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THONG TIN TRAO DOI CAC CACH TIEP CAN TRONG NGHIEN CUU GIAO DUC KY NANG Tl/dNG TAG XA HOI CHO HOC SINH KHIEM THI • • • 6 LTNH Vl/C GIAO DUC HOA NHAP • • • D 6 THI THANH THUY Tracing DHSP Ha Noi Cd rat[.]
THONG TIN TRAO DOI CAC CACH TIEP CAN TRONG NGHIEN CUU GIAO DUC KY NANG Tl/dNG TAG XA HOI CHO HOC SINH KHIEM THI • LTNH • • Vl/C GIAO DUC HOA NHAP • • • D THI THANH THUY Tracing DHSP Ha Noi Cd rat nhieu each tiep can va quan Hgc thuyet phan tam tap trung nhan diem nghien ciru ve giao due ky nang manh tam quan trgng cua mdi quan he giua tuong tac xa hgi Phan nghien ciru se me va tre sy phat trien nhung nam yeu gidi thieu mgt sd each tiep can va cac thang dau ddi ciia tre nghien cQu Qng dung phd bien nghien ciru giao due ky nang tuong tac xa hgi cho tre Nhung tac gia chinh eua hgc thuyet phan tam la: S Freud, Sullivan & Erikson em ndi chung va tre khiem thj ndi rieng theo sy phat trien cac mat xa hgi ciia nguOi Theo S Freud, sy xa hgi hda dugc didn dya tre giai quyet mgt loat nhung Ky nang tuong tac xa hgi la van de da mau thuan ben va dya tren nhung nhu dugc cac nha tam ly hgc va giao due hgc chu cau sinh ly Viec giai quyet nhung mau thuan y ty rat sdm d cac nude tren the gidi vi vai trd la mgt qua trinh dien lien tuc Ong tin to Idn eiia nd sy hinh va phat trien rang sy phat trien ciia loai ngudi dya tren ban nhan each ciia eon ngudi Tuy nhien day lai la nang va cac ban nang chju anh hudng linh vyc nghien cdu kha mdi me va vd cung bdi cau true hay md hinh ddng lye dugc ggi la can thiet d Viet Nam linh hdn (tinh than) Nhung cau true phu thuoc Cac hudng tiep can va ket qua nghien tiem an (cai tdi, cai ban nga va cai sieu ban cQu yng dung phd bien tren the gidi duge gidi nga) ddng vai trd rat quan trgng viec giup thieu se giup cac nha nghien eyu cd nhffng dya tre trai qua mgt loat cac giai doan phat can cir huu ich viec tim bien phap giao trien, giai quyet nhung mau thuin ben due eac ky nang tuong tac xa hgi hieu qua cho va nhung xu hudng tinh due ddi vdi ngudi cha tre khiem thi giao due hda nhap (GDHN) (hoac ngudi me) khac gidi tinh vdi minh, va Quan diem cua thuyet phan tam va cac cuoi cimg la sy dat duge khoai cam ciia ban nghien ciifU than THONG TIN TRAO DOI Cac nghien ciru irng dung hgc thuyet phai ddi mat vdi nhieu khimg hoang, ma nguyen cua S Freud giao due tre khiem thj cho nhan la khdng thiet lap duge sy can bang thay sy gan bd giua tre khiem thj sa sinh va mdi quan he giua ca nhan vdi xa hgi cha me d nhung nam thang dau ddi la dac biet Tait (1972), Selma H Fraiberg (1977) quan trgng Bdi vi nhieu tre mu nhd tudi khdng va Waren (1984) da ap dung md hinh ve sy phai liic nao cung khdi xudng nhung hanh vi phat trie'n ciia Erikson giao due nhung xa hgi hoac phan Qng lai vdi nhung dau hieu ky nang tuang tac xa hgi cho tre khiem thj xa hgi tu phia cha me (vi du: mi'm cudi, dung Ket qua nghien ciru ciia hg chirng minh ket cham the chat), viec cac vien gia luan rang tre mil nhd tudi thi dudng nhu hoan dinh tre khiem thj hgc nhOmg chien luge de tang toan phu thuge vao nhung ngudi khac de kham eudng mdi quan he tuang tac tich cue giua ho pha va ket nd'i nhung thdng tin tir mdi trudng va tre khiem thj la rat quan trgng ben ngoai de nhung thdng tin dd trd the Herbert Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) da gidi thye va y nghia Fraiberg luu y rang khdng phat trien quan diem ciia minh tir quan diem eua cd sy can thiep thi cha me ciia tre mu khd ed S Freud bang each tap trung vao tam quan the ty tao mdi trudng thiic day sy tuong tac trgng ciia mdi quan he ban be ddng trang lua xa hgi tich eye va kich thich cae boat ddng the Cng dung quan diem ciia Sullivan chat cua tre nghien cuu giao due tre khiem thj cho thay, viec Cac nghien cifU theo quan diem cua thuyet tre khiem thj dugc cung cap nhung ca hdi da nhan thufc ve xa hoi dang de tham gia cac hoat ddng kham pha mdi Md hinh phat trien dao dire ciia Emile trudng va chdi vdi nhung tre khac la rat quan Durkheim cho rang nhung trai nghiem dau ddi Nhung co hgi se khuyen khich tre ciia tre vdi gia dinh se tao tien de, co sd cho khiem thj hgc each tuang tac vdi nhung ngudi sy phat trien ve mat xa hgi sau cua tre khac theo each thye phii hgp vdi xa hgi Gia dinh se djnh hudng cho tre ve sy phat trien Erik Homburger Erikson (1963) dya nhung gia trj cung nhu giiip tre cam nhan, y thirc tren ca sd ciia hgc thuyet phan tam va cd tu dugc ve ban than Nhung nhung trai nghiem d tudng hien dai ban Ong khdng nhan manh vao trudng hgc vdi thay cd giao va ban be se giiip tam quan trgng cua mdi quan he giua nhu cau tre cd sy nhan biet day dii ve xa hgi sinh hgc va xu hudng tinh due ma tap taing vao Durkheim tap trung phan tfch nhung kha nang cua tre de thiet lap cam giac manh trd ngai ciia tre khiem thj lya chgn nhdm me ve ban than E Erikson cGng da chi ban de gan bd Ong cho rang nhung tre it cd qua trinh phat trien, cae ea nhan thudng xuyen Cd hgi tuong tac vdi nhung ban khiem thj thi 16 THONG TIN TRAO DOI tre se cd cai nhin tieu eye ve ngudi khiem thj mgt each rd rang rang nhQng hanh vi ciia tre han so vdi nhung tre cd nhieu kinh nghiem, chiu anh hudng tryc tiep bdi nhQng ki'eh thich tiep xue vdi tre khiem thi tfch eye va tieu eye va cd the ed nhQng thay Nhung nghien ciru eiia hai tac gia Ferrel (2000) va Warren (1994) nhan thay rang [2]: ddi tich eye ve hanh vi thdng qua lam miu va phan hdi Bdi vi tre khiem thj cd khd khan viec nhan Nghien cuu cua Kelly (1982) ve viec biet mdi trudng xung quanh cung nhu cd han day nhQng ky nang tQOng tac xa hdi cho tre che ve nhung trai nghiem nen tre cd the khd mil va tre nhin kem da sQ dung nhQng ngudi Idn khan viec tham gia vdi nhdm Va cGng lam ngudi dao tao va lam miu ve nhQng hanh bdi vi tre khiem thi phu thuge nhieu vao sy giup vi xa hdi nhQng tinh hudng khac dd (cung cap thdng tin, trg giup ) cua nhung Quan diem cua thuyet cac giai doan quan vien gia dinh va nhung ngudi Idn nen cd the tre nhan nhieu anh hudng tryc tiep NhQng nghien cQu chinh ciia Hariow ty nhQng suy nghi va nhQng gia trj cua ngudi va Harlow (1962) da chOng minh tam quan trgng Idn ban la ciia ban be ddng trang lua ciia sy tuong tac xa hdi sy phat trien ve Quan diem cua thuyet hoc tap xa hoi mat xa hdi va anh hudng ciia cac giai doan Thuyet hgc tap xa hgi dya co sd tren nguyen tac ciia thuyet hgc tap hanh vi (kich thich, quan trgng khung thdi gian ma ca nhan phai hgc nhQng hanh vi nhat dinh, dd la nhQng hanh vi quan trgng de ca nhan hda nhap d cae giai phan Qng, cimg cd va khai quat hda) NhQng doan tiep theo qua trinh phat trien tac gia eiia hgc thuyet cho rang hanh vi cd the dQgc dieu chinh hoac duge hgc thdng qua thao tac vdi mdi trudng Dieu cd the giiip tre hgc nhung each phan Qng hoac nhung hanh ddng phan hdi phu hgp bang each dua nhung kich thich nhat dinh de goi nhung Trong cac nghien cQu thye nghiem ciia hg, Hariow va Hariow (1962) nhan thay rang eon ngugi khdng duge lien he vdi ban be ddng lya, tham chf neu hg dugc lien he vdi ngudi me, thi nhQng dieu ehmh ve mat xa hdi eua hg Idn len cung bj tri hoan Thdng qua phan Qng, phan hdi tich eye, cu the, sau dd su nhQng quan sat ve sy tuang tac giQa hgc sinh dung nhung ciing cd de giiip tre hgc nhQng khiem thj va ban sang ddng trang lua da cho hanh ddng thay nhQng ban che ciia nhung tuong tac xa Nhung nghien cuu eiia Albert Bandura hdi (vi du: tham gia nhQng boat ddng nhdm) (1977, 1979,1986, 1989), R Walters (1963) va va sy tri Idng leo mdi quan he vdi cae ban B.F.Skinner (1938,1957, 1976) da chQng minh ddng trang IQa 17 T H O N G TIN T R A O 0 Quan diem cua thuyet cau triic nhan thu'c boat ddng, tao cd hdi de tre ed dugc nhieu trai Thuyet cau true nhan thuc (J Piaget) nghiem da dang, tham gia cac hoat ddng tuong cho thay nhQng tQdng tac vdi ban ddng trang tac vdi ban dong trang IQa de khuyen khi'eh IQa la can thiet cho sy phat then ve xa hdi va tre hgc duge cac ky nang tuang tac theo each nhan thye thuc phii hgp vdi xa hdi TQ dd tre cd the hgc Kohlberg (1969) da phat trien thQ bac nhung hanh vi, nhQng quy tac Qng xQ xa hdi cac giai doan phat trien va sy tudng tac vdi cung nhu nhung cam nhan ve ban than thdng ban ddng lya lam cho sy chuyen ddi qua cac qua tuong tac vdi ban ddng trang lua giai doan phat trien dugc dd dang Tre hgc cac quy udc xa hdi thdng qua nhQng trai nghiem, thdng qua cac vai trd vdi ngudi Idn, vdi nhQng tre khac va thdng qua sy phat trien nhan thye Mot sd ket luan va nhan xet: TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Karen E.Wolffe, Sharon Z Sacks, Karen L Cae ket qua nghien eyu da gdp phan Thomas, Focused on; Importance and Need lam sang td nhieu van de mang tinh ly luan ve for Social Skills, American Foundation for the tuong tac ndi chung va giao due ky nang Blind (AFB Press), 2000 tuong tac xa hdi ndi rieng cho tre em, dac biet Robin Loumiet and Nancy Levack, Independent la giao due ky nang tuong tac xa hgi cho hgc Living, volume 1: Social Competence, Texas sinh mdi trudng GDHN cd hgc sinh school for the blind and visual impaired, 1991 khiem thj Sharon Zell Sacks, Linda S Kekelis and Robert Nhu vay ket qua ciia cac nghien cQu J Gaylord-Ross, The development of social skills mgt lan nQa khang djnh nhu cau dugc giao by blind and visually impaired students, Expbratory due eac ky nang tuong tac xa hdi cho tre, dac Studies and Strategies, AFB Press, New York, biet ddi vdi tre khiem thj (do ed nhQng anh 1997 hudng ve ban che cua thi giac nen thudng cd Sharon Zell Sacks, Linda S Kekelis and nhQng han che nhat djnh cae ky nang Robert J Gaylord-Ross, The development of tQong tac xa hdi de tri cac mdi tuong tac social skills by blind and visually impaired xa hdi va cae mdi quan he vdi ban ddng trang students Exploratory Studies and Strategies, lua) la rat Idn Ddng thdi cac nghien cuu da AFB Press, NewYork 1997 dua ggi y rang eac nha giao due va gia E.H.Erikson (1982), The life cycle completed: dinh deu cd nhiem vu phdi hgp thue day cac Areview, New York: Norton 18 ... rieng cho tre em, dac biet Robin Loumiet and Nancy Levack, Independent la giao due ky nang tuong tac xa hgi cho hgc Living, volume 1: Social Competence, Texas sinh mdi trudng GDHN cd hgc sinh school... vdi nhung tre khac la rat quan Durkheim cho rang nhung trai nghiem dau ddi Nhung co hgi se khuyen khich tre ciia tre vdi gia dinh se tao tien de, co sd cho khiem thj hgc each tuang tac vdi nhung... the, sau dd su nhQng quan sat ve sy tuang tac giQa hgc sinh dung nhung ciing cd de giiip tre hgc nhQng khiem thj va ban sang ddng trang lua da cho hanh ddng thay nhQng ban che ciia nhung tuong tac