Tiếp cận chương trình giáo dục cho học sinh khiếm thị

Khoa hpc Giao d^c TIEP CAN CHl/ONG TRJNH GIAO DUC CHO HOC SINHKHIEMTHI " " T h i giic la nin t ing sdng edn ci!ia viec hpc, to I chdc va tdng hpp cie sU kien tao nen mdt thegidiehotrlsing mit"(Hatlenv[.]

Khoa hpc Giao d^c - TIEP CAN CHl/ONG TRJNH GIAO DUC CHO HOC SINHKHIEMTHI TS PHAM MINH MUC Trung tam Nghien culu Giio due Sac biet " " T h i giic la nin ting sdng edn ci!ia viec hpc, to I chdc va tdng hpp cie sU kien tao nen mdt thegidiehotrlsing mit"(Hatlenva Curry, 1987) Thj giac eho phep ngudi tdng hpp thdng tin mdt each nhanh chdng, ngau nhiln v i d mdt khoing cich d l tap hpp nhdng thdng tin cung vdi cie giic quan khic cd the hieu biet ve t h i gidi Hpc sinh (HS) khilm thj (KT) bi han che t i i p can bang thi giic vdi chUPng trinh hpe t i p v i mdi trUdng sdng hing ngiy Nhdng han ehi ehi cd mpt eieh khae phuc nhat thdng qua eon dudng giio due Giio vien (GV) day HS KT can phii ed kiln thde ve ITnh vue giio due KT eijng nhU nhdng hieu biet ca bin ve die dilm phit trien cua HS Khdng the ddi hdi GV ed kiln thde day du v l t i t thj giic, nhien, bang su no lUe tU van va cdng tic vdi nhdng ngudi nginh, GV van cd the giup cho HS cd khilm khuylt v l thj giic tiep can chuong trinh giio due mdt each tdt nhat HS KT CO nhieu net tUdng dong vdi HS sang mat htfn la khae biet HS KT l i mpt thinh viln cCia Idp hpe v i phii dupe ddi xd nhu cic HS khic GV can phii lam gUPng vile ddn nhin eie HS KT.Trong giio due hda nhap HS KT can phii hpc cac mdn hpc va cac ndi quy cOa Idp hpc nhU mpi HS khie Do kha nang quan sat v i ning bat chudc ngudi khae bj han che nin HS KT ed the cd cim giac la khdng dupe xung quanh chap nhin Bang cich giai thich tieh cUc Idl cudn HS KTtham gia vao tat ci eie hoat ddng va ngoai Idp hpe, GV se giim thilu dupe nhdng khd khan niy cho HS KT "fat ci nhdng van de va khd khin HS phii ddi mat khdng t h i quy cho eho t i t thj giic eCia minh SU hda nhap cda HS se don giin hon GV chuan bi tdt Mdi HS KT cd cich thde tiep can kiln thde mdn hpc theo each rilng cCia minh.Tuy nhien, dUa trIn k l hoach giao due ci nhin, GV cd the dua each tiip can tdt nhat eho HS cic tinh hudng khic Nhdng chuan bi chung eho mdt Idp hpc cd HS KT: Dim bio ring HS KT cd day di!i cic dung cu hpc t i p nhu cac ban cung Idp.Trudc thUe hien k l hoach bii day, GV phii cd thdi gian chuan bj nhdng tai lieu chd noi (cho HS mu), chd in to (cho HS nhin kem), eie thiet bj am (dii, miy nghe ), v i nhdng dung cu hpe t i p sd dung xuc giic phu hpp Tren eP sd nhdng hieu biit v i kinh nghiem lim viec vdi HS KT, GV sd dung vat that mdi trudng tU nhien giup HS hinh nhdng bieu tupng, khii niem, chdc ning ve the gidi xung quanh mdt cich chfnh xic va diy dd Td chdc v i hudng dan phuong phap sd dung thilt bj dd dung hpc t i p cung la viec lam hit sdc quan trpng eua GV GV ein phii dim bio rang HS KT nam dupe qui trinh v i dim bio an toan sd dung eae thilt b|, dung hpe tip Sip xep vj tri va khoing khdng gian Idp hpe eho HS KT: Khdng phii mpi HS KT deu can nhilu inh sing hay can ngdi gin bing ma phu thudc vio die diem benh li cua mit Vi dp: HS bj bach tang mat thi can ngdi noi cd inh sing y l u va khdng true tiip ehilu vio mit, HS vdi rdi loan HS KTcd nhieu net tuang ddng vdi HS sdng mdt thj lUe dang vien thi lai can ngdi xa Tuy nhien, han Id khdc biit Vdi sU no lUe cua bin thin va sU mpi HS KT can ed vj tri m i tam quan sit chung ho trp cua GV chae chan ring HS KT cd the dat khdng bj han chi, GV d l ding den gan de ho trp duac trinh tUPng dUPng vdi cac ban Idp ca biet v i khoing khdng gian du rdng cho cac Cung nhutat ca nhdng HS khie, HS KTeung phii thilt bj die biet (sich chd ndi, miy tinh, thiet bj hpc chap nhan ea that bai eung nhU thinh cdng quang hoc ) 38 KHGD so 67, thang - 2011 ^rtiSnHLfuDinh thdi gian thda dang v i tang eUdng hpp tic hoat ddng Tiep nhin v i xd If thdng tin qua cac giac quan khie ludn cham v i thieu chfnh xac hon thi giic Vi vay, ludn danh thIm thdi gian eho HS KT tiep can mdt thdng tin mdi va die biet khuyin khich HS khie hd trp HS KT.Tuy nhiln, phii lam t h i nio d l HS KT khdng phii phu thudc vi nhufng ngddi xung quanh cung nhutao co hdi eho HS KT cd sU ddng gdp lai eho su phit triln chung cCia tap thi -Khoa hoc Gido due Dilu chinh quang hpc - thj giic GV ludn die biet quan t i m din dp tUpng phin giCfa hinh va nin, dudng net v i nhdng die dilm ndi trdi cua sU vat; Sd dung inh sang phu hpp vdi tdng ddl tupng HS, vdi nhdng loai den cd t h i di ehuyin dupc GV eung can luu ^ khdng eho HS ngdi ddi dien vdi cua sd v i GV cung khdng nen ddng quay lung lai vdi ngudn sing Sd dung kfeh thude chd viet va cac loai thilt bj Nhan dien nhdng nguy hilm cd the xay vdi HS KT Trong Idp hpc cd HS KT thi van de an toan phu hpp vdi die diem thj giac eua HS, vi ed nhdng ludn dupe quan tam: bac thang len xudng, eua so, HS thuan tien ting kfeh thudc ci!ia net chd, cda vio, eie gdc nhpn, canh cdng, dien ludn nhUng cung cd nhdng HS cd t h i phii hpp hon vdi dupe quan tam Mdt van de can dupe lUu y la vj trf net chd hoac kfeh thude nhd Khoing cich cung la mdt van d l can duac dieu cCia cie vat khdng gian Idp hpe khdng nen thay ddi va nlu cd sU thay doi thi HS KT can chinh va cd nhdng HS phu hpp khoing cich xa, nhUng cung cd HS chi phu hpp vdi khoing dupe thdng bio trUdc NhCfng dieu ehinh cua GV Idp ed HS KT each rat gan Dim bio ring HS KT cd cic kT ning hpe dudng Dilu chinh xuc giac: Sd dung vit lieu lam ndi tupng ddng cac ban Idp Do han chi phu hpp vdi xuc giac cua HS, khdng qui cdng nang quan sat nen HS khdng the tU hpc hoac bat (giy cam giic dau), khdng qui mIn (lam mat chudc cic ban thuc hien cic hoat ddng ndi qui dudng net ndi); kich thudc cung phu hpp vdi t r i cung nhuchuan bi cho mot bai hpc cu the, vi vay, khdng vUpt qui tam vdi cua tre va phii hpp nhat GV phii hudng dan ci nhan (khi can thilt) eho HS khoing gang tay cilia tre; dp nhip cung KT nhdng kT ning tren phii phu hpp va ed eae mde dp khae d l Day trudc cie kT ning tien quylt: t i i p can cd the phan biet cic die dilm khic Du bj mdt khil niem, mdt kT nang hinh ddng mdi, GV KT, HS van ft nhilu cdn nang nhin, vi vay, cac can day trUdc cho HS KT nhdng kT ning tiin quylt dudng net ndi van nen ed miu sac de tiip ein kiln thdc kT ning mdi Vi du: TrUde day HS KT ve mdt gdc hoac mpt hinh nio dio can hudng dan trUde cho t r i cich sddung thude, I ke dodo ndi Dilu chinh phuong phip v i eieh hudng dan: GV can lua chpn td ngd hudng dan tim hieu kiln thdc mdi GV phii dim bao rang HS hiiu va d i cd nhdng kinh nghiem v l nhdng van d l ma GV sd dung de giii thich, hudng dan Trong qui trinh hudng dan, GV can nhan manh nhdng die dilm then ehdt v i lUpe bdt hoac bd qua nhdng ehi tiet qui phdc tap hoac de gay nham lan, hieu lam GV can chu y din nhdng die dilm manh tiep nhin thdng tin cCia HS la thinh giic v i vj giic Trong qui trinh hudng dan HS thUc hien cic nhiem vu, GV khdng can thilt phii thuc hien theo dung quy trinh d i chuan bj trUde ma budc nio de HS ed the lim dupc thi eho lam trUde, budc khd thdc hien sau KHGD s6 67, thdng 4-2011 Tiep can mdt so mdn hoc ccr bdn 2.7 Tiep can mdn tieng Viit Muc tieu dau tien va CP bin eua viee day mdn Tieng Viet la kT nang dpe, viit, nghe ndi cho HS Ddi vdi HS KT, ve co ban cac kl nang nghe v i ndi tre khdng gap nhieu khd khin, vi vay, van dung vdi viee day HS KT hpe hoi nhip thi mue tilu day hpe dpe, viet l i muc tieu then chdt v i van la: day cac em cich t i i p can vdi eie kieu van bin (chd in vdi HS sing mit v i chd ndi vdi HS mu) thudng gap ddi sdng d l ITnh hdi dupe npi dung van bin, sd dung nhijffig ndi dung de lim giiu vdn tri thde vin hda, vdn sdng cda eae em Ndi eieh khic, day kl nang dpc, viit l i mdt kT ning chuong trinh tieng Viet d nhi trudng tieu hpc, day kl nang dpc, vllt bing kf hieu noi la mdt nhiem vu quan trpng eua HS KT d cap hpe niy 39 Khoa hpc Giao due Viec day kT ning dpc, viet d tieu hpc ve co bin la day kl ning sdng, nd cdn dip dng mpt nhiem vu nda ia cung cd, he thdng hda eie tri thde ve ngd am, td vUng, ngd nghia, ngd phip, van bin ma HS d i dupe hoed eie gid hpc ve tri thdc tilng V\et NhU vay, day hpc dpc viet la mdt bd phan cua ndi dung day tieng Viet vdi tUeieh la mdt mdn hpc tilng me de trUdng tieu hpc, nen viec day hpe bd phan phii thdng nhat vdi mue tieu ehung eua mdn hpc va mpc tieu day kT nang hpe t i p Viee day mdn tieng Viet ehinh la nham: chuyen mdn KT eho ring nhdng ITnh vUc toin hpc HS KT cd the dat dupe cdng tUPng dUPng vdi HS sang mit Be hpe toin yeu cau mdt eP sd khii niem vdng chae, va de eo trinh dp toin hpc nhU eae ban Idp, HS KT phii phit trien eae khii niem tdi chuan mUc cd the so sanh dupe GV phii ed hiiu biit v l toin hpc CP bin va lam viec vdi HS mu phii cd kiln thde vdng chic ve nhdng ki hieu Braille toin hpe ed lien quan (cic kf hieu bang chd Braille) Mae du de hpe toin thi phan trinh bay bang Idi - Day cho HS KT cic hanh ddng hpe de ITnh hdi la mdt ylu td quan trpng, nhUng HS KT eung phii cic van bin thude mdt sd kieu van bin phd bien dupe trinh biy viet (bing chd ndi hoac chd phd bing he thdng kf hieu ndi Braille, thudng gap thdng), phai cd sach giio khoa (chd noi hoac chd ddi sdng, day eho cie em sd dung nhdng to) va cac dung hpe tap phu hpp vdi cic mde dilu ITnh hdi dupe td eie vin bin (ndi dung vin dp KT khic bin, dfch eua vin bin) d l lam giiu vdn hiiu biet Khdng bao gid la qui sdm d l bat dau gidi va kinh nghiem eua minh thieu nhdng y tUdng v l so hpe Cd t h i s\:l dung -Thdng qua viec day cich ITnh hdi vin bin bang nhdng trd ehoi truyin thdng va nhdng bai hat ki hieu noi, t i p cho HS KT tUng bUde thinh thao thieu nhi (Xde ban tay, dim ngdn tay ) de day eie thao tic tU duy, tang dan pham chat sing cho tre nhdng khii niem gidng va dem tao, phe phin eua tU duy, td cung vdi cic mdn Cd the chuan bj hoac tu lam nhdng cudn sich hpc khic gdp phan din hinh thinh ning luc giii ndi ed nhdng hinh hpe dPn giin cho den nhdng dd vat cupc sdng hang ngiy Dd la nhdng quyet van d l d cie em kien thde eP ban nhat dupe hoc sdm nhat va li - Cung cap eho HS mdt cdng cu dpe, viit chd ndi mdt phan quan trpng qui trinh hinh thinh va tap cho cac em dung cdng cu de hpc t i p nhdng khai niem toan hpe thdi ki dau phit cd hieu qui cac mdn hpc khae nha trudng triln Chuan bj cho viee day v i hpe mdn tieng Viet: GV day mdn tilng Viet ngoii viee nam vdng kiln thdc tieng Viet, GV phii thdng thao kf hieu ndi Braille, kT nang sd dung bing, dCii viet va eie eie phuong phip hudng dan dae biet eho HS mil va HS nhin kem Ngoai GV eung can thilt trang bi cho HS KT nhCfng kT nang tien quylt co bin trUde tiep can chUPng trinh hpe chung eCing cic ban Idp, nhU: kT nang sd dung bing, diji viet, ki nang tiin dpe viet, kT nang tri giic sd (khim phi suvit, sd dpe chd noi ) Ddt vdi nhdng HS phii sd dung chd ndi, viec dpe va viet sd bang chd ndi nen bit dau eung thdi gian vdi cac ban Idp Nhdng md ta bing xuc giic (vf du nhu chip lai nhdng sd vao bing chd ndi, sddung nhdng qui bdng ban hop bia carton cd nhilu ngin) cd t h i la mdt nhdng each de viit trudc thd viet bang chd noi Mpt bd loto ed cic so ndi la mdt eieh gidi thilu cic sd va so sinh hit sdc thu vl gidng nhU mdt trd giii tri Cd nhilu sU lUa chpn cho mdt HS mu thao tie vdi eie eon sd Sd dung bing, dtii Braille l i mdt nhdng thilt bi thdng dung nhat Ngoai ra, HS mil edn cd the sd dung cie loai ban tinh, nhU: Tay lo, Soloban, cac loai the chd bang hinh ndi Khi HS chua ed khii niem day du v i sd dung 2.2 Tiep can mon Todn thuan thue mpt sd thuat toin co bin thi chua Mdn Toan la mpt nhdng npi dung ehu khuyin khich t r i sd dung miy tinh dien td hoac chdt cua chuong trinh giao due hien Cac nha computer Vl thiet bj va dung day hpc: Sich giio khoa chdndi la klidngthethieutrong qui trinh hpc tap; bing, dui viet chd ndi (miy dinh chd noi Perkin, computer neu cd), cac loai the chd noi ed kich ed khic nhau, ban dd, so do, tranh noi 40 KHGD s6 67, thang - 2011 Khoa hpc Gido dye Mdt sd lUu 'y day hpc mdn Toan: cac kiln thde eua phan Sd hpe; cic kT nang lim toin CP bin (cdng, trd, nhin chia), nhd nhanh, chinh xic v i tinh nham nhanh xem xlt mot van d l l i kT nang thilt ylu cua HS KT Nhdng eo hpl tinh nham v i nhd eie sd l i rat quan trpng chUPng trinh toin hpe Nhin dang tiin giay va tien xu cung la mdt ndi dung quan trpng ehuong trinh mdn Toin, nhien, ndi dung niy ed t h i kit hpp vdi mdn KT nang xa hdi d l day tri de dat dupe su hieu biit khdng co bin khdng? Bin thin HS cd ddi hdi nhdng kT ning lien quan tdi kien thdc dang hpc? Tren thuc t l d l day nhdng kT ning ed can den cac nha ehuyen mdn nhu kiln true sU hoac kT sU khdng? Tdng sd thdi gian, eieh hpc va each hudng dan ed dim bio l i dieu kien tdt nhat de thuc hien cdng viee dupc giao v i cd t h i hdu fch cho mdn Toin? Viecgiing day mdn Toin thinh cdng phu thudc vao nang cua GV viec phat triln khai niem va nang eua HS bing each eung cap nhdng kinh nghiem cu the, tai lieu phu hpp va kT thuat giing day Thuc hien tot cdng tie chuan bj v i thue hien giing day nhU trIn, HS KT ed the dat dupe mdc dp cdng tuong dUPng vdi cie ban cung Idp va cd t h i hoan chuong trinh giio due qudc gia 2.3.Tiep can mdn Tif nhien, Xd hpl vd mdn Khoa hgc Mdn TU nhien, Xi hdi va mdn Khoa hpe eung cap cie kiln thde, kT ning v l mdi trUdng thien nhien v i mdi trUdng x i hdi, nhdng kiln thde khoa hpc ca bin v i mdi tUPng tic cua eon ngudi vdi mdi trudng, va mdi tuong tic gida cdng nghe va xa hdi Cic mdn hpc cung cap cho HS KT nhdng bieu tUpng, khii nilm va kiln thdc CP bin ve mdi trUdng sdng cua HS ma giam thi lUc thi HS khdng tu khim pha dupc Vi vay, diy la nhdng mdn hpc rat quan trpng, ddng Mdt ITnh vuc khae m i HS KT cung thudng gap thdi neu ehung ta to chdc cic hoat ddng hpe nhilu khd khin la ludng v i xiy dung thj tap phu hpp thi HS KT ed t h i dat dupc cie thinh cd nhCfrig gdc die biet eung vdi dp ehinh xac eao cdng theo y mudn Thdng thudng thudc dung eho xuc giic d l De HS KT cd the hpc Idp hpe hda nhap, thi ludng vdi dudng thing dupe tinh theo don vj nhd hau hit nhijfng dung hpe t i p theo tilu chuan nhat la cm va vdi gdc l i 5° Vi vay, ylu cau HS KT ve v i nhdng phuong phip giing day ed the dupe ap hinh, xiy dung thj cung phii dupc dieu chinh dung Nhilu kiln thde ed the van dung va giing eho phu hpp vdi ning thUe t l eua tdng HS day trIn hien trudng v i bang eie phuong phap Trong mot sd trudng hpp ein thilt, chi dat ylu thuc hinh GV ciJng cd the chinh sda cho phu cau HS xiy dung dupc nhdng dudng net CP bin hpp bing each them phan sd dung xuc giic hoac va hiiu bin chit cda van d l phdng to chd Khi dung cac vat lieu nguy hiem Nhieu ITnh vUc mdn Toan yeu cau cd sU phdi hpp gida tay v i mat, nhin quit, nhin biet khoing khdng va ludng chfnh xic, diy se l i mpt thich thde ddi vdi HS KT Trong nhdng ITnh vUe lam viec cung vdi HS sing mit la can thilt Can ed them thdi gian eho tre tim hiiu v i t i i p nhan thdng tin Nhung ddi cd nhdng ndi dung kiln thdc m i HS KT khdng t h i tiip nhan dUpc ngay, ehung ta se phii chap nhin thuc t l va quay lai bd sung HS •KT d i cd nhdng kien thde eo bin V l eie khai niem khdng gian, GV cd t h i day cho HS khoing cich; phuong hudng, tdng the, s,u bien ddi, dd thi khdng gian ba ehilu phu thude vao eae hoat ddng eung nhU mdi trUdng thUe te (vf du nhU hinh dang eua toa nhi Idn) Nhdng hoat ddng bao gdm viec sd dung eie kT ning nhU: phdi hpp tay va m i t (vi du cit, gap, ve hoac td lai) va sddung nhdng dUdng k l d de ehi nhdng inh hudng cCia sU thay doi, sU phin chieu, su quay v i mdc dp khuyech dai) Nhim giup HS cd.dUpc nhdng kT ning cP bin phii thin trpng HS kiem thj nen hiiu v l eae dung eua mdn Toin, ddng thdi khdng gay i p lUc vdi eu va eie khii nilm khoa hpc ma hp khdng tiip ci GV va HS, qui trinh giing day GV nin xuc dupe thj luc kem (vi du nhu kfnh hiln vi, kfnh thien vin, nghien cdu anh sing, bdng rim) thudng xuyIn dat eie ciu hdi: Vile thUe hien kT nang cd can thilt ddi vdi HS HS KT cd t h i tham gia vio chUPng trinh khoa KHGD so 67, thdng 4-2011 41 Khoa hpc Gido dye hpc bing cich sd dung nhdng hieu chinh, thich nghi v i cd ngudi Idn giup dd rieng HS KT cd nang khieu va yeu thich khoa hpc nen tim hieu kTva cot diy l i mdt nghi tUOng lai Cic md hinh gdp phan khuyen khich HS nghien cdu khoa hpc SU chpn lua nghe nghiep cd lien quan bao gdm: lap trinh may tinh, nha toin hpc, nha vat li, GV Idi sdng kho^ manh va cie kT nang mdi lien he gida cic ca nhan vdi cac cap hpc cao hon (THCS,7VIPT), giio due phit trien ning lUe ci nhin, sdc khoe va the chat nhim phat triln tfnh tu tin v i tuchu Nd cung Hen quan tdi sdc khol ci nhin va cdng dong, phit triln kT nang giao tiep v i tham gia vio hoat ddng x i hpl Nhieu HS KT d i dat dupc nhdng thinh cdng nhat djnh v l mat xa hdi v i hpe tap cic trudng phd thdng hda nhip Tuy nhien, thdi gian giio due the chit hoac cie hoat ddng t h i chat cd tinh canh tranh cao thi HS KT van bi tieh biet han vdi cic ban Idp Quan sit mdt nhdm HS choi bdng ro hoac bdng d i , chung ta de dang nhan thay vai trd cDa HS KT rat md rthat, hoac cac em ddng "lang le" quan sit, hoac chi li ngudi giup dd va "ghi" tl so Hien nhilu trd choi trudng chua phij hpp vdi HS KT Vf du trd ehPi bdng rat khd doi vdi HS KT, hp khdng thi xic djnh vi tri cua bdng nd bay khdng v i nam tay ban chol khic (mac dCi bdng da cd ehudng) Khdng dupe tham gia trd Sddung dm thanh: Nen ed san danh mue i m chpi se ft phit triln t h i chat va sU cd gang d mdi (im eie vat v i hoat ddng HS, cd t h i HS se mat di sU phit trien xa hdi thdng tuong dng) v i tilng ddng hd trp eho hoat ddng qua mdi trd choi canh tranh m i ding lephiidupe giing day hoac tim hiiu nhdng ndi dungtuong tham gia Tfnh tu cd ging se din bj mat di vi eie dng Am cung cd t h i dupe sd dung nhU trd choi dPn giin hoac it tfnh liln nhin, nhdng mdt i m hieu eho HS KT tham gia cac hoat ddng hpc t i p hoac thue hiln cdng viec Vf du trd ehoi m i HS chi viee bat chude cic hanh ddng nhu tieng tic tic cua dong hd se bio hieu dd hoac thilu tinh canh tranh khdng tao dilu kiln l i ngdi nha va tilng chim hdt se eho biit dd ia eho HS KT canh tranh d l phat trien Do sU han che cua tat thj giic HS edthe: ngoii vUdn Thieu CO hdi di chuyin tU va da dang Sddung xuc giac: Sd dung md hinh, vat that phu Duac chim sdc qui mdc dan tdi Idi sdng ngdi hpp vdi ndi dung hpe t i p de hinh cho tre nhilu bilu tupng, khii niem chinh xic ve mdi trUdng Giam sdc sdng va sdc chju dUng xung quanh Dang di va ding ^eu ngheo nin Sddung thigidc:D6\ vdi HS nhin kem van can sd Tang sU eing thing v i tieu phi nang lupng dung mat cie hoat ddng hpc tip.Thj giac se Mdt sd lupng ding k l HS KT, die biet la nhdng bo sung nhCfng thdng tin ehfnh xic cho vile hinh HS song npi t i m d i ed bieu hi^n hanh vi khae eie bieu tupng eua tre KT cie dilu thudng, hoac he ca khdng linh hoat Do GV kiln khie ma thdng tin td cic giic quan nen phit triln cie hoat ddng van ddng, cim giic khie khdng t h i eung cap day du CP khdp - van ddng va phdi hpp eie giic quan Giao due phdt trien nang lUc cd nhan, sii'c hoat dpng van ddng Van dung cac phUcftig phap gidng day Md td tranh: Nhdng md t i bing Idi thudng rat chi tilt, rd rang va cung cap nhieu thdng tin Cac nhi nghien cdu cho ring "su phdi hpp Idn nhat cda GV la dung nhdng td ngd chinh xac de thay the cho viee trinh bay bing mit; nhdng td gpi lien tudng se thay t h i eho nhdng bilu hiln bing net mat va ngdn ngd eo thi" Vi du vdi d l t i i "Mua thu", GV se md t i mua thu vdi am thanh, mui v i xuc giic nhilu hon l i dung miu sic Md t i bang Idi nen dUPe dung rdng rii md t i tranh v i hoat ddng nhdm (vi du md t i trang phuc, dien t i mdt hinh ddng hoac md ta khung cinh Idp hpe ) khoeva the chat Mdt sd hoat ddng giio due t h i chat cd t h i Giio due phat trien ning lue ca nhan, sdc khoe khdng can dilu chinh, mdt sd hoat ddng khie cd t h i can dieu chinh mdt hoac nhilu phan Nhdng v i the chat lien quan tdi viec tham gia tfeh cUc vao cic hoat dpng t h i chat thdng thUdng, phat trien dilu chinh cd the l i : 42 KHGD so 67, thdng - 2011 *aHrinH.iiiThilt bj, dung - nen sd dung eie thiet bj, dung phit i m thanh; Thilt lip cic nguyen tic phu hop vdi ning cua HS KT; Khoa hpc Giao dye Xay dimg moi tri/dng hoat dong phu hop Trong nhieu nghien cdu d i chdng minh ring c i mdi trudng gia dinh v i nhi trUdng diu giup dinh hinh su phit trien ciia HS KT Nhdng inh hUdng Thay ddi cich thdc to chdc va di chuyin (vi du can dupe tuong tie va bo sung lan De nhu ehoi bdng ngoii trdi vdi sd lupng ngudi ehoi ed dupe su cdng tic, GV va phu huynh can chia giim, pham vi choi thu nhd, khdng gian khdng se eieh nhin nhin cCia hp v l HS KT Mdi ben deu qua dn i o de t r i KTcd t h i nghe thay tilng ehudng cd nhdng hiiu biit sau sac ve ITnh vUe cua minh bao ); quan tam, va trao ddl kien thde se lam phong Cd the bjt mit mpt sd HS sing mit de cdng choi phu them sU hiiu biet v l nhau, dd su tuong tic phit triln gida HS va nhdng ngudi Idn vdi ban KT; Trang bj trUde nhdng kT nang tten quyet trudc nhdm se thuin IpL tham gia hoat ddng; Ket luan Kit qui: khdng coi trpng kit qui v i khdng de Mac du thj lUe bj mat hoan toan hoac suy cao tfnh canh tranh qua trinh hoat ddng giim ding ke va trd KT se gap rat nhilu khd Nhu vay, giio due phit triln t h i chat eho HS khan hpc tap va phittrien.Tuy nhien, nlu KT cd t h i diln trinh giao due va eung nhdng nha giio due cd dupe cich tiep can v i cd t h i kit hpp eie hoat ddng ngoai nhi v i n dung eie phUPng phip giio due phu hpp trudng, tai gia dinh v i c i eie hoat ddng lao thi HS KT van cd cp hdi phit trien v i ed t h i dat ddng giin dPn dupe mde dd phit triln dUPng eie ban sing Mot sd phuong phap to chuTc hoat dong mat cung trang Ida Mdt trd ehoi ed i m hieu bang am se TAI Lieu THAM KHAO thuan Ipi cho HS KT, die biet l i tat ci HS sd dung am hieu bang i m Lan mdt qua bdng Giemxdva M.I, NhUng kien thdc ve tre khiem cd ehudng ben se tdt hOn la nem vi lin r/i/, NXB Giio duQl973 se tri dupc i m eua ehudng bdng Pham Minh Mue, "XdydUng vd thdng nhdt he phat thong Braille Viet Ngd," 0^ tai B2001 - 49 - 24, Bd Cic trd choi yeu cau tri sU tiep xuc CP t h i GD&DX2004 cho phep HS KT nhin thdc dupe vj trf eOa minh Pham Minh Muc (Chu bien), LeThjThuy Hang, vdi nhdng ngudi ehPi khae Ngudi ehPi eung va LI Sinh Nha, Pham Toan, 6/do due hda nhdp tri trd ehoi vdng trdn tri sU tiip xOc ca thi Su khiem thi edp tieu hgc, NXB Lao ddng, 2006 tiip xuc cd t h i l i tay cam tay, chin cham chin, Best A, Teaching children with visual imtay bim vao eo, bim vao ngUdi khic, vj tri xe cut kftvi Idng cham lUng Khi nhdng ngUdi ehoi cung pairments, Buckingham, England: Open choi chung mdt dung cu (vf du nhuday thdng, cai University,1995 Bishop, Virgina E, Teaching visally impaired du), HS KT cd the djnh hudng trUdc Giao due t h i chit la can thilt eho HS KT vi nd ch/Wren, Illinois USA 1996 SUMMARY giOp phit trien sU hpp tie, nhan biet eP thi, nhin Starting from the Wew that vision-impaired thde khdng gian, su cin bang, su phat triln djnh hudng va phu hpp Cung vdi sU phit trien nhdng students share many similarities with ordinary ki ning niy va tham gia vio cac hoat ddng nhdm, students the author look at the curriculum for tfnh x i hdi hoi v i sUtUtin eung duac phat triln vision-impaired students in: access to basic subje Ben canh nhdng hoat ddng giao due t h i chat d (Vietnamese, mathematics Sciences, Social trudng hpe, neu ed t h i HS cung cd the tham gia Human Studies); teaching methods, personnel vao cac ciu lac bd the thao binh thUdng hoac cic capacity, health development; organization an appropriate environment td chdc the thao danh eho ngUOi khuylt tit KHGD s6 67, thang - 2011 43 ... trd choi yeu cau tri sU tiep xuc CP t h i GD&DX2004 cho phep HS KT nhin thdc dupe vj trf eOa minh Pham Minh Muc (Chu bien), LeThjThuy Hang, vdi nhdng ngudi ehPi khae Ngudi ehPi eung va LI Sinh. .. va nhdng bai hat ki hieu noi, t i p cho HS KT tUng bUde thinh thao thieu nhi (Xde ban tay, dim ngdn tay ) de day eie thao tic tU duy, tang dan pham chat sing cho tre nhdng khii niem gidng va dem... qui trinh hinh thinh va tap cho cac em dung cdng cu de hpc t i p nhdng khai niem toan hpe thdi ki dau phit cd hieu qui cac mdn hpc khae nha trudng triln Chuan bj cho viee day v i hpe mdn tieng