Ngiii §n ctiu Gia d i n h va G i d i S^ - v/riep can ly thuyet nhan hoc nghien ciiru gia flinh Dang Thj Hoa Vien Nghien cCru Gia dinh va Gift Torn tat: Bai vie't tong hdp mot so' noi dung cd ban ciia cae ly thuyet nhan hoc dUdc ap dung nghiSn cflu gia dinh nhU thuyet tUdng do'i van hoa, thuyet chflc nang, thuyet cau true, trUcing phai van hoa va nhan each; dong thcli de elp dl'n cac quan dilm cua m6t so'nha nhan hoc trgn the gi6i va Viet Nam nghien cflu ve gia dinh Tac gia cho ring, eho den nay, van chUa CO quan die'm tho'ng nhat hay mot khai niem dUdc thfla nhan mpt each thuyet phuc nha't ve gia dinh Nhflng va'n de lien quan den khai niem, cac loai hinh, ca'u true, cae moi quan he gia dinh, cac gia tri cua gia dinh du6i goc dp van hoa, v.v van cin tie'p tue dUOe lam ro TiJf khoa: Gia dinh; Van hoa; Nhan hpc; Nghien cflu gia dinh Gia dinh la mdi thie't che xa hpi va thdng qua nghien cflu vl thil't chi xa hpi nay, chung la cd the thay dupc nhflng v a n d l dang diln xa hdi mdt cich hoan chinh Nghien cflu vl gia dinh ludn la vi'n d l dapc d c nha nhin hpc quan tam va coi la mfit nhipm vu nghign cuu quan trpng Dudi each tilp can nhan hpc, cac vin dl gia dinh dupc dat md'i quan he nhilu chilu canh phan anh day du cac dac diem vl dan so', kinh t l xa hdi, qua Irinh tpc ngudi, Ijch su - van hda va cac md'i quan he qua lai ben va ben ngoai cua gia dinh, gifla d c vien va mfii ca nhin Irong gia dinh Dang Thi Hoa 15 Trong bai vie't nay, chung tdi budc dau tim hilu mpt sd ly thuyet ca ban ciia nhin hpc va quan dilm nghien cflu cua mpt sd nha nhan hpc tren thi gidi va d Viet Nam nghien cuu vl gia dinh, Tiep can mot so ly thuyet nhan hoc ap dung nghien ciitj gia dinh Thuyet tuong dd'i vdn hoa (cultural relativism) Franz Boas (18581942) la ngudi khdi xudng Ban dau, vdi quan diem chdng lai quan niem ky thj chflng lpc van hoa Boas da dua luan dilm van hoa tpc ngudi la nhflng yeu td dac trung lieu bilu nhal dpc dao nhat tpc ngudi dd tao nSn qua qua trinh hoat dpng thuc tiln su tuong tic giua ngudi vdi mfii trudng tu nhien va xa hpi va cd nhifng net khac biet vdi van hoa ciia d c tdc ngudi khic Khdng cd nin van hoa van minh tie'n bp hay nen van hoa lac hau Nghien cflu d c hien tupng su viec can phai dupc dat bdi d n h cua nin van hoi dd Nghien cuu vl mpt nen van hoa dd phai dflpc thuc hien mpt each ti mi va thau dao Thuyll Iflcmg dd'i vin hda dupc dua tren co sd ldn trpng nhung ban sic riing, tfnh dac thfl cua mfii tpc ngudi, cfing dfing ma khfing cd su phan biet gifla ye'u td ban dja va hien dai Hpc thuye't de cao gia tri dac thil cila mfii nin van hda, vay ciing cd f kie'n cho ring Boas la ngudi da dl cao ban sic van hoa ciia cpng ddng, nha't la d c cu dan ban dja Cac nhi nhan hpc theo trudng phai cho ring mfii nen van hda cd gia tri tu thin ciia nd va khdng the ap dai khung van hda cua mpt cpng dong hay cua mdt xa hpi khic dupc coi 11 van minh hdn tie'n bp hon len nen van hda dd Do vay, khai niem dac trung van hda va viing van hda da dupc nhin manh dl mfi ta nhflng khic biet co ban gifla cac nhdm van hda Khdng cd van hda hinh Ihlnh tfl tu nhien, bim sinh cua ngudi ma van hda la mpt qua Irinh dupc thu die, nudi dudng cac cpng ddng van hda cu thi Tuy nhien, gifla d c nen van hoi khfing cd sir biet lap ml lufin cd su giad thoa vl nhiem vu cfla nha nghien cflu la phai phan biet rd dau la dilrn giao thoa vl diu la dilm khac biet F Boas va d c hpc trd cua fing (R Benedict M Mead, M Herskovist) da theo dudi va chimg minh d nhilu gdc dp khac ciia thuyit luong ddi van hoa, cd vai trd tien phong d c nghien cflu vl van hoa tfl nhung nSm cudi the ky XIX diu thi ky XX, lam thay ddi nhan thflc vl van hoa d My va cac nudc chau Au (xem them Thomas Barfield 1997:44-45) Trong nghien cflu gia dinh theo nguyen tic phin loai, cd the xic djnh id chflc gia dinh va quan he hp hang xa hpi la van hda hp hang hay van hda gia dinh Van hda theo nghia ldn tai cung vdi nhimg hoat dpng cua ngfldi, song khong phai la van hda tdn tai mpt each cung 16 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.14-20 nhac ma ludn dupc dieu chinh mpt d c h Iinh hoat Do vay, nha nhan hoc cd the tien lieu dupc nhflng gi cd the xay qua quan sat qua trinh diln da blng d c h phai hien nhflng tiln de van hda, d l tha'y dupc d c logic chi phdi d c bien ddi the flng xfl xa hpi Thuyet chvtc ndng Bronislaw Malinowski (1884^1942) nha nhan hpc Anh gd'c Ba Lan, mang quo'c lich Ao, dfla ra, tap trung d hien lai, dl chdng lai thuye't tien hda hudng den tucmg lai va thuye't truyen ba hudng ve qua khfl TTieo Malinowski, d c yeu td van hda cd chflc nang thda man nhu d u cua ngudi Ong dl cao phuong phap nghien cuu quan sat tham du, cho ring d n phai nghien cflu van hda tfl lrong ndi lai cua chung chfl khfing Ihl nghien cflu van hda lfl ben ngoai va nghien ciiu tfl lat cit hien tai chfl khfing mfi ta mdt d c h qua xa vdi nhflng gi da diln trudc dd Thuyet chflc nang tim hilu mpt thie't che hoac niim tin thfing qua cac mdi quan he tuang hd gitta cac thilt chi, dac biel 11 lrong nghien cflu quan he than tpc vl ldn giao (Thomas Barfield, 1997:361-365) Meyer Fortes la ngudi dupc coi cd nhilu ddng gdp nghien cflu ve he thd'ng than tdc vl gia dinh Chju anh hudng bdi thuyei chflc nang cua Malinowski, nhung Fortes da phit triln thuyit chflc nang nghien cihi gia dinh Ong cho ring su chi phdi cufi'i cflng cua gia dinh la dao dflc Cung vdi Malinowski, fing khing djnh cac cd che lam ly cua viec cham soc va trp giup la "tiln dl cua su thin Ihien" va "nguyen tic cua long vj tha theo tuc le" Fortes cho ring md'i quan he cha me va d i la su lien he vai the he vdi theo mpt ddng (cha hole me) nhung cung cd tfnh lien ke't hai ddng (ca cha va me) Ong nha'n manh tdi d c md'i quan he theo chieu dpc (ngudn gfi'c) han la mfi'i quan he theo chilu ngang (hfin nhan) gifla cac nhdm, tfl dd dua ly thuyit vl ngudn gd'c Theo Fortes, gia dinh ia mpt thilt che mang tinh lam thdi dang mat din di d c vien CLia no, nhom nguon gfi'c 11 mpt lien hop ton tai vinh viln m l cac hoat dpng thudng xuyen cua nd cd vai trd nhu mpt don vj cac md'i quan he vdi d c nhdm nguon gd'c khac cd the xem nhu la mpt "con ngudi dao dflc" Ngudn gd'c ddng vai trd quan trpng vdi d c mdi quan he cd tu d c h vien lam cho ngudi ta trd mfit ngudi dao dflc, phu thudc vao quan niem "sd'ng tfi't" de mang lai gia trj chuan muc thfla kicho the he tilp sau Fortes da phil trien va bd sung tfl Malinowski ve tfnh hpp phap cua su lu nhan thflc va the hien, dac biet thdng qua d c nghi ll (Thomas Barfield 1997:205) Thuyet ca'u triic dupc sfl dung rdng rai khoa hpc xa hdi d thiky XX Dirdi gdc dfi nhan hpc thuyit ca'u true lap trung vao li'nh he thfi'ng cua gia dinh d c mdi quan he cua nd Ching han nghien cflu vl ca clu gia dinh d c nha nhan hpc quan tam nhieu han din ca'u true theo cac D|ing Thi Hoa 17 mdi quan he than tpc, thfch tpc, d'u true theo mdi quan he true he hay quan he hfin nhan, gia dinh md rpng va gia dinh hat nhan Theo quan diem cifu trflc luan, dua vao mdi quan he gifla he thdng thin tdc, thfch tpc ma tim cac mdi quan he van hda thdng qua cle cifu true dd Cac nha nhin hpc theo trudng phai cliu tnic luan cung da khai quat d c hinh mlu phd quit bang d c bieu tupng dac trung van hda nhiin manh tim quan trpng cua lien minh ben lrong d u trflc than lpc Kich thudc va phin cua d c hd gia dinh dupc thi hien true tiep d hinh thflc cu iru cung vdi quy md va thinh phan gia dinh Tuy nhien, quy md va phin gia dinh biln ddi qua d c chu ky phat triln dong thdi cung tao nen d c khudn miu flng xflfl-onggia dinh Cac loai hinh gia dinh khdng chi thfch nghi va dilu hda, ma cdn thi hien d c tdn ti fl-at lu, cic mdi quan he gidi va dia vi xa hpi, chie'n lupc lai san xuit hd gia dinh va nhung d c h kien true ngfii nha cua hp dl khac siu bilu tupng gia dinh thdng qua td chflc khfing gian ben va thd hipn dia vi gia dinh thfing qua irang trf ben ngoai Dai dien cho thuye't d u true la Claude Levi-Strau.ss (1908-2009), nha nhin hpc ngudi Phap, nguoi dupc coi la "cha de nganh nhin hpc hien dai" Tru&ng phdi vdn hda vd nhdn cdch Tfl nhung nam 1930, d c nha nhan hpc My da cd nhirng nghien cihi mdi hudng di nhlm giai thich mdt each kien tri cac khac biel van hda gifla d c nhdm ngudi Tien phong cho trudng phai la Margaret Mead (1901-1978) vdi d c nghien cdu ve d c h Ihflc, md hinh giao due vl cac he qua van hda ma d thi tie'p nhan dl hinh nhan d c h tre em Theo Mead, qua Irinh phit triln cua tre em phii dupc dat mfit bfii canh van hda cu the va d mfii nin van hda lai cd nhflng djnh dang khac qui trinh phat triln cua tre em Su can thiep cua ngudi Idn da tao nen sir lhu dfing dfi'i vdi tre va cung tao nen nhflng phan ihig nhi't dinh cua tre dd'i vdi qua Irinh xa hfii hda ca gia dinh nha trudng va xa hpi Cac nha nhin hpc da nhap than vao gidi tre vdi cac phucmg phap dien da dan tpc hpc kham pha ddi sd'ng npi tam tim hieu ve kinh nghipm ciia tre va the gidi van hda d c mdi quan he cua tre dfii vdi ngudi Idn, gia dinh cfing dfing va xa hpi Truong phai van hda va nhan d c h nhan manh vj trf van hda su phat triln cua tre em, dai bdi canh van hda vdi d c lap quan cham sdc tre em va chf su hinh cfla nhan each, ldi sd'ng ciia tre thi hien su tdng hpp cua nin van hda dd Van hda khong the tdn tai dfic lap nhu mdt thuc the lir nd, m l dupc bieu hien bdi cac d the mac du mdi d thi diu cd tinh dfic lap lucmg dfii mfit nen van hda cu Ihl Mfii nin van hda xac dinh mpt kilu ung xfl chung cho toan thi d c d thi tham gia vio nin van hda dd Va'n dl cin lim sang td II van hda da hien diSn ca thi nhu thi nao, thuc diy hp hanh dpng va tao nen 18 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi, Quyen 24, so 4, tr.14-20 each ung xfl nao Tren co sd dd hinh cac kieu nhan d c h dac irimg khac d c nhdm rieng biet phu hpp vdi chuin muc van hda va he thfi'ng d c gia tri (Thomas Barfield 1997:314-315) Quan diem nghien cufU ve gia dinh cua mpt so nha nhan hoc tren the gidi va ^^et Nam Theo quan dilm cua cac nha nhin hpc dac dilm cua gia dinh va d c mfii quan he gia dinh bj anh hudng va chi phfii manh me bdi d c dac trung van hda kinh te - xa hpi ciia tpc ngudi va vung dia - Ijch sfl van hda TTieo d c nha Dan tdc hpc Xfi Viet, nghien cflu gia dinh vdi tu d c h la mpt thiet che' xa hpi thi can tip trung nghien cflu nhihig dac Irung cliu true gia dinh dac dilm d c md'i quan he gia dinh va giua gia dinh vdi nhilu yeu to khac nhu mfii trudng xa hdi Nghien cflu gia dinh vay thudng dupc tien hanh tip trung dudi d c vi'n dl chu yg'u nhu: dac diem dan sfi', kinh l l - xa hpi va sinh hoat cua gia dinh; anh hudng cua qua trinh van hda - xa hpi de'n co elu gia dinh; d c ylu td tie dfing cua qua trinh tpc ngudi dac diem lpc ngudi ldi gia dinh va anh hudng cua d c mdi quan he gia dinh din su phat triln ciia d nhan (A Khartchev 1964) Dfi'i vdi cac nha nhan hpc Au - My khai niem "gia dinh" d l chi cac gia dinh hat nhan: "Gia dinh la mpt nhdm xa hpi the hifin dac trung bdi cu trfl chung, hpp lac kinh t l va lai san xuit ndi gid'ng Nd bao gdm nhung ngudi da niPn eua d hai gidi it nhat la hai sd hp giu mdi quan he tinh due duac chap nhan vl mat xa hdi va mpi hoac nhieu con, de hay nudi" Tuy nhien, d c nha nhan hpe chau Au cung cho ring ban than ihuat ngfl "gia dinh" cung cdn kha map md giua gia dinh hat nhan va d c Ioai hinh gia dinh khie (Thomas Barfield 1997:309) Nghien cflu gia dinh can dupc xem xet bdi cae dac tfnh xa hpi vl van hda ben canh cac yeu td vl sinh hpc ihi can phai xem xet cac md'i quan he va su van ddng mang tfnh quy udc xung quanh cac mdi quan he niy nhu t h i nao bd'i canh van hda xa hdi cu the Trong boi canh van hda chiu A ndi chung va van hda Viet Nam ndi rieng, khai nipm gia dinh dupc hilu vdi nhflng nfii ham kha da dang Trong dd, gia dinh khdng chi la gia dinh hat nhan vdi cac vien la bd me va d i ma edn cd ham nghTa cua gia dinh md rfing gia dinh phflc hop gia dinh hpp doan, gia dinh tdng hpp hay gia dinh kep Tie'p can nghiin cflu gia dinh vdi d c mfi'i quan he lrong gia dinh v | nhung chflc nang nhiem vu cua gia dinh eung dupc the hien ro rang md'i quan he gia dinh md rfing Ben canh d c chflc nang ca ban cua gia dinh la: dilu tilt cac quan he gidi tfnh tri mpt ngin khoan chung sinh va xa hpi hda d i thdng qua giao due gia dinh d chiu A cdn cd nhung chiic Dang Thi Hoa 19 nang van hda thdng qua thilt che phi gia dinh va nhflng dfla cd the dupc xa hfii hda thfing qua gia dinh md rdng vl cpng ddng Gia dinh chau A dupe nghien cuu mfii quan hp vdi d c nhiem vu ma gia dinh cd trach nhiem phai hoan mdi xa hpi Chung ta cd the ly giai mdi he thfi'ng gia dinh nhu la sir bilu hien d c gii trj va van hda cua xa hdi Khai niem gia dinh vdi dac thfl ben vl mat van hda ludn bien ddi theo timg xa hdi va khai niem gia dinh d n g mo hd hem giao thoa van hda Do vay phin biet gifla hfi gia dinh va gia dinh d n dupc xac djnh vl mat van hda mfii xa hpi cd each djnh nghia rieng vl gia dinh va/ hoac vl hd gia dinh (Gran Evan 2001:119- 122) Cd thi thay cho de'n vin chua cd quan diem thd'ng nhat hay mfil khai niem dfldc thfla nhan mpt d c h thuyei phuc nhat ve gia dinh Cupc tranh luan vl khai niem gia dinh va d c each tie'p can nghien cuu ve gia dinh ciia d c nha nhin hpc tren thi gidi vin dang liep tuc Phan loai gia dinh vl phin biet gifla hfi gia dinh va gia dinh la va'n de ludn dupc nhilu nha nhin hpc Ihao Iuan Cac nha nhin hpc gpi nhiJng nhdm eu ngu theo nhilm vu II hp gia dinh (household) va gpi nhung nhdm dupc xac djnh bing hdn nhin va dfing ddi la gia dinh (family) Phan biet gia dinh va hp gia dinh la hftu ich dl tim hilu mpt sd he thfi'ng gia dinh song phai lufin nhd ring ban din d c xa hpi dac thu, thi dem vi ma d hai tfl ngft dd quy chie'u la d n dupc xac djnh ve mai van hda Mfii xa hpi hay mfii nen van hda cd nhftng d c h djnh nghTa rieng vl gia dinh hoac hp gia dinh Ben canh cac mdi quan he vl sinh hpc, gia dinh cd cae mfii quan he xa hpi khic va d c mfi'i quan he xa hpi Ihudng phflc tap hem cac xa hpi theo chi dp mlu he hay phu he Cac nha nhan hpc cd Ihl xac djnh dupc vai trd cua hp hang dfi'i vdi gia dinh va nhung quy tic dl lao nen gia dinh vl nhihig nhdm khac dua tren quan he hp hing dd la van hda Trong pham vi cua bfi'i canh van hda cu the mfii vien gia dinh cd the dieu chinh hanh vi cfla minh nhung hp cung khfing lhu dpng bcri khufin mlu van hda dd (Grant Evan.s 2001:122-123) Nghien cflu ve gia dinh dupc d c nha Dan tfie hoc/ Nhan hpc Viet Nam quan tam Tuy nhien hau hit cac nghien cflu ve gia dinh thin tpc, hp hang dudi gdc dp dan tpc hpc dupc thuc hien each day da 30- 40 nam iflc la tfl nhflng nam 80, 90 cua the ky trudc Cac nghien cflu thudng tap trung vl mpt sd va'n dl nhu: chflc nang, cau triic cua gia dinh; mpt so md'i quan he lrong gia dinh chu ye'u la mdi quan he than tpc lrong cac gia dinh md rfing; vai trd cua gia dinh qua trinh phit trien cua xa hpi Mpt so ft d c cdng Irinh nghien cihi sau ve ly thuyll nhu hinh thai td chflc cua gia dinh vl id chflc clan'", d u true va loai hinh gia dinh (Nguyin Hihi Thau 1976: Pham Quang Hoan 1985 1988; Vu Lpi 1985; Dang Nghiem Van, 20 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.14-20 1991) Mdt sd nghien euu khdng neu rd Iheo quan dilm Iy thuydt nao nhung da tip trung lam rd dac trung van hda cua gia dinh qua hp thfi'ng d c bilu fl-ung gia tri fl-ong mfii quan he gifta cac vien gia dinh vdi hp hang, xa hfii Dao lam phai hie'u kinh vdi cha me, dao lam anh em phai cung hda thuan dao lam vp chdng phai ddc long an nghTa, cha me phai bie't sfla minh d l day (Phan Dai Doan, 1992) Hay khudn mlu dan dng bao gid cung la chu, lo toan, quyet djnh mpi viet lrong gia dinh phu nu la trp thu die luc nhtmg phu thupc hoan loan vao ehdng (Dd Thuy Binh, 1994) Trong nhung nam gin day, ving bdng cac cdng trinh nghien cflu vl gia dinh dudi gdc dp nhan hpc/dln tpc hpc dac bipt la viec ap dung cac ly thuyet hien dai vao lrong nghien eflu gia dinh d Viel Nam Nhftng vin dl lien quan den khai niem cac loai hinh ca'u true, cac mdi quan he gia dinh cac gia tri cua gia dinh dudi gdc dp van hda, cin lil'p tuc dupc lam rd, nhi't la nhimg bie'n ddi cua gia dinh lrong bdi canh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hpi nhap hien nay." Chu thich '" Qan la thuat ngft chi mpt nhom ngudi co quan he than tpc theo mpt dong dac trung CO chung mpt khu vuc cu tru, co moi quan he xa hpi chat che bdn Tai lieu trich dan A.G Khartchev 1964 Hon nhdn vd gia dinh d Lien Xo Ban djch lieng Viet Dang Nghiem Van 1991 "Dong ho gia dinh cac dan tpc it ngudi trudc sir phat tri6n hien nay" Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc so D6 Thuy Binh 1994 "Dong ho va moi quan he gia dinh dan toe Thai" Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc sd Emily A Schultz 2001 Nhdn hoc, mgt quan diem cho tinh trang nhdn sinh Nxb Chi'nh trj qude gia Ha Npi Gran Evan 2001 Bt(c khdm vdn hoa chdu A Nxb Van hoa dan tpc Ha Npi Pham Quang Hoan 1985 "Vai suy nghT ve phucmg phap phan loai gia dinh" Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc sd Pham Quang Hoan 1988 "Gia dinh: ban chat, clu true, loai hinh" Tgp chi Ddn foe hoc so 1&2 Phan Dai Doan 1992 "Chfl "Hieu" quan he gia dinh, lang xa ngudi Viet truyen tho'ng " Tgp chi Ddn lgc hoc, 1992 Thomas Barfield 1997 The dictionary of Anthropology Blackwell VQ Lpi 1985 "Cau tnic gia dinh E de" Tgp chi Ddn lgc ligc so ... edn cd ham nghTa cua gia dinh md rfing gia dinh phflc hop gia dinh hpp doan, gia dinh tdng hpp hay gia dinh kep Tie''p can nghiin cflu gia dinh vdi d c mfi''i quan he lrong gia dinh v | nhung chflc... niem gia dinh d n g mo hd hem giao thoa van hda Do vay phin biet gifla hfi gia dinh va gia dinh d n dupc xac djnh vl mat van hda mfii xa hpi cd each djnh nghia rieng vl gia dinh va/ hoac vl hd gia. .. qua giao due gia dinh d chiu A cdn cd nhung chiic Dang Thi Hoa 19 nang van hda thdng qua thilt che phi gia dinh va nhflng dfla cd the dupc xa hfii hda thfing qua gia dinh md rdng vl cpng ddng Gia