NGHIEN cdu-TRAO BOI MOT SO LY THUYET TIEP CAN TRONG NGHIEN CUfU TANG LQTP TRUNG LUU VIET NAM TRAN THI MINH NGOC * T rong qua trinh ehuydn ddi kinh td tff kd Idp trung gian, tang Idp trung luu) hoach tap trung sang eo che thi trudng ed sy quan ly cOa Nha nudc da hinh cac yeu td tac ddng tdi sy phan tang xa hdi (PTXH) Trong dd cd sy xuat hien tang Idp trung luu Mdt sd hgc gia tren the gidi da khang dinh vai trd to Idn va sy anh hudng manh me cua tang Idp trung luu ddn sy dn djnh va phat tridn xa hdi Vidt Nam, eho den cdn thidu ving cae cdng trinh nghien cffu ban ve tang Idp trung luu Nghien cffu cung ca'p each nhin tdng quat ve tang Idp trung Iffu tren thd gidi hidn nay, tff dd luan ban ve mdt sd ly thuyet tidp can nghien cffu vai trd tang Idp trung luu va tac ddng ciia nd ddn phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat trien xa hdi d Vidt Nam Quan niem tang Idfp trung li/U (middle class) va mot sdcach tiep can nghien cffu Thuat ngff "Tang Idp trung luu" xuat phat tff phffong Tay, bit ngudn tff quan diem ciia nha tridt hgc cd dai Aristotle (384 - 322 TCN) ma tae pham "The Politics" (350TCN) dng da nhin nhan tang Idp trung Iffu la "trung binh giffa giau cd va ngheo khd" C.Mac & Ph.Angghen "Manifesto of the Communist Party" (Tuyen ngdn dang cdng san, 1848) de cap den khai niem tang Idp trung luu (hay giai cap trung gian), cho rang ngoai hai giai cap CO ban ciia xa hdi tu ban la giai cap vd san va giai cap tu san, cdn cd tang ldp trung dang (tang ^ _ Cac hgc gia Trung Qudc cd nhieu tranh luan ve tang Idp trung gian "middle class" Vuong Kidn Binh (2004), Chu Dieu Quan (2005), Ly Xuan Linh (2009), deu cd gdc nhin rieng vd tang Idp trung gian (giai cap trung san) nhung hg deu co didm chung cho rang tang Idp trung gian la tang Idp giffa Cdn ddi vdi cac hgc gia My va Phuong Tay, d gdc tridt hgc, tac pham "White Collar: The American Middle Classes", tang Idp trung Iffu cd tring d Hoa Ky, (C Wright Mills, 1953) da md ta va phan tfch ve tang Idp trung Iffu mdi d Hoa Ky Sy hinh tang Idp trung luu mdi la nhu cau khach quan eiia xa hdi can cac chuyen gia ky thuat, cdng nghd (nhu ky su, nhdn vien phdng thi nghiem, van hanh may tinh, ), cae nha quan ly dd td chffc va giam sat eac cdng viec ciia nhffng ngudi khae eac don vj san xuat Idn hoac cac don vi kinh doanh, budn ban Nhffng ngffdi trd tang Idp trung Iffu mdi, cdn nhffng ngffdi kinh doanh nhd, chii hieu, gia dinh ndng dan, va nhffng nha chuyen mdn ty tao vifc lam la nhffng loai didn hinh ciia tang Idp trung luu cG gdc xa hdi hgc, ngudi dugc coi la dat nen tang cho vide nghien cffu tang Idp trung luu la Thorstein Veblen (1899), Abdul Rahman Embong (2001), Simon Gunn & Rachel Bell (2002), Abhijit V Banerjee & Esther Duflo (2008) Tang ldp trung luu dugc eac dng de cap den d nhieu khia canh: * Pho Gido su, Tien sl Hoc vien Chinh tri Khu vuc I Khai nidm, dia vj xa hol, trinh dd giao due, hanh vi 30 TAP CHi GIAO Dye LY LUAN - SO 218 (9/2014) NGHIENCliU- TRAU BUI van hda, hinh anh ban than, quyen uy, nghe nghiep, phong each sdng vai trd cua tang Idp ddi vdi sy phat trien xa hgi ndi chung tren nhieu mat (kinh td, chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi), Nghien cffu ehi sy khac biet ciia tang Idp trung luu vdi cac tang Idp khac d nhu cau, trinh van hda, thu nhap, tai san, nghe nghiep, gidi han ngan sach, hanh vi chi tidu, kha nang thj trudng, xu hudng di chuyen, dau tu phat trien vdn ngffdi va eiia cai tffong ddi eao xa hdi Trdn gdc kinh td hgc, cd cac cdng trinh ciia Thurow Lester (1984), Easteriy William (2001), Brandko Milanovic & Shiomo Yitzbaki (2001), Joseph G.Eisenhauer (2007), Abhijit V Banerjee & Esther Duflo (2008), Abhijit V Banerjee & Esther Duflo (2008) Cac tae gia trdn deu gap d nhffng diem sau day: (i) tang Idp trung luu gin lien vdi dia vi kinh td, tang Idp trung luu la nhffng ngudi cd mffe thu nhap trung binh giffa giau va ngheo (Thurow Lester, 1984), tang Idp trung luu d Hoa Ky la mdt nhdm vdi mffe thu nhap tuong dugng 75%-125% mffe thu nhap trung binh (Easteriy William, 2001), tang Idp trung luu la nhdm ngudi nam khoang ma can dudi dugc xac dinh la mffe thu nhap trung binh cua Brazil va can tren dugc xac dinh la mffe thu nhap binh quan ciia Italia, la nhffng ngudi cd thu nhap trung binh mdt tff 12-50 USD (Brandko Milanovic & Shiomo Yitzbaki, 2001) Abhijit sff dung thffdc chi tidu binh quan 6e xac dinh tang Idp trung luu Theo dd, nhffng ngffdi cd mffe tieu tff 2$-4$ dugc coi la trung luu dudi, cdn chi tieu tff 4$-10$ la trung luu tren (Abhijit V Banerjee & Esther Duflo, 2008) ; (ii) nhieu tac gia da phan tich dac trung tang Idp trung luu trdn khia canh kinh td (tai san, thu nhap) Tff dd nhan dien va phan biet tang Idp trung iuu vdi eac giai tang khac xa hdi Viet Nam cac nghidn cffu vd tang Idp trung luu cdn rat mdng Nghien cffu tang Idp trung luu tre d Viet Nam sau cai each, chua dua dugc tin ve sy ndi len eiia tang Idp trung luu d Viet Nam va sy thay ddi cua ca'u true tang Idp Tang Idp trung luu tre d Viet Nam cd nhffng dac diem chung gidng nhu tang Idp trung luu Ddng Nam A va cac noi khac nhu cd trinh van hda, sy quan tam cam ket ddi vdi giao due, dinh hudng ddi vdi tieu dung va tidp can vdi thdng tin va mong mudn dd cai thien va phat tridn nghe nghiep ban than, Nghien cffu cd rat ft bang chffng tang Idp trung luu hd trg xay dyng mdt thyc the chfnh tri'^' Trong bdi canh hien nay, viec dinh nghTa khai niem ehua dugc thdng nhat bdi nhieu each tidp can khae va cQng bdi phan eiia tang Idp trung luu ed the nam tat ea cae giai cap, eac tang Idp xa hdi Thuat ngff sff dung nhieu cung khong gidng (tang Idp trung san, tang Idp trung gian, tang Idp trung luu, tang l(5p uu trdi) Tang Idp trung luu (middle class) vdn la mdt khai niem phffc tap, lien quan ddn nhieu nganh khoa hgc xa hdi nhu kinh td hgc, tridt hgc, lich sff hgc, xa hdi hgc, chinh tri hgc Tang Idp trung luu la tang Idp giffa PTXH Do vay, tang Idp trung luu can dugc tidp can da didn, da nganh Ly thuyet tiep can tang ldp trung liTU Mot la, ly thuyet cOaHMarxve giai cap, tang Idp K Marx coi ban cha't ciia sy PTXH la bat binh dang xa hdi cau tnic xa hdi giai cap gay Giai ca'p thdng tri vd mat kinh td ddng thdi la giai cap chidm vj the cao va thdng tri eac giai cap khae ve mat chfnh tri, tinh than Giai cap bi trj ve mat kinh td ddng thdi nam d nhffng tang Idp dffdi ciia eo cau PTXH Hgc thuyet eua K Marx ve cau tnic xa hdi giai cap cQng ehi rd rang xa hdi cd sy phan chia giai cap, sy PTXH dien dudi hinh thffc bat binh dang xa hdi sau sic vdi hinh dang chdp ndn, tffe la da sd dan cff xa hdi nim d tang day ciia hinh thap va mdt bd phan nhd tffe la thidu sd giai cap thdng tri nam d tang dinh chop ciia thap K.Marx chi rang, chd sd hffu tff nhan ve dac trung, dinh nghTa tang Idp trung luu d Vidt Nam, nghien cffu chii yeu cung cap mdt sd thdng , ^.^^^^ ^j,,^^ Phuang An Nguyen, Nguyin HUU Minh, 2004 TAP CHi GIAO DUC LY LUAN - SO 218 (9/2014) 3;[ NGHIENCliU- TRAO BOI tu lieu san xuat san sinh cau true PTXH gdm chii trgng phan tich den tinh co ddng xa hdi - mdt hai tang bac chu ydu: Mdt la, giai cap hay tap dac trung quan trgng gin chat vdi nhffng ddng doan ngudi lam dng ehii, sd hffu tu lieu san xuat, thai va phuong thffc tao sy bidn ddi ngi ehiem vi tri thdng tri va bdc lot ngudi khac; hai la, bd cua nhffng co cau xa hdi hien thye (nhu eac nhdm hay eac giai cap cdn lai xa hdi ehuydn dich xa hdi tff nghe sang nghe khac, khdng nim tff lieu san xuat hay ehuydn tff nhffng viee cd trinh ky nang thap Trong eudn nhap mdn xa hdi hdi hgc, Tonny len nhffng cdng vide ed trinh do, ehuydn mdn, ky Bilton va cdng sy da vidt: "K.Marx da cung cap nang cao hon) Dac biet la sy phan tfch nhffng cho xa hdi hgc va ehfnh tri hgc hidn dai mdt chuyen dich xa hdi tff khu vyc lao ddng ndng nhffng tidp can ly thuyet bao quat va manh me nghiep sang cdng nghiep, thuong nghiep, djch vu, nhat Vdi K.Marx, mdi quan he giai cap la chia tff ndng thdn sang dd thj (dudi tac ddng ciia Cdng khda cCia mgi mat cua xa hdi Mdi Igi kinh td, nghiep hda - Dd thj hda) va sy chuyen djch tff tang quyen lyc chfnh trj va uy tfn xa hdi, tat thay deu Idp lao ddng len tang Idp trung Iffu dffdi, tff trung b i t ngudn tff cau triic giai ca'p, eac giai cap dd Iffu dudi len trung luu trdn va ngugc lai vugt qua cac nhdm thu nhap, chung dugc tao K.Marx cho ring, cudc each mang cdng theo cung each ma ndn san xuat dugc td chffc ve san chii nghTa da gianh thing Igi tren pham vi mat xa hdi Theo K.Marx mdi xa hdi deu bao toan the gidi, xa hdi se dugc xay dyng m6t ham sy bde lot giai cap tren co sd nhffng quan hd lien hiep ciia nhffng ngffdi san xuat ty va "tir san xuat, chfnh cai ma K.Marx ggi la phffong cua mdi ngffdi se la dieu kidn cho sy phat trien thffc san xuat Chia khda de tim hieu mdt xa hdi ty eua tat ca mgi ngudi" Trong xa hdi se nhat dinh la kham pha dd phuong thffc khdng cdn nha nudc, nen chuyen chfnh, sy tdn tai san xuat nao chidm uu thd Tidp dd chung ta bidt cua cac giai cap, khdng cdn cau tnic bat binh dugc md hinh co ban cua nhffng mdi quan he xa dang xa hdi, sy thdng trj xa hdi va ap bffe xa hdi hdi va chinh tri va cd thd danh gia nhffng sy xung Nhff vay, theo sy phdn tieh ciia K.Marx, nha dot va nhffng tiem nang thay ddi nao da dugc gin nude, giai cap, sy ddi khang giai cap, bat binh bd vdi xa hdi'^' dang giai cap net cdt ydu nhat ciia cau tnic bat Theo sy phan tich tren ciia K.Marx, co cau xa binh dang xa hdi chi la mdt pham tru Ijch sff Nd se hdi chii yeu dugc xem xet theo mdt "true thing mat di, xa hdi cdng san chii nghTa xdy dyng dffng" tffe la quyen Iffc chinh tri phu thudc tryc cdng tren pham vi toan thd gidi, xa h6i tidp vao quyen lyc kinh td; giai cap tff san thdng khdng cdn PTXH, khdng cdn tang Idp trung luu tri ludn tim mgi each de hgp phap hda, thd chd Day chinh la diem ridng, ddc dao ciia Marx ve hgc hda quyen sd hffu cae quy tic, van ban thuyet xa hdi ndi chung, cung nhu sy kidn giai ciia phap luat nhim tri, bao vd va kd thffa cau dng ve PTXH, ve tang Idp trung luu ndi rieng true bat binh dang vd mat kinh td, chinh trj va dja Hai la, ly thuyet cOa Max Weber ve giai cap, vj xa hdi cd Igi cho minh tang ldp K.Marx cung ddng thdi luu y phdn tfch ddn Bang each nhin xa hdi hgc ve cac giai cap va nhffng khac biet giffa lao ddng tri de va lao ddng tang Idp, M.Weber phat trien, bd sung nhffng kien chan tay, giffa lao ddng cdng nghiep vdi lao ddng giai ciia K.Mac ve PTXH M.Weber nghidn cffu ndng nghiep, thffong nghiep K Marx da hdt sffe cau tnic xa hdi ciia chu nghTa tu ban sau K Marx hon nffa thd ky Do vay, M.Weber da ghi nhan — duoc nhffng thay ddi quan trgng eo cau giai i - / r ^ ^'^^'"'' ? " " Bonmett Philip Jones, ^ ^3 hdi dd phdt tridn ly thuydt xa hoi hoc V^