16 Xa hoi hoc so (108), 2009 CHU HO GIA DINH VIET NAM LA AI? v u MANH LOr I G l l THIEU Gidi tinh eua ehu hd la de tai difdc nhieu nha nghien ciiu va cac nha hoat ddng thifc tien dac biet quan tam Trong lich sii, thifdng chu hd la nam gidi Trong nifa sau the ky XX va nhiing nam gin day, ngifdi ta quan sat thay ty le hd gia dinh phu nii lam chii hd gia tang d rat nhieu nifdc tren khap the gidi P h i n Idn cac nghien ciiu cho den chi nhan manh den loai gia dinh ciia cac ba me khdng/vang chdng, dac biet la cac gia dinh cd nhd Ngifdi ta lo sd r i n g loai hd gia dinh cd the cd tac dong tieu eiic den ddi sd'ng cua tre em cac gia dinh dd Vay nhiing gia dinh cd ca nhiing ngifdi Idn khac, gidi tinh cua chii hd ed the cd mdi lien he nhif the nao den cac khia canh kinh te, xa hdi, va van hda ciia ddi sd'ng gia dinh hay khdng? Ndi each khac, lieu vi tri "chu hd" chi la khai niem tien dung cho viec quy quan he eua nhiing ngifdi khac vdi mdt ngifdi dUdc lay lam md'c, hay nd thiic sii cd y nghia ve kinh te, uy tin, hay quyen liic ciia ngifdi dd dd'i vdi cac vien khac gia dinh? Lieu hd gia dinh phu nii lam chu hd cd ca nhiing vien la ngifdi Idn khac cd phai thifdng la nhiing hd gia dinh ngheo hay khdng? Nhin chung, cudc tranh luan ve ndi dung cua khai niem chii hd chii yeu xoay quanh van de lieu chu hp cd phai la ngifdi ed uy tin cao nhat va cd quyen quyet dinh, hay lieu ngifdi dd cd phai la ngifdi mang lai thu nhap cho hd gia dinh nhieu hdn nhiing vien khac hay khdng Nhiing nghien ciiu g i n day cho thay r i n g chu hp khdng the dUdc dinh nghia gian ddn hoae la ngiidi mang lai thu nhap chinh, hoac la ngifdi cac quyet dinh cua hd gia dinh O nhieu nifdc dang phat trien, ndi thu nhap gia dinh phu thudc nhieu vao lao ddng eua phu nii va tre em, va vao thu nhap tif cac khu vvfc khdng ehinh thiic (informal sectors), rat khd cd the xac dinh difdc ddng gdp tifdng ddi eua mdi vien gia dinh Mat khac, ciing khdng cd ngifdi nao co moi quyen liic va quyet dinh mpi van de quan trpng eua hd gia dinh Ngifdi vd va ngifdi chdng cd the dam difdng nhiing trach nhiem cac khia canh khac eua ddi sdng gia dinh Vi the, da ed nhiing e d g i n g n h i m ket hdp ca khia canh kinh te lan khia canh uy tin mdt khai niem da phifdng dien ve chu hp Mdt nhflng nd liic l y la ciia Joan Mencher (Meneher and Okongwu, 1993) Theo ba thi cd bdn khia canh cua khai niem ehu hd: (1) uy tin hay quyen liic; (2) viec quyet dinh; (3) quyen liic kinh te; va (4) quyen dd'i vdi cai trifdng hdp ly di Ba cung de nghi nen cd sii phan biet giiia eac hd gia dinh ma dd phu nii la "ngUdi mang lai thu nhap chu yeu" vdi eac hd gia dinh "do phu nii lam chu hd" • PGS TS, Vien Xd hoi hoc Vu Manh Lai 27 Nghien ciiu cua tac gia ve de tai cdng bd nam 1996 (Vu Manh Loi, 1996) cho thay tinh chat da dien cua quan niem chii hp d Viet Nam Trong nghien ciiu dd, tac gia Cling cho thay hd gia dinh phu nii lam chii hd d Viet Nam khdng he cd xu hifdng ngheo hdn hd gia dinh nam gidi lam chu hd Nghien ciiu va mdt sd nghien ciiu ve de tai cua cac tac gia khac, nhien, c'hi diia tren khai niem "chii hd" ngifdi difdc hdi tif neu cac cudc dieu tra Y nghia cua tif "chu hd" dd'i vdi each hieu cua ngifdi difdc hdi v i n cdn la dieu chifa difdc nghien ciiu ky t Bai viet sii dung sd heu thu thap cudc dieu tra Gia dinh Ndng thdn Viet Nam Chuyen ddi, Vien Xa hdi hpc, Vien Gia dinh va Gidi, Vien Dan tdc hpc thudc Vipn KHXH Viet Nam thiic hien tai tinh Yen Bai (2004), Ha Nam (2008), Hue (2006), va Tien Giang (2005) khoang tif 2004 den 2008 Mdt bang hdi chung difpe sii dung tai ca tinh Tai mdi tinh, mdt xa ndng thdn difdc chpn lam nghien ciiu trifdng hdp Trong mdi xa, mlu hd difdc chpn nglu nhien tii danh sach cac hd gia dinh cd ca chdng va vd Cling cd mdt sdhd chi cd ngifdi vd hoac ngifdi chdng, nhifng each chpn m l u khdng bao gdm dang hd d miic dp cd tinh dai dien Day ciing la ban che eua cudc nghien ciiu va ket qua trinh bay d day ehu yeu phan anh thiic te cua cac gia dinh cd ca chdng va vd Trong cac phan tich d bai viet nay, tudi va cac bien sd lien quan den thdi gian dUdc hieu chinh theo thdi diem dieu tra d mdi tinh Muc dich ehinh cua bai viet nhim lam rd: • Quan niem cua ngifdi Viet Nam ve chu hd thdng qua phan tieh cau hdi triie tiep ve y nghia cua "chu hd"; • Cac dac trifng cua chu hd the hien qua mute thu nhap so vdi ngiidi khac (vd/chdng), quyen quyet dinh, quyen dai dien cho hp gia dinh, tudi, gidi, va mdi quan he giiia miic sd'ng ciia hp gia dinh va gidi tinh cua chu hd ^y II KET QUA 2.1 Quan n i e m cua ngi^cfi dan ve "chu ho" Trong cac nghien ciiu trifdc day, cau hdi ve chu hd thifdng khdng di kem bat cii mdt dinh nghia nao ma de ngifdi dUdc hdi tii tra ldi thee each hieu cua hp Nhiing nghien ciiu diia tren gia dinh rang tii ban than tii "chii hd" da rd nghia rdi va ciing hieu tif nhif Nghien ciiu la nghien ciiu diu tien cd cau hdi tnie tiep ngifdi dan ve quan niem ciia hp ve nhiing dac diem ciia "chii hd" theo each hieu cua hp (xem Hop 2.1.1) Hop 2.1.1 Cau hoi ve chu hp Theo y kien cua n g / b d , chu hp la nguoi co nhung dgc diem gi? Oieu tra vien khong dpc danh sach nay; Danh ddu tdt cd cdc phuong dn ngudi duoc hoi neu Ld ngudi ddng ky Id chu hp sd hp tich Ld ngudi c d c quyet dinh quan trpng hp gia dinh Ld ngudi c o thu nhdp nhieu hon ngudi khde hp gia dinh Ld ngudi dupc kinh trpng nhd't hp gia dinh Ld ngudi Idn tuoi nhd't du Id nam hoy nu Ld ngudi ddn dng Idn tudi nhd't Ld ngudi php nu Idn tudi nhd't Ld ngudi dgi dien cho hp gia dinh giao dich vdi ngudi ngodi Khde (ghi rd): Khdng the ndi tgi 98, Khdng trd Idi 18 Chu hg gia dinh Viet Nam la ai? Bieu 2,1.1 difdi day cho thay y kien cua ngifdi difdc hdi d ca tinh ve dac diem cua chu hd Lifu y la bieu chi phan anh cam nhan ciia ngiidi difdc hdi Dac diem difdc nhieu ngifdi neu nhat la "chii hd la ngiidi cac quyet dinh quan trpng hd gia dinh"; Cd tdi 2/3 sd' ngiidi difdc hdi cd y kien Day la y kien cd ty le cao nhat nhiing dac diem difdc neu bang hdi va ciing la y kien cd ty le cao hdn han so vdi ty le neu cac dac diem khac Tif "chu hd" tieng Viet cd nghia la ngifdi chii, va da la ngifdi ehu thi difdng nhien cd tieng ndi cud'i ciing cac quyet dinh cua hd Cam nhan phan anh kha tnie quan ngut nghia ciia tijf "chu hd" tieng Viet Dac diem khac ciing ndi bat qua cau tra ldi ciia ngifdi difdc hdi la "chii hd la ngifdi dang ky la chu hd sd hd tich" Cd tdi 46% ngifdi difdc hdi ddng y vdi y kien nay, va day ciing la phiidng an tra ldi cd ty le cao thii hai, cao hdn h a n cac phifdng an tra ldi khac Dia vi chinh thiic sd hd tieh diidng nhien la r a t quan trpng Nd cho ngUdi ed dia vi tinh hdp phap de thiic hien vai trd la chu hd Ngoai hai dac diem ndi bat neu tren, nhiing dac diem khac dang chii y bao gdm "chu hp la ngifdi dai dien cho hd gia dinh giao dich vdi ngifdi ngoai", vdi 31% y kien, chu hd la nam gidi Idn tudi nhat, vdi 27% y kien Rd rang tinh than trpng xi (de cao ngifdi cao tudi), va trpng nam ciia truyen thd'ng van hda Viet Nam van cdn ddng vai trd quan trpng nhan thiic cua mdt bd phan dang ke ngifdi dan Viet Nam Tieu chi difde nhieu tac gia phifdng Tay de cao nhat la chu hd "la ngifdi cd thu nhap nhieu hdn ngifdi khac hd gia dinh" chi difdc 20% y kien ddng y, va 18% y kien cho r i n g ehu hd "la ngifdi difdc kinh trpng nhat hd gia dinh" Chi cd 8% y kien cho r i n g ehu hd la ngifdi cao tudi nhat du dd la nam hay nii, va chi cd 2% y kien cho r i n g ehu hd la phu nii Idn tudi nhat Vf Bieu 2.1.1 Chu hp Id ngudi (GO NT VN 2004 - 2008, N=1201) 70% 63% 60% 50% -46%- 40% 31% 30% 27% 20% 20% jLsysL 8% 10% 0% ^ ChuhO Ngu-e^ira Ngu'di c6 Ngub'i theo so hO quyet (Jinh thu nh^p