dinh d nhilu qud'c Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai Hinh I Mo hinh each tiep can nghien curu ve bao luc doi vdi NCT gia la each tilp can "Gia thuyet vl ngudi cham sdc bi trdm cam" Cach tie'p can thiia nhan tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT xay vien gia dinh - ngudi chiu trach nhiem cham sdc cho NCT khdng the kiem soat dugc trach nhiem cham sdc cua minh Cach tie'p can cho rdng ngudi gay bao luc ddi vdi NCT thudng la nhiing vien chiu trach nhidm cham sdc NCT gia dinh Vide cham sdc NCT khid'n hg thdy cang thang, ddn tdi mdt kiem soat va gay bao lire cho NCT Nguydn nhan ddn dd'n su cang thang va mdt kiem soat ciia ngudi cham sdc la bdi hg phai lam vide qua tai va khdng thi'ch hgp dd'i vdi vide cham sdc NCT nhimg lai chiu trach nhidm chinh cdng vide (Quadagno, 2004) Mat khac, vdi nhiing ngudi trudng d tudi trung nidn dang cham sdc cha me gia, su cang thang vi trach nhidm cham sdc cha me cd the cdn xuat phat tur nhiing cang thang vide cham sdc cai hg (Barnett va cdng su, 2005) Bdn canh dd, su suy yd'u vl siic khde cua NCT khid'n cho vide cham sdc hg trd ndn tdn kem vl kinh te dd'i vdi ngudi cham sdc Theo Eckely va Vilakazi (1995), su phu thudc kinh td'/tai chinh ciia NCT ddng vai trd quan trgng each ddi xii ciia cac vidn khac vdi hg Thu nhap la mdt yd'u td dac bidt then chdt khdng cd chuang trinh trg giiip cua chinh phu ddi vdi NCT O nhilu nudc, vi the kinh te - xa hdi thap la mdt yd'u td nguy ca cue ldn ddn dd'n bao luc dd'i vdi NCT (Eckely va Vilakazi, 1995 Ddn theo Barnett va edng su, 2005) Nhu vay, ap luc ciia cdng vide cham sdc NCT hang ciing vdi ap lire vl kinh te va cac ap luc khac ddi sd'ng chinh la nguydn nhan khid'n cho nhung vidn gia dinh la ngudi cham sdc NCT bi mat kiem Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13 Hinh Mo hinh each tiep can ngiroi cham soe b| tram cam Ganh nang duoc nhin thaJy Kho khan ciia viec cham soe Trach nhifim cham soe Khoang thcri gian cham soe XX SIX cang thing ciia ngururi cham soe va bao luc vdi NCT Nguon: Sir dung lai hinh ve cua Kerry Burnight va Laura Mosqueda (2011) soat va cd nhiing hanh vi bao luc dd'i vdi NCT Mdt sd nha nghien ciiu cho rdng vide van dung each tid'p can ngudi cham sdc bi trdm cam vao nghidn ciiu cdn than trgng vide ly giai vdn dl va dl xudt cac bidn phap can thiep Bdi vi each tid'p can ly giai hanh vi bao lue ddi vdi NCT xudt phat tii vide ngudi cham sdc bi trdm cam phai thuc hidn qua nhilu vai trd ciing luc dilu kidn thid'u thdn vl ngudn luc Nhiing ly giai dd ddn din thai dd thdng cam vdi ngudi gay bao luc va nhiing dl xudt cung cdp dich vu trg giiip cho ngudi gay bao luc, bd qua su an toan ciia nan nhan la NCT 2.2 Cach tiep can ve sir phu thugc Cach tid'p can vl su phu thude dua mdt each ly giai khac vl hidn tugng bao luc ddi vdi NCT Cach tilp can cho rdng hidn tugng bao luc xay nan nhan khdng cd kha nang ehd'ng dd vl mat tam ly va thi chat, dd bi tdn thuang va phu thudc vao ngudi cham sdc Su phu thudc cd thd la vl kinh te, thi chat, xa hdi hoac tinh cam va cd thi gdn liln vdi cdc thuang tat Cach tid'p can bat ngudn tii each tilp can trao ddi vd'n nhin nhan rdng cac md'i quan he dugc xay dung tren su tuang tac lgi va thiet giua ngudi va ngudi ludn cd xu hudng td'i da hod lgi ich va td'i thilu hoa thiet hai (Ansello, 1996 Ddn theo Barnett va cgng su, 2005) Ggi y cho viec van dung each tilp can vao trudng hgp bao luc dd'i vdi NCT thi NCT ed rat it cai Igi/cai dugc/ngudn luc de trao ddi va qua trinh tuang tac/trao ddi vdi hg thi rdt td'n kem/thidt hai va hiem duac din Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai dap Vide cham sdc NCT cd the lam mdt qua nhilu thdi gian va gay khd chiu lai nhan dugc rdt it lgi ich Chi phi cao cho trach nhidm cham sdc NCT cung vdi lgi ldc chang dang ke ed the la nguydn nhan ddn tdi bao luc Theo thuye't nay, NCT (cha me, vg/chdng) cdn su cham sdc eang nhilu va kha nang din dap lai ngudi cham sdc eho hg thi cang it di Su mdt can bang ham y rdng eham sde cho NCT la khdng dugc tra cdng, chinh vi vay ma ngudi cham sdc cd xu hudng se bd rai/bd bd NCT (Barnett va cdng su, 2005) Ap dung each tid'p can vl su phu thudc vao nghien ciiu, cd the thdy, nhiing NCT bi bao hanh hdu hit la nhirng ngudi da bi phu thudc vao chau hg d mdt mat nao dd nhu vl kinh te, vl su cham sdc Viet Nam, phdn ldn NCT sd'ng d ndng thdn va lam ndng nghidp Khi khdng cdn dii siic khde dl lao ddng, nhilu ngudi sd hg hoan toan phu thude vao su cham sdc va nudi dudng ciia cai Theo each tid'p can nay, kha nang bj bao hanh ciia nhdm ngudi la rat cao 2.3 Cach tiep can xung dot Cach tie'p can xung dot khdng coi gia dinh la nhan td ddng gdp cho su dn dinh ciia xa hdi ma la tdm guang phan chilu su bdt binh ddng vl ciia cai va quyln luc ciia mdt xa hdi rdng ldn han Cach tiep can xung dot xa hdi tap trung vao khia canh xiic cam, hanh vi ciia quan he gia dinh va cho rdng nhirng bidu hidn xiic cam va hanh vi tidu cue quan he gia dinh xay qua trinh cac vidn phai duang ddu vdi nhiing khac bidt va bat ddng giiia cae vidn Bao luc gia dinh la mdt dang bieu hidn xung dot tidu cue nhat, dac bidt anh hudng dd'n nhtrng ca nhan d vi tri yd'u the md'i quan he tuang tac (ngudi gia, phu nii, tre em) Van dung each tid'p can vao phan tich hanh vi bao luc ddi vdi NCT giiip ly giai rd han vl cac hanh vi bao luc sinh trdn ca sd khac bidt the hd vl ldi sd'ng, vl iing xii gia dinh eung nhu su xung dot vl lgi ich kinh tl, vat chat (dat dai, tai san, ) giiia eac vidn gia dinh 2.4 Thuyet hoc hdi xa hgi Menh di ve hge hdi xa hdi dugc nha tam ly hge ngudi Canada Albert Bandura phat triln va dua each tid'p can tii nam 1962 Tiln dl chinh cua each tilp can hge hdi xa hdi cua Albert Bandura la ngudi cd the hge hdi bdng each quan sat, bat chudc va md hinh hda Cach tie'p can hge hdi xa hdi dugc van dung nghien ciiu bao luc dd'i vdi NCT bang nhilu tdn ggi khac nhu each tilp can vdng trdn bao luc, each tiep can chuyen giao bao luc giira cac the he Van dung nghien ciiu bao lire dd'i vdi ngudi cao tudi NCT, quan diem chinh ciia each tiep can cho rdng tre em timg chiing kiln bao lire, 'i^,a3Tj.HJXn 10 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13 ldn len cd kha nang chdp nhan chuan muc bao luc va dilu kiln tao nen hanh vi bao lue ciia chiing dd'i vdi cha me va dng ba chiing (Fulmer & O'Malley, 1987 Ddn theo Ola Barnett va cdng su, 2005) Mdt sd nha nghien ciiu khac chi md'i lien he cua su kit ndi hge hdi nhu la su dap tra (tra milng/tra diia) hanh vi bao luc qua khii: Anh da danh tdi nen gid tdi se danh anh (Phillips, 1996 Ddn theo Ola Barnett va cdng su, 2005) Kosberg (1998) ggi y rdng, nhilu trudng hgp, ddng lue tra thil hay dap tra nhiing hanh vi bao luc trudc day cd the xuat hien vdi md hinh: ngudi phu nir hoac nhiing ngudi da timg chiu bao luc tu" mdt ngudi dan dng d thdi diem trudc eudc sdng gia dinh sau se cd hanh vi bao luc nhu mdt each dl tra thu ngudi dan dng vl gia Dilu dugc minh chiing cac nghien ciiu d Thuy Dien Van dung each tilp can vao nghien eiiu bao lire dd'i vdi NCT, Quinn va Tomita (1997) khang dinh rdng "thay vi tap trung vao su dd'i xir tha du ciia ke bao hanh, each tilp can cd the mang lai lgi ich cho eac nghien ciiu tuang lai tap trung vao each ma cha me ciia diia tre bj bao luc ddi xu vdi dng ba va tiln sir quan sat bao lire cua cha me vdi dng ba thdi tha du va vi nien" (Trich ddn theo Kosberg va Macneil, 2003) 2.5 Cach tiep can quyen lire va kiem soat Theo each tilp can quyln luc va kiem soat, nhilu ngudi cham sdc va vien gia dinh lam tdn thuang NCT de the hien quyln lire va su kiem soat eiia minh Hg cd hanh vi bao lire ddi vdi NCT de dat dugc nhiing nhu cdu ca nhan Bonnie Brandl (2000) cho biet mdt sd nghien ciiu da chi rdng rdt nhilu nan nhan bi kiem soat va han che quyln luc khdng phai la ngudi phu Hinh Mo hinh each tiep can hoc hoi xa hoi nghien ciiu bao lire vdi NCT Bao lire tre em Bao luc NCT Hoc hoi qua quan sat Bao luc vdi ngudi khuyet tat ^ Bao lire wa ehong Nguon: Kerry Bumight & Laura Mosqueda, 2011 »e>|\j™ Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai 11 thudc ma thuc ngudi gay bao luc lai la ngudi phu thude vao nan nhan Rdt nhilu ngudi gay bao lue la eon cai trudng sd'ng nha va dua vao ngudn luc ciia NCT Rdt nhilu nan nhan khdng phai la ngudi pliu thudc hay ngudi cd van dl vl nhan thirc Hg la NCT dang trai qua tinh trang bao lue tuang tu nhu nhiing tinh hud'ng ma hg da trai qua cdn tre Tac gia da liet ke cac hinh thire bao lue de tri quyln luc theo md ta ciia nhiing ngudi phu nii cao tudi, gdm: (1) De dga: de dga rdi di/ly hdn/tir tu; danh dap hoac gilt ehlt vat nudi/gia sue cd gia trj; pha hiiy tai san; de dga bdng vQ klii ^ (2) Lam dung su phu thude, bd rai: lay khung tap di, xe lan, kinh, rang gia; tii chdi cung cap hoac keo dai thdi gian chd dgi de cd thiic an, dd sudi am, su eham sdc hoac thudc; khdng thdng bao nhiing van dl vl y tl; hieu nhung khdng theo nhiing khuyen nghj vl y te, dilu trj va su an toan; lam cho NCT bd Id cae cude hen y tl (3) Nhao bang cac gia trj: tii chdi viec NCT tilp can vdi nha thd; nhao bang nhirng gia trj ca nhan eiia NCT; tang Id hoac che gilu tdn giao va nhirng gia trj van hda truyin thdng (4) Lam dung tinh cam: lam nhue, ehi gilu; hit, nhuc ma, ggi ten; lam mat the dien/thanh danh, dd ldi; chdi tii tinh cam; khuyen khich cac hanh vi "dien loan"; sir dung su im lang hoac su bang bd (5) Cd lap: kiem soat vide NCT lam, ngudi ma NCT gap gd, nai hg dd'n; han che thdi gian gap gd gia dinh, ban be; khdng cho truy cap didn thoai, email (6) Lam dung quyln lgi: ddi xu vdi NCT nhu ngudi hdu; tu quyd't djnh tdt ca cac vide quan trgng (7) Bao luc tai chinh: ldy cdp tiln hoac tai san; tidu xai tiln cua NCT khdng dugc phep; su dung tai ehinh/tai san cua NCT cho lgi ich ca nhan, kilm soat quy chi tidu cua gia dinh Ket luan Qua nhiing luan chiing cua cac each tid'p can nghidn ciiu vl bao luc gia dinh dd'i vdi NCT, cd thi thay rdng bao lire dd'i vdi NCT gia dinh la mdt hidn tugng phiic tap chju sir tac ddng cua nhilu yd'u td khac tir mdi trudng xa hdi, mdi trudng gia dinh, mdi quan he giiia NCT va cac vidn gia dinh cung nhu vdn dl tam ly, tinh each cua cac ca nhan Mdt sd ly thuyd't, each tid'p can cua nghien ciiu bao luc gia dinh nhu each tid'p can hge hdi, each tid'p can xung dot, v.v cd the dugc su dung nghidn ciiu vl bao luc dd'i vdi NCT gia dinh Ngoai ra, eae each tid'p can xem xet su phu thude va su mdt quyln luc cho phep cung 12 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 24, so 5, tr 3-13 cap nhung ly giai phu hgp han tinh trang bao luc dd'i vdi NCT Mdi each tid'p can ndu d trdn dua mdt each giai thich ridng bidt Mac du khdng each tid'p can nao cd duge each giai thich toan didn vl nguydn nhan, ban chdt eua bao luc dd'i vdi NCT nhung rd rang mdi each tiep can diu cd nhimg diem manh rieng giiip nhin nhan tiing khia canh ciia bao luc gia dinh ddi vdi NCT Vide kd't hgp nhilu each tilp can de giai thich da td kha hidu qua vi nd giiip nha nghidn ciiu cd cai nhin sau sdc han vl vdn dl bao lire dd'i vdi NCT Viet Nam cung nhu nhilu qudc gia khae, bao luc dd'i vdi NCT thudng dugc eoi la mdt vdn di gidu mat Trudc tidn, la vi nd tdn tai ben gia dinh va nd duge coi la "chuyen gia dinh", hiem dugc chia se vdi ngudi ngoai Ddng thdi, su yeu thi eiia NCT can trd hg ngoai hay ndi va'n di bi bao lue cua hg Trong dd, nguy ca rai vao tinh trang bj phan biet ddi xir, bj bao luc bdi nhiing ngudi than gia dinh la khd trdnh khdi ddi vdi NCT bdi nhilu nhan td Thii nhdt, dd la su phu thude ve kinh ticua phdn ldn NCT Thii hai, su suy giam siic khde theo tudi tac la khdng the trdnh khdi dd'i vdi phdn ldn NCT Them vao dd, bdi canh edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va nhdt la dudi tac ddng ciia toan cdu hda va hdi nhap kinh t l qud'c tl, he gid trj gia dinh d Viet Nam dang cd su biln ddi rat ldn Ben canh nhiing gia trj truyin thd'ng nhu "kinh trdn nhudng dudi" thi nhtrng gia trj mdi nhu coi trgng "quyln ca nhan, quyln tu chu", "binh dang gidi", "quyln tre em", eung cang duge khdng djnh Su biln ddi nay, mdt ehCrng muc nhdt djnh, da lam cho mdi quan he dng ba cha me eon chau khdng thuan chilu nhu trude day va lam tang nhiing mau thudn, xung dot thi he gia dinh Thuc trang dd cho thdy nghidn ciiu vl tinh trang va nguydn nhan ddn din hanh vi bao lire dd'i vdi NCT gia dinh d Viet Nam la cdn thilt va nhirng each tilp can nghien ciiu trdn eung cdp ea sd ly luan quan trgng giiip ly giai van dl nghidn ciru kha phiic tap nay.B Chii thich (1) Dien hinh la cuoc dilu tra ciia Hoi Ngudi cao tuoi Viet Nam nam 2006 tai xa, phudng cua tinh Ddc Ldc, Phii Yen va Quang Trj vdi 600 phieu khao s^t ddi vdi ngudi tCr 60 tu6i trd len va gan day la cuoc dilu tra ve Thuc trang bao luc gia dinh, de xuat giai phap nhdm ngan chan, lam giam sd vu bao luc gia dinh nam 2012 va giai doan 2012-2016 Bo Van hoa, The thiao va Du lich phdi hop vdi Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi thuc hien nam 2012 Cuoc dilu tra da phong van 242 ngudi cao tuoi (tuoi tir 60 trd len, co sdng chung vdi cai da xay dung gia dinh) ve tinh trang bao luc gia dinh ddi vdi ngudi cao tuoi (2) Djnh nghla mang tinh ly thuyet ve ngugc dai va lam dung NCT ciia nhom Delphi (Delphi panel) nhii'ng chuyen gia ve ngugc dai NCT Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai 13 Tai lieu tham Ishao Ainsworth 1972 Attachment and Dependency: A Comparison In J.L Gewirtz (ED), Attachment and Dependency, (pp 97-137) Washington, DC: Winston Bonnie Brandl 2002 Domestic abuse in later life: Causation Theories http://www.ncea.aoa.gov/Resources/Publication/docs/risks.pdf Bonnie Brandl 2000 "Power and Control: Understanding Domestic Abuse in Later Life" Generations, Volume XXIV, No 2, 39-45 Bridget Penhale 2003 "Older Women, Domestic Violence, and Elder Abuse: A review of Commonalities, Defferences, and Shared Approaches" .Journal of Elderly Abuse & Neglect, Vol 15, No 3-4, 163-183 Dale Bagshaw, Sarah Wendt, Lana Zarmettino 2009 Preventing the abuse people by their family members, www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au/rtf%20files/stakeholderpaper_7 rtf Goodman & Silverstein 2001 "Grandmothers who Parent their Grandchildren." Journal of Family Issues, 22(5), 557-578 Kerry Burnight, Laura Mosqueda 2011 Theoretical Model Development in Elder Mistreatment, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffilesl/nij/grants/234488.pdf Kosberg & Macneil 2003 The Elder Abuse of Custudial Grandparents: A Hidden Phenomenon In Elder Abuse: Selected papers from the Prague World Congress on Family Violence, (pp.33-54) NY: Haworth Kosberg & Garcia 1995a Common and Unique Themes on Elder Abuse rrom a World-wide Perspective In J I Kosberg & J L Garcia (Eds), Elder Abuse: International and Cross-culrural Perspectives, (pp 183-197) Binghamton, NY: Haworth Kosberg, J I 1998 "Abuse of Elderly Men" .Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 9(3), 69-88 Kosberg, H I 1988 "Preventing Elder Abuse: Identification of High Risk Factors Prior to Placement Decisions" Gerontologist, 28, 43-50 M F Hudson 1991 "Elder Mistreatment: A taxonomy with definitions by Delphi" .Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 3(2), 1-20 Miri Cohen et al 2007 "Elder Abuse: Disparities Between Older People's Disclosure of Abuse, Evident Signs of Abuse, and High Risk of Abuse" .Journal Compilation, 55, 1224—1230 Ola Bamett, Cindy L Miller-Perrin, Robin D Perrin 2005 Family Violence across the Lifespan: An Introduction Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks Le Ngoc Lan va cong sir 2012 Mdi quan he giira NCT va chau gia dinh Viet Nam: Thuc trang va nhu'ng van de cdn quan tam Bao cao fdng hgp de tai cdp Bo - Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi (Vien han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam) Jill Quadagno 2004 Aging and tlie Life course - An introduction to social gerontology McGraw-Hill Companies 3"" edition  ... trang bao luc gia dinh, de xuat giai phap nhdm ngan chan, lam giam sd vu bao luc gia dinh nam 2012 va giai doan 2012-2016 Bo Van hoa, The thiao va Du lich phdi hop vdi Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va... luc gia dinh vdi NCT khdng chi lam ngheo di ndi dung cua nghien ciiu bao luc gia dinh ma cdn cd the khien xa hdi nhan thiic sai lech hoac khdng day du ve bao luc gia dinh thieu thdng tin Trong. .. trang bao luc dd''i vdi NCT trong'' gia dinh d nhilu qud''c Tran Thi Hong & Le Thi Hong Hai Hinh I Mo hinh each tiep can nghien curu ve bao luc doi vdi NCT gia la each tilp can "Gia thuyet vl ngudi cham