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Nguyin Hiru Diing Tap chi Phat tri6n Kinh te, 27(2), 17-34 17 Xay dyng cac chi so lirong mu'c song ho gia dinh Viet Nam NGUYEN HCru DUNG Truang Dai hpc Kinh te TP.HCM - nhdung(§ueh.edu.vn Ngdy nhdn: 11/12/2015 Ngdy nhgn lgi: 21/02/2016 Ngdy duyet ddng: 22/02/2016 Ma so: 1215-I32-V04 Tom tat Nghien ciiu nham xay dung chi so luong miic song cua cac hp gia dinh "VN Cac chi so dugc xay dyng theo phuang phap phan tich phan chinh (PCA) tii cac so lieu ve tai san lau ben, cac dac diem va tien ich nha a cua hp dugc trich xuat tir bg du lieu Khao sat muc song hp gia dinh VN - 2012 (VHLSS-2012) Dp manh va kha nang ap dung cua cac chi so dugc kiem djnh bang he so tuang quan Pearson, the hien su nhat quan ben cua cac chi so Pearson so vai cac chi so theo thu nhap va chi tieu binh quan cua hp Ket qua cho thay cac so lieu cua 'VHLSS-2012 co the dugc su dung de xay dyng cac chi so hQu ich va dang tin cay ve mirc song, ho trg tot viec danh gia chat lugng song va nang luc cua cac hg gia dinh "VN Abstract Tie khda: Chi so mirc song, phuang phap PCA, muc song hp gia dinh VN Keywords: Living standard index, principle component analysis (PCA), Vietnam Household Living Standard This study aims to construct indices for measuring living standards of households, using principle component analysis (PCA) of data on assests and housing characteristics of households extracted from Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2012 (VHLSS-2012) Their robustness and use are tested via Pearson correlation coefficients and found to be internal consistent, compared with those based on income and expenditure per capita Among the three indices living standard index (LSI) shows better distribution relative to the other two The findings conclude that simple household socioeconomic data, available in VHLSS surveys, can be adopted for compiling reliable indices of households' living standards, which can assist in the assessment of their capacities and quality of life 18 Nguyen Hth Dung Tap chi Phat tri6n Kinh 16, 27(2), 17-34 Gidi thieu Cic nghien ciru gin day vl tinh trang sire khoe, sue khoe sinh sin, cac vin dl nhan chiing hgc vi nhfl'ng can thiep ciia Cbfnb pbii viec cai thien mii'c song hg gia dinh cbo thiy cd su khie biet ding kl vl kit qui vi mdi quan tim ldn sir dyng cie phu(jng phip khac tii' sd lieu kinh tl xa hgi Mii'c phiic tap ludng miic sdng cac hg gia dinb la khd khin viee xie dinh cich thiic ludng hgp li va tin cay Cic phuang phip dinb gii hien trang kinh tl xa hdi, mire sdng cua hg gia dinh co thj phan hai nhdm; Nhdm thu nhat dya theo cich thiic ludng bing tiln, va nhom khic dya theo each tilp can khdng dimg tiln Cae nhi kinh tl truyin thdng thudng si: dung cic phuong phip thudc nhdm thii nhat vi viee ludng bing tien thudng dg dang, dan giin vi de hilu Sd lieu vl thu nhip hoac chi tieu thudng dugc sir dung dl dai dien cho miic tigu dimg ciia hd (Atkinson, 1989) Tuy nhien, cd rit nhilu phg phan vl phtrong phap ludng bing tiln Mot nhu'ng dilm yeu cua phuang phip niy la so lieu ve tbu nbap va cbi tigu cd tinh chinb xie khdng eao cic cudc dieu tra Do viy, nhirng nim gin diy, cic chi sd danh gii mii'c sdng cua hd gia dinh khdng sir dung tien da dugc phit triln dl phin loai, danh gii tinh trang kinh te xa hdi cua hd, vi dy nhu chi sl tai sin, chi so kinb tl xa hdi, chi so giau cd/thinh vugng (Filmer & Pritchett, 2001) Cich tbiic cbinb dl xiy dyng cac chi so khdng su' dyng tien la dua vao phuong phap phin tich phin cbinb (Principle Component Analysis-PCA) Phuang phap PCA da dugc nhilu tic gia xie nhin li phuong phap cd gia tri tjiyc tien cao viec xay dyng cic chi so ludng sy khac biet vg hien trang kinh tg xa hgi eua nhdm hd gia dinh Cic cbi sd tai sin, tlnh trang kinb tg xa hdi bay mirc sdng la nhting cich thiic ludng dugc ip dung rdng rai nhim xem xet tinh trang sire khoe, dinh duang, giio dye va nhiing cbi tigu khac vg su thinh vuo'ng xa hdi dya theo sd lieu ciia cac bd gia dinh Theo Rutstein (2008), Ngan hing Thi gidi (World Bank-WB) da sir dyng cac chi so nhtrng khuygn cio vg chuang trinh, chfnh sich ciia td chiic Gin day nhit, WB ciing i3a ap dyng chi sd dg xem xet tinh trang thinh vugng ciia 52 quoc gia dugc khao sat chuong trinh nhan chiing hgc va sue khoe Dong thdi ehi sd ciing dugc sii dung cho cic myc dich khac mdt sd chuong trinh ciia UNICEF, khio sat ve benh AIDS va sdt ret Cic cuoc khio sit nhin chiing hgc va sii'c khoe (DHS) cung sir dyng phuang phip niy nhigu nghien ciru vl sy thinh vugng cua cic qudc gia Dgn nay, cich tigp can phi tiln te va phuang phap PCA dugc ip dyng rit nhieu tren thg gidi de xiy dung cac chi so Vi thi, nghien ciiu dl li'ng dung tai VN, xem xet dac Nguyin Him Dung Tap chi Phat trien Kinh t6, 27(2), 17-34 19 dilm cua cic ehi sd, so sanh vdi cac chi bao truyin thdng trudc day la dieu cin thiet Muc tieu nghien ciiu nhim xiy dyng cic chi sd ludng miic song cua cic hd gia dinh VN, va xem xet miic tuomg thfch ciia cic chi so dugc xiy dyng vdi cac chi sd truygn thdng dugc ludng bang tien Pham vi nghien ciiu bao gdm cic hd gia dinh toan qudc dugc khao sat bd so lieu khio sit miie song cac hg gia dinh nam 2012 (VHLSS-2012) Tong sd hg bg sd lieu ed cic thdng tin ve thu nhap, chi tieu, ca sd tang, tien fch cudc sdng, dac diem nha d, cac tai sin lau bgn ciia bd, va cic bign sd kinh tg-xa hdi khic gdm 9.399 hd Trong do, sd hg sau cimg dugc sir dung la 9.336, bao gdm tit ci cic 'vung dja If, khu vye thi va ndng thdn Tong quan cff sd li thuyet va nghien ciiu lien quan 2.1 Cas&li thuyit Ve mat If thuygt, sy thinh 'vugng hay giiu cd, muc sdng cao thip la mgt khai niem cd thg ludng dugc Khi ludng sy thjnh vugng 'tuyet ddi', cic nha nghign ciiu thudng dua mgt danh sich tii sin (vit thg vi tign te), sau quy ddi gii tri ciia chiing theo gii thi trudng, kbau hao chung va tinb toin gia tri cdn lai Cic nhi nghign ciiu thyc hien cich phin tich tuang ty nhu hach toan cac khoin ng Tuy nbien, cich lam cung gap pbii khd khin tuang ty chi tigu thu nhip vi chi tigu (Montgomery & cgng su, 2000) Phuang phip luin tdng quit dg tfnh toan chi sd tai sin (DA), miic sdng (LSI), thinh vugng (WI), la cic chi sd xiy dyng theo phuang phip PCA duge trinh bay nghien Cliu cua Filmer va Pritchett (2001) Rutstein va Johnson (2004) md ta chi tigt each tfnh cac chi sd cic cudc khio sat ve nljSh chung hgc va siic khoe cua cac vien hd gia dinh ddng thdi sap xep cac hd tren mdt thang lign tuc ve sy thinh vugng tucmg ddi, va chi sd dugc tao bing quy trinh phin tfch thdng ke PCA Cic nghien cuu so sanh viec sir dyng eac chi sd tai sin vdi cic chi sd truyen thdng khic nhu chi tieu, va cho ket luin chi sd tai sin cd the dai dien tdt han cho tinh trang kinh tl ciia hg Theo Filmer va Scott (2012), phuang phap xiy dyng cac chi sd thi sd lieu cu thg ciia hd se quygt dinh viec sd hiiu mdi tai sin se ed mdt trgng so nhu thi nao chi sd chung, thdng qua viee chuyen ddi dan thuin ve mat toan hgc Nhu vay, khdng gidng nhu trudng hgp eiia chi sd ngheo da chieu (MPI), eic chi sd hinh theo phuang phap PCA hoic MCA, mdi tai sin tiiy thudc vao die tinh ciia nd se cd tie dgng 20 Nguyin Hilu Dung Tap chi Phat triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 im hay duang din chi so chung Cie chi so tii sin khdng gan miic trgng so bing cho cae biln sd, vi nhu thi khdng dan giin la hinh thinh nen mgt biic tranh tong hgp ve miic song hay trgng sd bing giiJa cic chilu nhu trudng hgp cua Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MPI) Nln tang li luan cua cic chi sd tai sin khdng dan thuan chi ludng vin dl sd huu cic tii san ddng gdp vao sy thinh vugng ciia hg hoac phan inh tryc tilp thu nbap hay tieu diing cua hd, mi cic mau hinh sd hilu tii san giura cic ho cho phep nha nghign ciiu phin bd cic hd gia dinh vio mu'c sdng giau - ngheo khic xa hgi Cac cbi so tai sin thip dugc gii dinh li cd lign quan true tiep den miic song ciia hd dai ban thip Miic sdng thap niy dugc phin anh thdng qua mau hinh sd huu tii sin gifl'a cic hd v l mat li thuylt, phuang phip PCA li mdt kT thuit thong ke da biln lign quan den phan tich nhin to, nhim giim bdt so lugng cie bien sd tir cic bien ban diu, nhung cac nhin td dugc chili xuit vin dai dien dugc cho die tfnh cua mau PCA cd the xac dinh trgng sd ciia cac nhin td dai dien cho cic tai sin cua hg, tim kiem mgt su ket hgp tuyen tfnh giura cic bien Theo Vyas va Kumaranayake (2006), nhirng tai sin nio phan bo khdng dong dgu giua cic hd mau se cd trgng sd cao hon phin thii nhat Digm sd dugc tao tir thinh phin thii nhit dugc sir dung nhu la mdt chi bio ve miic sdng, tinh trang kinh te xa hdi cua hg Cac diem sau dd se dugc dimg de phin cac ngfl phan vi theo tii sin, tbi va ndng thdn dg xem xet mii'c thinh vugng cua cac hg De udc lugng cic trgng sd cua mdi bien thinh phin dugc chiet xuit tir PCA va cich tfnh khac, Howe va cdng sy (2008) sir dung nhieu cau triic khie cua biln s6 de so sinh ket qui nhu; (1) Ap dung PCA cho tit ca cac nhdm biln chung loai (Categorical); (2) Ap dyng PCA nhung chi sii dyng phien ban nhi phin ciia cac biln chiing loai; (3) Su dung trgng sd bing cho tit ca cac biln; (4) Tao trgng so cho cac bign nhi pbin bing each liy nghich dio ti le din sd sd huu tai sin dd; va (5) Ap dung MCA cho tit ci cac biln chiing loai Kit qua nghien eiiu cho thay PCA va MCA td thich hgp ban va cbo chi sd kba tuang ty so vdi hai phuang phap dan gian la trgng sd bang va nghich dao ti le sd huu viec xiy dyng cic chi so Tuy nhien, MCA khd thyc hien va khd hilu hon PCA khdng thi sir dyng ci biln nhj phin va biln lien tuc Tie gii nhan thiy PCA la cdng cu kba thfch hgp dl tao trgng so cho cac biln Xiy dyng chi so mirc sdng, thinh vugng Nguyin Hilu DOng Tap chi Phat triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 2.2 21 Cdc nghiin cieu liin quan Sahn v i Stifel (2003) sii dyng chi so dya vao tai sin thay cho cac nghien ciiu truyen thdng dya vao digu kien kinh tg v i chi sd niy dugc sir dung dg xep hang hd va hinh ngn ngu phin vi sy thinh vugng So sinh vdi cac thudc dya vao sd lieu tieu dimg, dfl- lieu dugc ygu ciu de hinh thinh nen chi sd thinh vugng it ban va viec ludng cflng dan giin hem Chi sd thinh vugng dua trgn tai sin cung bao ham dugc tfnh da chieu cua ngheo khd mi bin thin su da chigu vdn dT khdng the hien dugc neu chi dya trgn tieu thy va thu nhap Quan trgng ban, chi sd thinh vugng dya tren tii sin cdn dugc cho la thdng tin quan trgng giup du bao tdt nhit cic vin de ve dinh duang, ti le tre di hgc ban la chi tigu chi tigu Filmer va Pritchett (2001) vdi du lieu tir An Do, Indonesia, Nepal va Pakistan da so sanh cbi sd thinh vugng dya trgn tai sin vi dya tren tieu dung bang eich xem xet sy khie biet giua viec diing cbi tigu so vdi chi sd tai sin vi phin tfch tic dgng cua timg chi sd ddi vdi ket qui giio due du bio tinh trang nhip hgc Ket qua cho thiy cd sy tuang quan rat manh giura chi sd thinh vugng vdi ning suit va sy ngheo khd Mgt sd nghign ciiu lien quan cung cho thiy each tiep can dya vao tii sin la hgp If xem xet eic tic ddng dgn kgt qui giio dye McKenzie (2005) sir dung phan thii nhit trich tir phuomg phip PCA dg nghign ciiu bit binh ding bing cic chi sd tii sin, tip trung vg vin dg di hgc ciia hgc sinh nam tai Mexico Kgt qui eho thiy bit binh ding vg cic tien ich cgng ddng inh budng rd dgn viec den trudmg cua tre (Filmer & Scott, 2012) Bollen va cgng sy (2002) xem xet kgt qua thyc nghiem cua nhigu chi sd dai dien cho tinh trang kinh te khdng cho rang cich ludng bing tign Ii tdt nhit, thay vao dd la tap trung vao nghign ciiu cie chi sd dai dien cho tinh trang kinh tg da inh hudng the nao den cac bign sd khic ve sy sinh sin vi sire khoe cua phu nu tai cic nudc dang phit trign Wagstaff va Watanabe (2003) chgn lya cbi tieu tinh trang kinh te xa hdi de ludng bit binh ding vg siic khoe tai 19 qudc gia cung ket luin chi sd dya vio tai sin cflng tdt nhu cbi sd dya theo tieu dung, vi khdng cd sy khic biet ldn gifl'a nhdm chi sd Kgt qui khang dinh miic tin ciy cua phuomg phip sir dung chi sd tii sin Gunnsteinsson va edng sy (2010) sir dung chi sd kinh te-xa hgi, tai sin xiy dyng tir phuang phip PCA de ludng miic sdng hg gia dinb ndng thdn tai 'viing phfa bic Bangladest Hg phat hien ed sy nhat quin bgn cua cic chi sd vdi tinh trang thi chit \'i siic khoe cua tre em Ddng thdi tir cic thdng tin kinh tg-xa hdi dan gian cua cic hd gia dinh cd thg sir dung dg xiy dyng cac chi sd ludng miic sdng cua hd 22 Nguyin Hitu Dung Tap chi Phat triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 Phu-oTig phap nghien Cliu 3.1 Cdc logi chisd Dya theo If thuylt va kit qui cua cac nghien ciiu trade day, tic gia ap dyng phuong phip va khung phan tich cua Filmer va Pritchett (2001), Rutstein va Johnson (2004), McKenzie (2005), Gunnsteinsson va cdng su (2010) dl xay dyng loai chi sd la; Chi sd die dilm nhi d, chi sd tai sin lau bin va chi so mirc song dugc md ta Hinh Chi s6 dac diSm nha (DCI) Cac bien so ve nha a Chi so miic song (LSI) Cac bien so ve tai san lau ben Chi s5 tai san lau ben (DAI) Hinh Ciu true cic loai chi sd Chi sd dai dien cho cic die dilm vi tien ich nhi ggi tat la chi sd die digm nha (DCI) gdm cic biln sd vl nha d nhu; Loai nhi, loai mii Igp nha, loai tudng, kigu nha ve sinh, ngudn nude sinh hoat, ngudn dien thip sing v.v Chi sd tii sin liu ben (DAI) bao gdm cie bign sd vg tai sin lau ben cd radi hg nhu; TV mau, din nhac, miy vi tfnh, tu lanh, xe miy, miy nude ndng, dien thoai di dgng, quat dien, d td, v.v Chi sd miic sdng (LSI) gdm cic bign sd cua nhdm bien sd die diem nhi va dd dimg liu bgn Cic chi sd tfnh chung cho tit ca cie hd ci nudc, sau dd tach rieng cho vung thi va ndng thdn, va gifla cic vung dia If 3.2 Phuang phdp xdy dung cdc chi sd Phuong phip dl xiy dyng chi so li phuomg phip phin tfch phin chi'nh (PCA) Ve nguyen tic phan tfch PCA cd bao nhigu biln so thi se eho bay nhigu phin phdi hgp tit ca cac biln sd, vi cbi chgn cac thinh phan cd Eigenvalue ldn hon Tuy nhien, cbi cd phin thu' nhit duge su dung dl tfnh dilm chi sd Nghign ciiu cua Filmer vi Pritchett (2001) da thu' nghiem sur dyng thgm phan chi'nh thii 2, nhung ket qui sau cung cho thay dilm ylu td cua moi biln thinh phan gay nhilu khd khan viec giii thfch inh budng cua chiing len chi sd Kit qui cua Houweling va cgng sy (2003), McKenzie (2005) cflng kit luan phin diu tien mdi thfch hgp de dai dien cho viec ludng muc sdng eiia hd gia dinh Nguyin HOu DDng Tap chi Phat triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 23 Cic biln sd de dua vio phin tich PCA dlu li biln nhi phan (Binary Data) NghTa li hd gia dinh cd tai sin nao dd hay khdng, hoac cd tiep can tien fch dd hay khdng (Vf du: ludi dien) Tat ca cic bien chiing loai va cic bien lien tuc, vf du nhu loai nha, sd lugmg xe miy dgu dugc ma hda bien nhi phan Cic bign dugc tao nhu: Nha kien cd nhan gia tri=l, cic loai khic=0; tuomg ty cic bign khac phii tao la nhi ngdi, nha mii li, nhi bin kign ed Bign lign tuc nhu khdng cd xe miy nhan gii tri = 0, cd tir xe miy trd len nhin gii tri = Cic bign it xuit hien (ti le sd hilu tai sin dd qua thip) se dugc gdp lai chung loai lign kg Cic bign cd tin suit xuit hien cao se dugc tieh rieng Mdt sd hg gia dinh cd bign sd khdng cd sd lieu (Missing Data) deu dugc tbay thg bang gii tri trang binb ciia bien sd dd (Gwatkin, 2000), vi neu loai bd qui nhieu miu digu tra (bd) cd the anb budng dgn kgt qui phin tfch v i sd lieu bi hdng niy thudng nam d cic nhdm cd tinh trang kinh te-xa hdi thip (Cortinovis & cdng sy, 1993) 3.3 Cdc bu&c phdn tich kit qud Sau da thyc hien xong PCA, sii dyng nhin td li trgng sd cua cic bign phin thii nhit de tao bien phy thugc li sy kgt hgp tuygn tfnh giua cic bign sd Gii tri cua bien phy thudc la diem sd dai dien cho tinh trang kinh tg xa hdi eua mdi hd Digm sd cang cao thi hg cing dugc xem la cd tinh trang kinh te tdt hom hoic miic sdng cao hom cic hg cd digm sd thip Viec phan tich kgt qui se dugc thyc hien vdi cic ndi dung nhu sau; Budc 1; Sir dung chi sd miic sdng (LSI) de phin bd cic hd gia dinh cic nhdm kinb tg - xa hdi khie Trong nghign ciiu niy, tic gia ip dung cich phan chia ngfl phan vi dai dien cho cic nhdm hd gia dinh tir ngheo nhit (nhdm 1) dgn giiu nhit (nhdm 5) nhu dugc ap dung nhigu nghien ciiu trudc diy Budc 2: Sir dung ngfl phin vi dai dien cho miic sdng de phan tich kgt qui; Miic chat che bgn cua chi sd, so sinh sy tuomg thich cua hg phin theo cbi sd miic sdng vdi ngu phan vi dugc chia theo thu nhap va chi tigu binb quin diu ngudi (nhin khiu)/thang Bude 3; Phan tfch va thio luin cic ehi sd phin theo thi/ndng thdn va cic 'viing dia li 3.4 Cdc sd lieu trich tie bd die liiu VHLSS 2012 Sd lieu sau trich Igc dugc kigm tra tinh trang phu bgp cua nd doi vdi yeu ciu phin tich, die biet la tinh trang thigu gii tri thdng tin miu kbio sit Kit qui kilm tra 24 Nguyen HOu Dung Tap chi PhM triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 cho thiy 63 miu khdng cd qui nhilu thdng tin cua eic biln nen bi loai Sd mau sau ciing dugc su' dyng dl tai la 9.336 hd trgn pham vi ca nudc Cic bien sd ve tii san liu bin, dac dilm nha d va tien fch dugc thi hien rd qua Bing Ket qua nghien ciiu 4.1 Dgc diem kinh te-xd hdi cua hd gia dinh Bing trinh biy miic thu nhip binh quan dau ngudi (nhin khiu) la mgt chi tigu thudng su dung xem xet dinb gii ngheo ddi theo eich truygn thdng Kgt qua cho thay miic trung binh ciia toan vung, cac vung vi khu vyc tbi ndng thdn mau phan tich khdng khic biet ldn so vdi tdng tbi mau VHLSS 2012 Binh quin thu nhip/ngudi/thing ciia mau va tong miu theo thii ty la 2.090 va 2.000 ngin dong Nhu viy, so mau phan tfch dl tai cd thi dai dien dugc cho tdng thg Cac die dilm kinh tl-xa hdi khic cua hd gia dinh dugc quan sat qua sd lieu trung binb va lech chuin ciia cac tii sin liu bgn va die digm nha d Bing Cot so trung binh cho bigt cd bao nhieu phin trim hg gia dinh cd tai sin hoic die diem nao Vl dy, 90% hd gia dinh cd sd hflu TV miu, 80% cd xe miy, 97% cd tiep can vdi ludi dien Do lech chuan cua bign sd tii sin cho bigt sy phin bd cua cic loai tai sin khac nhigu hay it giua cic hg Nhung tii sin phan bd kba khdng ddng deu gifla cac ho (do lech chuin Idn) thi qua phin tich PCA se cd trgng sd cao ban cic chi sd, va cic tii sin cd lech chuin thip se cd trgng sd thip (McKenzie, 2005) Vf dy, tai san nao ma tit ca hg dgu cd hoac khdng cd thi se cd lech chuan bing va khdng cd gia tri dg dua vao dg tinb cic cbi sd Ket qui, cic bien sd trinh bay Bing cho thay lech chuan cua cic bign li rat cao so vdi gia trj trung binb chung, ham y sy phu hgp ciia cac bign sd de dua vio tinh chi sd Cd nhilu biln sd dugc xiy dyng da bi loai khoi PCA vi ban chit cd it y nghTa vi anh hudng din chi sd Trong so dd cd cie biln nhu may may, TV tring den, miy xay sinh to, tudng bg tdng Bang Thu nbap binh quan nhan khau/thang (ngin dong) Vung/khu vyc S6 miu Trung binh Dp lech chuan VHI SS Vimg Dong bing song H6ng 1.987 2.393,01 2.009,23 2.350,6 Nguyin Hiru Dung Tap chi Phat triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 25 , Soman Dp lech chuan VHLSS Trung binh Trung du va mien mii phia B§c 1.623 1.499,39 1.591,32 1.258,4 Bac Trung Bp va Duyen hai mi6n Trung 2.061 1.804,21 1.455,72 1.505,2 Tay Nguyen 642 2.057,14 1.851,74 1.643,3 Dong Nam Bp 1.122 3.163,03 4.073,73 3.172,8 Dong bang song Cliu Long 1.901 1.969,34 2.265,54 1.796,7 Thanh thi 2.697 3.010,20 3.355,658 2.989,1 Nong thon 6.639 1.717,38 1.538,748 1.579,4 T6ng mau (n = 9.336) 9.336 2.090,85 2.297,64 1.999,8 Viing/khu VUC Thdnh thi - ndng thon Nguon: Kit qua phan tich va bao cao kit qua "VHLSS-2012 4.2 Kit qud xdy dung chi sd Trgng sd (hay digm tii cua cic bign sd) eua cic bign sd tii sin va die digm nhi d cua ba chi sd tit phan tich PCA rigng biet dugc trinh biy cot tilp theo cua Bing (DC, DA, LSI) Cbi sd LSI bao gdm cic bign sd cua ehi sd tii sin liu bin (DA), vi die digm nha d (DC) Kgt qua xem xet dd tbi phin bd cbi sd, die biet la chi sd miic sdng LSI chuin so vdi phin bd cua bai chi sd DA vi DC, phin bd dlu xung quanh sd trung binb Kgt qui niy tuong ty nhu kgt qui ciia cic nghign ciiu trudc (Gunnsteinsson & cdng sy, 2010; Vyas & Kumaranayake, 2006) vl sd lugng biln tai sin nhj phin cing nhigu thi vin de chi sd bi co cym hay dirt doan it xiy Cbi sd dugc phin phdi chuin se tao digu kien dg dang dl phin cic nhdm kinb tl-xa bdi khic Kgt qua cflng him y cac bien sd su dyng de xay dung chi so la du vi hgp li 26 Nguyin Him Dung Tap chi Ph^t trien Kinh ti, 27(2), 17-34 Chl so n h a d vA no-i c u ' trCi ( P C ) Moan-4 30E-16 Std.Dev -1 000 N -9,329 C h i SO mirc song (LSI) Hinh Kgt qui xiy dyng ba loai ehi so 27 Nguyen Hmi Dung Tap chi Phat trijn Kinh t£, 27(2), 17-34 Cac trgng sd bilu thi mirc anh hudng ciia nd den diem ciia chi sd bien sd thay ddi tir (khdng cd sd bun) din (cd sd huu) Bien sd ducmg cd inh hudng lam gia tang miic sdng cua hd, va ngugc lai bien cd trgng sd im lam giam miic sdng ciia hg Vl du, hd cd nha ve sinh bang cau ca, khdng cd nha ve sinh, sir dung gieng dio cd miie sdng thip ban eic hg khdng cd die digm niy Mdi hd gia dinh thugc vao miic sd hfloi va die digm nha d khic se cd mgt diem ve miic sdng khic Thdng thudng, cic tie gia (vi du, G-watkin, 2000; Gunnsteinsson & cdng sy, 2010) va nghign ciiu sir dung cich phin chia theo ngu pbin vi Ba cdt sau cimg Bing trinh bay gii tri trang binh ciia cic bign sd phin theo ngu phan vi d miic 20% thip nhit, 20% d ngu phan vi (trang binh) va 20% d ngu phin vi Kgt qui cho thiy cd sy nhit quin bgn sir dung ehi sd dg phan nhdm miic sdng cic hg gia dinh Xu hudng sd hiiu cac tai san lau bgn va die digm nha d eua hd dien theo ki vgng Vi du, 20% hd cd miic sdng thip nhit (LSI-1) khdng cd sd bun miy tinh, miy giat, may digu hda, 30% hd sir dung nudc gigng dao, v i 24% khdng cd hd xi Trong dd 20% hd cd miic sdng cao nhat thi ti le hd sd hiiu cic tii sin niy theo thii ty la 59%, 77%, 35%, 7%, va 0% Bang Ket qui PCA vg chi sd miic sdng, dac diem nhi d va tai sin liu ben ciia hd Tai san/dac diem Tnmg binh Trung binh phiin theo ngu phan vi LSI Dp lech chuan Cac chi s6 DC, DA, LSI DA LSI DC Tdi sdn idu ben Xe dap 0,52 0,52 0,09 0,14 0,31 0,05 0,47 Dien thoai ban 0,23 0,23 0,45 0,44 0,62 0,17 0,87 0,80 0,80 0,45 0,42 0,54 0,55 0,97 Dau may Video 0,53 0,50 0,39 0,32 0,29 0,57 0,74 TV mau 0,90 0,30 0,40 0,38 0,66 0,97 0,99 Dan nhac 0,13 0,34 0,37 0,31 0,02 0,1! 0,29 May tinh 0,17 0,37 0,63 0,58 0,00 0,05 0,59 Dien thoai di dpng Nguyen Hiiu Dung Tap chi Phat trien Kinh le, 27(2), 17-34 28 Tai san/dac diem Til lanh Trung binh 0,47 Dp lech chuan Cac chi! SO DC,DA, LSI DC 0,50 Trung binh phan theo ngii phan vj LSI LSI 0,70 0,69 0,02 0,42 0,97 0,00 0,00 0,35 0,00 0,04 0,77 DA Dieu hoa 0,07 0,26 0,60 0,56 May giat 0,21 0,41 0,71 0,68 May nuoc nong 0,16 0,36 0,64 0,64 0,00 0,02 0,64 Bipga 0,66 0,47 0,62 0,63 0,09 0,80 0,98 Noi com dien 0,78 0,41 0,49 0,52 0,28 0,91 0,97 May hiit bui 0,03 0,16 0,40 0,35 0,00 0,00 0,12 Lo vi song 0,04 0,21 0,53 0,47 0,00 0,00 0,21 May xay sinh to 0,16 0,36 0,61 0,55 0,00 0,05 0,53 Quat may 0,86 0,35 0,37 0,40 0,54 0,94 0,97 Xe may 0,80 0,40 0,43 0,37 0,54 0,86 0,97 Oto 0,01 0,11 0,26 0,23 0,00 0,00 0,05 Dgc diem nhd & vd nai cie tru Nuoc may 0,28 0,45 0,45 0,48 0,06 0,22 0,65 Gieng dao 0,23 0,42 -0,26 -0,22 0,29 0,27 0,07 Nuoc mua 0,13 0,34 0,13 0,00 0,09 0,15 0,09 Cau tu hoai 0,56 0,50 0,68 0,66 0,05 0,62 0,99 Cauca 0,09 0,29 -0,32 -0,23 0,21 0,07 0,00 Khong ho xi 0,06 0,25 -0,39 -0,34 0,24 0,01 0,00 Dien luoi 0,97 0,17 0,34 0,31 0,86 1,00 1,00 Cot be tong 0,32 0,47 0,52 0,46 0,08 0,27 0,67 Cot gach 0,44 0,50 0,10 0,01 0,21 0,62 0,32 Cot sit 0,12 0,32 -0,48 -0,32 0,32 0,08 0,01 Mai be long 0,18 0,39 0,68 0,51 0,00 0,10 0,53 29 Nguyin Httu DDng Tap chi Phat triSn Kinh le, 27(2), 17-34 Tai san/dac diem Trung binh Dp lech chuan Cac chi S6DC DA, LSI DC DA Trung binh phiin theo ngu phan vj LSI LSI Tam lop 0,47 0,50 -0,31 -0,16 0,57 0,49 0,34 Mai rom 0,03 0,18 -0,28 -0,22 0,15 0,00 0,00 Tuong be tong 0,02 0,16 0,18 0,15 0,00 0,02 0,06 Tuong gach 0,74 0,44 0,60 0,46 0,25 0,88 0,93 Biet thu 0,01 0,08 0,08 0,12 0,00 0,00 0,02 Nha kien co 0,28 0,45 0,70 0,56 0,03 0,19 0,72 T 6m luoc ve cac chi so So bien chi so 17 19 36 % phucmg sai PCA 18,53 25,57 17,93 Eigenvalue 3,15 4,86 6,63 4.3 Xem xit su tuang thich ciia chi sd miec song so v&i cdc cdch phdn chia theo chi sd bdng tiin Miic sdng cua hd phin theo chi sd mu'c sdng vdi ngfl phin vi dugc chia theo thu nhap binh quin nhin khau/thing va chi tigu binh quan nhan khiu/thing dg xem xet sy nhit quin bgn sir dung eic chi sd bang tign vi chi sd mirc sdng He sd tuong quan Pearson giu'a ngu phan vj theo chi sd miic sdng vi ngu phin vj theo thu nhap vi chi tieu binh quan diu ngudi/thing theo thu ty la 0,63 va 0,57, cd y nghTa thong kg miic I % cho thay miic tuang thich cua cic chl sd d miic tuong ddi cao Ket qui so sinh phin bd cic hd gia dinh theo hai cich pbin chia ngfl phan vi dugc trinh bay Bing cho thiy ngu phin vi thii nhit cd 54,04%) so hd phan theo chi sd mirc sdng eung nam nhdm phin vi pbin theo thu nhip Trong dd, ban 56% sd hd ngu phan vi cflng dugc phin bd eung mdt nhdm theo ci each phan chia Ti le sd hd cung mgt nhdm theo hai cich phin chia phii hgp d miic khoing 30% cic phin vi 2, va Ket qui tuong ty nhu ket qui cua Prakongsai (2006) so sanh giua cac hd gia dinh Thii Lan dugc phan theo cac chi sd tai sin vi thu nhip eua hd cho thiy 47 % sd bd nhdm dau tign dugc phin theo cic cbi sd tai sin phu bgp vdi nhflng phan loai theo thu nhip eua hd; va khoing 52 % sd hd nhdm thii nim Khi 30 Nguyin Hilu Dung Tap chi Phat triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 SO sinh phan bo cic hd vao ngfl phan vj chia theo ehi so miic sdng va chi tieu binh quan hd/thang cflng eho kit qua tuang ty Kit qui cua Rutstein va Johnson (2004) cung cho thiy cd mdi quan he gifl'a ngu phin vi theo phin ehi tieu va theo chi sd miic sdng Bang So sinh phin bo cac bd theo ngfl phan vj LSI, thu nhip va chi tieu hg/thang Nhom Ngu phan vj phan theo thu nhap binh quan nhan khau/thang LSI Ngiiph an vj phan theo chi tieu binh quan nhan khiu/thang QI Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 QI Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 sohp 1.009 542 199 12 1.025 552 212 69 % 54,04 29,01 10,66 3,59 0,64 54,90 29,55 11,36 3,70 0,48 sohp 548 554 439 258 75 470 522 487 296 92 % 29,35 29,66 23,51 13,82 4,02 25,17 27,94 26,08 15,85 4,93 sohp 202 404 544 499 227 187 398 509 508 266 % 10,82 21,63 29,14 26,73 12,16 10,02 21,31 27,26 27,21 14,25 sohp 84 256 442 589 507 107 244 376 574 566 % 4,50 13,70 23,67 31,55 27,16 5,73 13,06 20,14 30,74 30,32 sohp 24 112 243 454 1046 78 152 283 420 934 % 1,29 6,00 13,02 24,32 56,03 4,18 8,14 15,16 22,50 50,03 4.4 Ddc diem kinh ti-xa hdi hd gia dinh theo khu vuc thdnh thi/ndng thon vd vimg dia li Khi phin theo khu vye thinh thi/ndng thdn cho thiy cd sy each biet gifl'a thi va ndng thdn va cic bd cd chi sd miic song cao vl eic dac dilm nha d va tien fch nai cu trii, tai sin liu ben Bing trinh bay mdt sd khac biet vl nhung die dilm Vi du, xet cic hd thudc nhdm LSI-I, khu vyc thi khdng cd ho xf va mii ram ft han khu vuc ndng thdn, nhung ngugc lai thi nha cd mii bing tim Igp nhilu ban Cac hd thudc nhom LSI-5, cd su- dung nude mua vi gilng dio d khu vyc ndng thdn nhilu han Nhung dilu da ndi lgn sy hgp If cua kit qui phan tfch hien trang ndng thdn hien Nguyin HOu Dung Tap chi Phat Iriln Kinh te, 27(2), 17-34 31 Bang Mgt sd die diem nha va tien fch nai cu tni d thi v i ndng thdn Nhom LSI QI Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 „ Khu vuc Khong , , ho XI Tam Icrp ' Mai rom Tuong gach Gilng dao Nudc mua Thanh thi 0,200 0,700 0,092 0,300 0,292 0,033 Nong thon 0,244 0,557 0,151 0,252 0,290 0,089 0,057 Thanh thj 0,068 0,658 0,019 0,631 0,266 Nong thon 0,067 0,464 0,024 0,715 0,371 0,162 Thanh thi 0,014 0,674 0,002 0.845 0,174 0,056 Nong thon 0,015 0,431 0,000 0,888 0,303 0,183 Thanh thi 0,000 0,652 0,000 0,942 0,102 0,048 Nong thon 0,000 0,393 0,000 0,935 0,185 0,241 Thanh thi 0,000 0,366 0,000 0,927 0,033 0,026 Nong thon 0,000 0,277 0,000 0,940 0,140 0,215 Khi ip dyng chi sd LSI dg xem xet tinh hinh sd hiiu tai sin tai cic viing dja li cho thay cd nhieu sy khie biet vg sd hfln loai tai sin giiia eic vung Ddng bang sdng Hdng va Ddng Nam Bd cd ti le sdhiiu tai sin eao nhit so vdi vung Vung ft phat trign thudng sd hiru cic loai tii sin it gii tri hon Vi dy, xe dap la loai phuang tien giao thdng re tien sd hiiu nhigu han tai cic nhdm LSI-1 va LSI- thudc viing (Trang du va miin niii phia Bic), vung (Tiy Nguyen), va vimg (DBSCL) Tai sin dien thoai di ddng tai vung (Trang du va mign niii phia Bic), (Tiy Nguygn) va (DBSCL) cd ti le cao nhit tai ngii phin vi I, va hd d ngfl pbin vi thip sd hun nhigu ban hd d ngu phan vi cao.ban (Hinb 3) Nhieu sy khae biet ve sd hflu cic tai sin khic tai cic viing dia If phan theo ngu phan vi LSI ed thg khai thic va phin tfch theo eich In HOu Dung Tap chi Phat triln Kinh te, 27(2), 17-34 Nguyen 32 iS5 H4 =3 :: Deng bang Trung du va BSc Trung Bp Tay Nguyen Dong Nam Bp Dong bang song Hong mien nui phia va duyen hai song Ciru Bac miin Trung Long Hinh Sd hiru dien thoai tai cic viing pbin theo ngu phan vi LSI Ket luan va kien nghi 5.1 Kit lugn Trong xu thg cic nudc cang ip dung nbieu phuang phip khac de dinh gia dieu kien kinh tg xa hdi hg gia dinh ma khdng phii dung cic chi sd ludng bing tien nhu thu nhip vi cbi tigu thi vdi sy san cd cua sd lieu khio sat mirc sdng hd gia dinh VHLSS, nghign cuu da xem xet ning xay dyng cic chi sd khdng ludng bing tien de ludng muc sdng cac hg gia dinh VN Kgt qui cho thiy; (I) Ba loai chi sd (tai sin, die dilm nhi d va nai cu trii, miic sing) dugc xiy dyng theo phuang phip phin tieh phan ehinh la phii hgp vdi sd lieu hien cd; (2) Mdi cbi sd se gin cho hd gia dinh mdt dilm so tuang iing vdi trgng so cua cac bign sd cd moi chi so So dilm cang cao thi mue sdng cua hg cang cao; (3) Co sir tuong thich, nhit quin bgn giua chi sd dugc xay dyng vdi cac chi so truyin thing theo tbu nbap hoac chi tigu kbi phin bd cic bd vao nam ngfl phin vi tucmg ty cic nghien cuu trudc (Rutstein & Johnson, 2004; Vyas & Kumaranayake, 2006; Gunnsteinsson & cdng sy, 2010) Ndi cich khic li chi so miic song cd thi dugc su' dung dl ludng tinh trang kinb tg xa hdi cua hd gia dinh vi cbi so niy cho thiy nhfl'ng khic biet rit cd nghTa giua cic nhdm cd miic sdng khac nhau, die biet li doi vdi nhflng tai sin hoic tien ich Nguyin Hiiu Dung Tap chi Phat triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 33 cd trgng sd digm cao; va (4) Cic minh hga ve sir dung ehi sd miic sdng LSI cho thay cd khie biet ro vg tinh trang kinh te-xa hdi cua hd gia dinh tai khu vyc thi/ndng thdn hoac giira cac viing dia If 5.2 Kiin nghi Dya vao kgt qui phin tfch, tic gia cd nhirng de xuat cho cic nghien cim tiep theo: Thit nhdt, iing dung cic chi sd ludng khdng phai bang tign dya theo cic sd lieu hien cd cac cudc khio sit miic sdng hd gia dinb VN dg phin tfch muc sdng tuang ddi giua cic hd Die biet, can cd sy hien dien eua cic bien sd tai san liu ben cd trgng sd cao (cd miic inh hudng ldn) cic chi sd Thd- hai, khai thic sau hon cac chi sd dugc xay dyng theo phuang phip PCA nghien ciiu dg cd dugc cac khuyen eao cy thg ve tinh trang siie khde gia dinh, giio dye, nhan chiing hgc, ehit lugng cudc sdng sir dung viec hoach dinh chfnh sich phat trign 'vimg, dia phuang Digu dugc thyc hien bang cich xay dyng chi sd rigng cho khu vyc ndng thdn, tbi, va cic viing dia If khac vi mdt sd die digm, tii sin phd bign d nai niy nhung khdng dai dien d nai khic Cac bien sd sd hfln dat dai, tai sin phuc vu sin xuat cua bd (miy cay, may gat, dien tfch kho bai, sd lugng gia siic, v.v.) cin xem xet dua vio chi sd tinh rigng cho khu vyc thi, ndng thdn Thuba, ip dung ddng thdi phuong phip khic nhu MCA, va sir dyng thgm pbin thii hai dg phan tfch, so sinb sy nhit quin ve ket qui dieu kien sd lieu khio sit cua VN Thu tu, quy md hd gia dinh cd the anh hudng den mdt sd tii sin sd hfl'u nhu sd lugng phdng ngu, xe miy, din triu, bd Do viy, ngu cic bign sd dua vio tinh chi sd cin cd sy digu chinh theo sd ngudi hd Ngugc lai, cie bien sd khac nhu chit lugng ngudn dien, ngudn nudc, loai vit lieu xiy dyng nha khdng bi ehi phdi bdi sd ngudi hd thi dugc ma hda theo cich da thyc hien de tai Thii- ndm, mac du ei bien sd lien tue, bien sd chung loai, va bien sd nhi phin deu cd thg sir dyng phuang phip PCA dg xay dung cbi sd, nhung viec dien djch ket qui se gap nhieu khd khin Cic bign sd trade kbi dua vao phuang phip PCA can phii dugc chuin bda dg cd phuang sai bang va trung binh bang 0, ket qui sau ciing la phin chinh cd sd trung binb bang 0, va tit ci cic bien sd cd anh hudng den thinh phan chi'nh (chi sd) theo trgng sd dugc xac dinh tir quy trinh phin tfch« 34 Nguyin Httu Dung Tap chi Phdt triln Kinh tl, 27(2), 17-34 Tai lieu tham khao Atkinson A B (1989) How should we measure poverty? Some conceptual issues Poverty andSocial Security, 7-24 Harvester Wheatsheaf Bollen, K A., Glanville, J L., & Stecklov, G (2002) Economic status proxies in studies of fertility in developing countries: Does the measure matter? Population Studies, 56(1), 81-96 Cortinovis I., &Vela V N J (1993) Construction of a socio-economic index to facilitate analysis of health in data in developing countries Social Science and Medicine, 36, 1087-1097 Fihner, D., & Pritchett, L H (2001) Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data~or tears: An application to educational enrollments in states of India Demography, 38(\), 115-32 Gunnsteinsson, S., Labrique, A B., West, K P., Christian, P., Mehra, S., Shamim, A A., &Klemni, R D 'W (2010) Constructing indices of rural living standards in Northwestem Bangladesh Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 28(5), 509-519 Gwatkin, D R (2000) Health inequalities and the health ofthe poor: 'What we know? What can we do? 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Health Economics, 12(10), 885-890 ... phap PCA da dugc nhilu tic gia xie nhin li phuong phap cd gia tri tjiyc tien cao viec xay dyng cic chi so ludng sy khac biet vg hien trang kinh tg xa hgi eua nhdm hd gia dinh Cic cbi sd tai sin,... sdng (LSI) de phin bd cic hd gia dinh cic nhdm kinb tg - xa hdi khie Trong nghign ciiu niy, tic gia ip dung cich phan chia ngfl phan vi dai dien cho cic nhdm hd gia dinh tir ngheo nhit (nhdm... khac de dinh gia dieu kien kinh tg xa hdi hg gia dinh ma khdng phii dung cic chi sd ludng bing tien nhu thu nhip vi cbi tigu thi vdi sy san cd cua sd lieu khio sat mirc sdng hd gia dinh VHLSS,
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