Duang Thi Huyen Tgp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGH$ 94(06); 33-41 LUAT HAMMURABI - NHITNG DIEM TIEN BQ VA HAN CHE Du'o'ng Thj Huyen Tnrdng Dpi hoc Khoa hpc - DM Thai Nguyen TOM T A T Bo ludi Hammurabi a Ludng Hd thdi cl dgi Id bp ludt thdnh vdn tuang dii hodn chinh dau tien lich su nhan logi B6 ludi dl c^p din cdc v^n dl vl hinh sy, vl quyIn Ihfta kl tdi san, vl gia dinh, ve no 16, ve ITnh canh rupng ddt Trong lung dieu luSt cy the, gid tri nhdn vdn ciia bp ludi dugc the hien qua nhimg quan diem ve each doi xu vdi ngudi, dgc biet Id ve phu nft va tr6 em, bdo ve quyen Igi ciia ngudi ty vd cua giai cap chu nd Nhftng dilm tiln bp d6 dd 1dm nen gid trj to Idn ciia bp luat Til kh6a: Lugt Hammurabi, lugt hinh sic ddn sg; hon nhdn, gia dinh Ludng Ha (Mesopotamie) Id ten md ngudi Hy Lap ddt cho vimg ddng bang nam gifta hai sdng Tigris vd Eyphrates Tu xa xua Ludng Hd da ndi tieng la vimg ddt phi nhieu, thuan Igi cho nen san xuat nong nghiep trdng nho, liu, dgi mgch, chd la va nhieu logi hoa qua khdc Cung chinh vi the, cu dan da sdm tap trung d day vd sinh sdng Lanh thd Ludng Ha tuong ddi bang phang vd de ngd d mgi phia nen tgo dieu kien cho cdc tdc ngudi ben ngodi thudng xuyen xam nhap vao lanh thd Ludng Hd Chinh vi vgy, nen van minh Ludng Ha khdng phai Id nen van minh thudn tiiy ciia mdt dan tdc nhat ma la sy tdng hgp nhieu nen van minh ciia nhieu tgc ngudi tung djnh cu d khu vuc nhu Sumer, Akkad, Chaldea Trong dd, thdi ky phdt trien hoang kim nhat lich sii Ludng Ha la thdi ky ciia vuong qudc Babylon cua ngudi Amorites (lu dau the ky XIX TCN din dau thi ky XVI TCN) Vuong qudc Babylon cudng thjnh nhdt dudi thdi tri vi cua vua Hammurabi (1792-1750 TCN) Thdi ky nay, ngudi Amorites da quel sgch the lye cua ngudi Elam d mien Tay, chinh phuc cac qudc gia ddng tgc xung quanh Ludng Ha, thdng nhat todn bd lanh thd Ludng Ha rdng Idn Do dd, viec bien soan bd lugt nham thdng nhdt lanh thd la dieu tdi can thiet lich su Luong Ha thdi Babylon Lugt phdp vi thi trd thdnh cdng cy hftu hieu cua nha nudc Babylon Ludng Hd cung nhu hiu hit cdc qudc gia cd dgi phuong Ddng khdc deu phdt trien kinh te Tel 0975702362, Email: duonghuyen i tren CO che "dl nong vi bdn " Nhung dudi thdi ky Babilon, nen kinh te hang hda khd phdt trien bdi dja hinh Ludng Ha khd bdng phang va de ngd d mgi phia Babilon nhanh chdng trd thdnh trung lam budn ban ciia Ludng Hd va Trung Can Ddng Ludng Ha khdng chi phdt trien ngi thuong md giao luu budn bdn vdi ben ngoai khdng ngung dugc day manh Quan he hdng hda cang phat trien vd da dang, nhftng tranh chap dan sy cdng nhieu vd phuc tgp la dieu khdng trdnh khdi Do do, ddi hdi quan he phdp luat cung phai da dgng va phong phii Luat phdp den lugt nd Id mgt yeu Id quan trgng thiic day kinh te hang hda phdt trien Luat phdp trd thdnh nhan td quan trpng eua nen vdn minh Ludng Ha thdi ky Babylon Ludng Ha ndi rieng va eac qudc gia cd dgi phuong Ddng ndi chung deu theo md hinh nha nudc quan chii chuyen che trung uong tap quyen Quyen luc tap trung tay vua (hoang de) tu quyen lap phdp, hdnh phdp den tu phap Tuy nhien, hiu hit cdc qudc gia cd dai phuang Dong chua cd lugt phap vdn Lugt le hoan todn Hoang de dat Nhung quyet dinh eiia bdn dn Idn cung la Hoang de, nhftng an tu hinh Id dich than vua duypt, cho nen y vua Id luat Do dd, lugt phap phuang Ddng eon nhilu han chl, chua thuc su dan chii nhu lugt phdp phuong Tay Trong bdi cdnh dd, nen vdn minh Luang Ha ndi bat len khdng chi bdi nhftng tyu rye rd ve chft viet, van hpc, kien true, nghe thugt md cdn bdi day la khu vuc xuat hien bg 33 Duong Thj Huyen Tgp chl KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE luat van sdm nhit Ijch su vdn minh nhan logi, bg luat mang ten ciia vj vua ban hanh lugt- Hammurabi Lugt Hammurabi la mgt nhftng tyu vdn minh noi bgt ciia ngudi Ludng Ha nen dugc rat nhieu nhd khoa hgc tgp trung nghien eim Nhung hau het cac tdc gia deu di sau nghien cftu ve cac phgm vi dieu chinh ciia luat, nhftng ngi dung kinh te, chinh tr|, vdn hda xa hgi ciia ngudi Ludng Ha dugc phdn anh bg lugt Do phgm vi bai vilt tdc gid tu gdc nhin ciia Ijch su di sdu vao vipc nghien cuu, lam rd nhftng diem tien bg va nhftng mdt hgn che eiia bg lugt so vdi lugt phdp ciia cdc quoc gia co dgi phuong Ddng khac Ben cgnh dd, bai viet cung nhan mgnh bg luat cdn chua dyng nhieu ngi dung tien bg vd phdt trien hon so vol lugt phdp cua eac khu vyc khac tren the gidi thdi trung dai vacan dgi K H A I Q U A T LUAT HAMMURABI Bd luat Hammurabi dugc ghi bang vdn ty hinh dinh xua nhdt tren tdm dd badan cao 2,25m va dudng kinh day gdn 2m Cdc nha khao cd hgc Phap da tim thiy cot dd vdo nam 1902 d di chi cua phd Susa, kinh xua cua ngudi Elam (phia Ddng Ludng Ha) va hipn dugc luu gift tgi vien bdo tdng Louvre (Phdp) O mat trudc vd phia tren ciia tam bia khdc md td hinh than Mat trdi Samat ngdi tren ngai vdng trao cho vua Hammurabi dung vdi tu the nghiem trang trudc thdn bg luat Hammurabi da y thuc sdu sic ket hgp than quyen, vuong quyIn vd phap quyen khien bg luat trd nen dugc "thieng hda" nhdm dgt dugc myc dich cai trj dan chiing, Bg lugt gdm 282 dilu khoan nhung chi cdn lai tren tam bia 247 dilu khodn Ndm cgt gdm 35 dieu luat cd le bj quan xam luge Elam ego di Quan Elam dua di ti'ch vl Susa nhu Id mgt chiln Igi phim Nhd nhftng ban Igi ma cdc thu ky va eac thay kipn cd Babylon dimg cho muc dich gidng day cung nhu thyc hanh xii kien va nhd nhieu tai lipu cd lien quan tim thay d Susa va anh hudng rgng Idn cua bd luat d khdp mien Tay A md ngudi ta khdi phuc lai dugc phan da mat ciia bg lugt 34 94(06): 3 - Ve ngudn gdc, khu vyc Luong Hd, trudc bg luat Hammurabi dd cd bg lugt Sumer, bg lugt ciia Eshnunna, do, bg luat Hammurabi la sy phdt trien tiep tyc va chep Igi cdc dilu lu|it thdi co Sumer cd dnh hudng mgnh me tdi phap che Babylon Bg lugt td cd hp thong hon so vdi cac quyet an ciia Sumer co, dd thay dugc y djnh ciia ngudi vill luat Id mudn thdng nhat nhung nhdm dieu luat cd ngi dung giong Ngoai ra, bg luat cdn cd nguon goc tir nhftng quyet djnh ciia tda an vd cdc phan quyll ciia tda dn cao cdp luc bay gid va nhftng mpnh Ipnh, chieu chi ciia nha vua Nhu vdy, bg lugt Hammurabi khdng phdi la mgt the che hay hp thong lugt diy dO; ban nfta nd Id sy suu tap nhftng lugt vd chieu chi ma Hammurabi cho rang can dugc trlnh bay Igi Ve ca cdu bg lugt Hammurabi bao gdm gan 300 phan dugc cau ket ky cang hon bat ky bp lugt nao trudc dd ma chiing ta dugc biet, bao gdm ba phan chinh: phan md dau, phan npi dung vd phdn kel luan Phdn md ddu ciia bg luat khdng djnh rang dat nudc Babylon la mgt vuong qudc cdc than linh tgo Va chinh cac thin linh da trao dat nudc eho vua Hammurabi de thdng trj, lam cho dat nudc giau cd, nhan dan no dii Hammurabi ke cdng lao ciia minh ddi vdi dat nudc: "vi hgnhphuc cua loai ngirdi than Ann (than Trdi) vd than Enlin (thdn Ddt) dd l^nh cho tram Hammurabi mpi vi vua quang minh va ngoan dgo phdt huy chinh nghia a dai, di?l trir nhimg ke gian dc khong tudn theo phdp lugt, lam cho ke mgnh khong hd hiep ngiral yeu Jam cho tram giong nhu than Samdl (thdn Mgt Trdi, dnh sdng vd xet xir), soi den ddn den to dnh sdng khdp mat ddt" Vugt khdi ban che lich su, gia trj xa hpi cua bg lugt dugc the hipn d muc dich ban hanh luat "de cho ngirai mgnh khong hd hiep ke yeu, de cho nhiing nguai co qud co cho nuang tua a thdnh Babylon, nai md thii linh cua no du^c thdn Anu vd thdn Enlin khen ngpri, a den Exajin md nen mong cua no Idu ben cimg vai trdi ddt, de cho tda dn nudc ti^n viec xet xir de cho su tuyen dn nuoc lien viec quyit dinh di cho nhiing Duong Thj Huyen Tgp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE ke hi thiet thoi duac trinh bdy chinh nghia, tram khac nhitng lai vang ngpc cua Irdm len cpt dd cua tram trudc bite; lupng cua Irdm ciing tuc Id buc tuang ciia mpt vi vua cong bdng" Day la gid trj nhan van cao ca cua bp luat ma khong phdi tat cd cac bg luat thdi cd dgi d phuong Ddng deu cd dugc Phan ngi dung chua dyng 282 dieu lugt - day la phan chii ylu ciia bg lugt Ngi dung ciia bd luat chua phan chia tftng nganh luat rieng biet, nhung tdc gia cua bg luat da cd y thuc sdp xep cdc dieu khoan tung nhdm rieng theo ndi dung cua chiing Dieu ndy thugn tipn cho viec tim hilu va xet xu Lugt Hammurabi la mgt bg lugt tdng hgp dugc xdy dung dudi dgng luat hinh, bao gom cac quy pham phdp lugt dieu chinh nhieu ITnh vuc, chii ylu Id nhimg quan he xd hgi lien quan den lgi ich cua giai cap thong tri Phan ngi dung, bd luat tap trung dieu chinh bdn ITnh vyc chu yeu la ddn su, hinh sy, hdn nhdn gia dinh va to tyng nhung khdng cd su tach rdi gifta cdc ITnh vuc Cdc qui phgm cua luat Hammurabi cung gidng nhu cac bd luat khdc d phuang Ddng la mang tinh hdm hdn, cac dieu luat deu kem theo che tdi O mdi ngi dung ciia dieu luat deu chua dyng nhirng diem tien bd vd hgn che so vdi luat phdp cua cac qudc gia cd dgi khdc Trong phan ket lugn, Hammurabi de cao cdng lao ciia minh trudc nhan dan, keu ggi nhftng dng vua ke tuc den on vd thyc hien nhftng dieu lugt ciia Hammurabi: "Ddy Id phdp lugt due vua Hammurabi bach thdng ddt de dem lgi hgnh phiic cho chdn chinh vd dgt nen thong tri nhdn lir nuac" "Tir den ngdn dai sau, cdc vua nuac phdi tudn theo nhirng lai chinh nghia cita irdm da khdc tren cpt dd cua tram, khong duac thay doi viec xet xir tram dd quyet djnh" Ddng thdi, Hammurabi tuyen bd se trung tri tat ca nhung xem thudng vd cd y djnh hiiy bd bg luat Dieu phan nao chiing td vai trd to Idn ciia bg luat ddi vdi sy phat triin toan thjnh ciia dit nude Ludng Ha thdi Babylon 94(06): 33-41 NHUNG DIEM TIEN B O V A HAN CHE CUA B O L U A T HAMMURABI Ve dan sir Nhftng diem tien bg, dac sac nhat ciia bd luat chinh la cdc qui djnh vl dan sy Bg lugt da ddc bipt chu y dilu chinh quan hp hgp dong vi day la quan hp bien d xa hdi Ludng Ha co dai, cd nhieu quy djnh khong nhftng tien bg ve ndi dung md cdn chgt che ve ky thugt lap phap Ve h^rp ddng mua bdn, lugt quy djnh ba dilu kien bat budc ddi vdi hgp ddng mua bdn la: Thu nhat, ngudi ban phai Id chii thyc sy cua tai sdn (dieu 7: Neu dan ty mua ciia hoac nd le ciia dan tu hoac Irft giiip hoac cho hg bgc hodc vdng hodc no le, hogc nft nd le, hodc bd, hogc cim, hoac lua, hodc bat cu vgt gi, md khdng cd ngudi lam chiing hodc giay chiing nhgn thi tire Id dn trdm, se bj xu tir.) Thu 2, tai san phdi cd gid tri sft dyng (Dieu 108: Neu my hang rugu khdng chju lay thdc ban rugu xikera ma Igi diing can gid de lay bac va so lugng rugu xikera quy dinh lai thap hon sd lugng thdc quy djnh thi mu hang rugu bj td gidc va bi nem vdo lira) Thu 3, hgp ddng phai cd ngudi lam chiing (dilu 7) Neu thieu mgt ba dieu kipn tren thi hgp ddng khdng cd gid trj Ngudi vi phgm nhftng quy djnh se bi xu phgt rat ndng, cd phai ddnh ddi bang ca mgng sdng Quy djnh ndy rdt lien bg va chat che, bdo vp quyen Igi cho ngudi mua va tranh gian ldn budn ban Dilu thi hien ro gid tri thuc tien cao cac quy djnh ciia bg lugt Ve hprp dong vay muon, lugt quy djnh mirc lai suat khdc ddi vdi timg logi: vay thdc va vay tien (Dieu 89; Neu tamca cho vay thdc hogc bgc ldy lai, thi mdi guru (1 guru= 121 lit) cd the lay lgi 100 ca thdc (1 ca= 0,4 lit den 0,8 lit) Neu cho vay bgc trang thi mdi xikho bgc (I xikha = cm^ = 180 seun, seun = 1.05 cm') cd the lay lgi 1/6 vd seun) Neu ngudi cho vay lay lai xuit cao hon miic quy djnh thi se mat vdt eho vay (Dieu 91: Neu tamca khong tuan theo quy djnh la thdc thi mdi guru lay lgi 100 ca, bac trang thi mdi 35 Duong Thj Huyen Tgp chl KHOA HQC & C N G N G H $ xikho lay lgi 1/6 xikho vd seun md tdng them Igi tire thi ngudi ndy bj mit vgt dd cho vay) Lugt cimg quy dyih cho vay, dung than the eon ngudi kim vgt bdo ddm hgp ddng Quy djnh ndy dugc the hipn d dicu 15, 116, 117 nhu: "Neu ddn l{r Id chit np' ciui mpi nguirl ddn tg- da khdc, vd giir tin ciia nguai ndy md ngm'ri lain tin v'l sd mi-nh md chet ir nhd nguai giir minh lain tin, thi vi^c khong the lain c dn cir de lo cdo Miic quy dinh lai xual dot vdi h^rp dong vav lur Id 1/5 doi vai lien, vay thdc Id 1/3" Day la nhftng quy d|nli tien bg, mgt phan bdo vp quyen Igi ciia ngudi d' vay, mgt phan ddm bdo cho \ipc vay mugn dugc cdng bing, trdnh hipn tugng cho vay ndng Idi, khdng phii hgp vdi gid trj ciia vgt cho vay Nhung tren thyc le nhiing dng chii (chii-jcu la tang Idp thuong nhan) cho vay thudng day cao muc Idi xuat cho vay, cd len den 20% Hipn tugng cho vay nang lai da kha bien d Ludng Hd D6 cung la nguyen nhdn thiic day thuang nghipp d Ludng Hd phat trien hon cac qudc gia khac Ve hap dong linh canh rupng ddt, luat quy djnh muc thu td ddi vdi tung loai ITnh canh: vudn vd rugng Doi vdi nhftng vudn trdng cdy cha Id, ngudi trdng vudn phdi nop 2/3 sd thu hoach vudn md minh quan ly cho chii vudn, cdn minh dugc 1/3 (dieu 64) Ddi vdi dat rupng thi cdn cu theo thu hogch dl thu td 1/2 hay 1/3 thi thu hogch cua rugng ddt se nong dan vd chii rugng cdn cu theo ti Ip da djnh de chia (dieu 48) Ngoai ra, dieu 42, 43,44 ciia luat cung quy djnh trach nhipm ciia ngudi ITnh canh Irudng hgp khdng chuyen can canh tdc: Neu khdng cay cay ma de rugng bd hoang, thi ngudi phai cdn cu theo ngudi ben cgnh dl ngp thdc cho chii rugng va cdn phdi cay bfta rugng dd bd hoang cho bdng phdng rdi tra lai cho rugng Quy dinh dam bao cho san xuat ndng nghipp dugc deu dgn, tranh hipn tugng bd hoang rugng dat, bdi sdn xuat ndng nghipp la ngdnh kinh te chii dgo ciia khdng chi Ludng Ha ma ciia hau het cac qudc gia co dgi phuang Ddng khac Do Jo, luat phap cung da cd nhieu quy djnh ddi vdi nhftng vipc lien quan den phat trien san xuat ndng nghipp Ddn ty ma gay thiet hgi eho hoa mdu thi deu phdi 36 94(06): 33-41 boi thudng tat cd nhftng thipt hai minh gay ra, nhat la nhftng ngudi khdng chju cham lo cho cdng tdc thiiy Igi, bdi thiiy Igi la vdn dl sing cdn doi vdi cu dan ndng nghipp Cdng tdc thiiy lgi khdng chi Id cdng vipc cua nhd nudc md cdn Id vipc cua todn dan Nha nudc cd trdch nhipm sua chfta, tu bo vd phdt trien cdc cong trinh thuy Igi, nhan dan cd trach nhipm bdo vp va trdng coi Ai co tinh vi phgm sS bj xu li, boi thudng, neu khdng cd tai sdn thi phdi bdn than de boi thudng thipt hgi hp gay Quy djnh dugc ihl hipn d dieu 53, 54, 55, 56: "Neu ddn lu luai bieng khdng chiu cung CO de dap hen rupng cua minh, do da dgp bj va nin/c ngap rupng ddt cdy cdy (cua cdng xa), thi ngiroi ddn Ig- cd de dgp hj vd' phdi boi thirdng so hoa mdu dd bj ihi^i hgi" Nhd nhihig quy djnh ddy dii vd chat che ndy, sdn xuit ndng nghipp d Ludng Hd khong ngimg phat trien, san pham san xudt khdng nhftng dap ling dii nhu cau nudc ma cdn cd du thua cho xuat khdu Ve hprp dong giri giir, luat quy djnh giri gift phdi cd ngudi Idm chirng, neu khdng ngirdi nhdn gift se bj coi la dn trgm va xii- hi, ddng thdi quy djnh mirc thii lao gdi gift (Dieu 121: Dan ty gui thdc d nha dan tu do, thi mdi nam cu mdi guru thdc phai ngp ca thue kho) Nhu vgy, nhiing quy djnh ve quan hp hgp ddng da the hipn su chgt che va tien bg ciia bp luat, gdp phdn bao vp tai sdn ciia cu dan xd hgi vd thiic day san xuat phdt trien Hipn nay, nhilu nha nghien cuu vdn ddt cau hoi la vi ky thugt xay dyng lugt phdp cua Luong Ha Igi dat den sy hoan thien den thi Bdi cdc che djnh vl hgp ddng, so vdi lugt phdp hipn dgi, ngudi ta chi thay thieu mpt logi hgp ddng nhat la hprp ddng bao hiem Dilu dd the hipn trinh dg ky thuat luat phdp khd cao cua Ludng Ha Tuy nhien, cdc che tdi cua hgp ddng thudng la cdc che tdi hinh sy (hinh phgt) kha khdc nghipt Bd lugt quy djnh neu ngudi ban bi ngudi Idm chiing td cdo vgt ban la ciia ngudi khac thi se bj tu hinh Ngugc lai, nlu cd ngudi nhan vat ban Id ciia minh bj mit nhung khdng cd ngudi Idm chung thi ngudi nhan cung bj tu hinh vd lugt cho ring diy la tgi vu Duong Thi Huyen Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE khdng (dieu va dilu 11) Qua dd cd the thiy luat bdo vp lgi ich cho giai cap thdng trj Nhftng ke gidu cd cho vay mugn, thue mudn ludn luon dugc phap luat bao vp, cdn nhan dan lao dgng ngheo khd la ddi tugng trung trj cua phap lugt Cho nen, ddi sdng ciia nhan ddn d tat cd cac thdi ky deu khd eye nhu Phap luat la giai cap thdng trj ddt de bdo vp quyln lgi cho giai cdp thdng trj, cdn nhan dan lao dgng hau nhu khdng dugc bdo ve ma ludn la ddi tugng bdc Igt chii yeu ciia nhd nudc Day la diem han che ciia lugt Hammurabi cung nhu cua tit cd cdc bg luat khdc tren the gidi xa hgi van cdn sy phan chia giai cap Che dinh hdn nhan va gia dinh Hammurabi khdng chi quan tdm den sy den tdi khdt khe Trong sd nhftng quy djnh tien bd nhat bd luat ciia dng Id nhftng lugt ve gia dinh Lugt ve hdn nhan vd gia dinh gdm 66 dieu rat chi tiet ve ket hdn, thoai hdn, ly hon, vg ca, vg le, vg ke, ndng hau, nudi ke thfta tdi san cha me, di chii Diem tien bg dau tien lugtvl hdn nhdn vd gia dinh la quy djnh thu tyc kit hdn phdi cd giay td Muc dich ciia thii tuc ndy chii yeu nhdm bao ve quyen lgi ciia ngudi vg ngudi vg hay ngudi chdng ddi ly dj Quy djnh ndy Id mot budc phat trien sdm nen van minh Luong Hd ma khdng phai guoc gia cd dgi phuang Ddng ndo ciing cd O An Do cd dai, tft "cudi vp"" ddng nghTa vdi tu "mua va", cupc hdn nhdn dd khdng cd gl dam bdo cho nguoi phy nft vd ngudi chdng An Do cd todn quyen ddi vdi ngudi vg cua minh Ngay d mdt sd khu vuc ciia nudc ta hien nay, vdn 6e dang ky ket hdn van chua dugc coi Mdt quy dinh rdt nhan dgo khac dat hodn canh liic bay gid la; "Ngudi chong khong dugc bo va biet ngudi v(r mdc b4nh phong hui" Vdi nhftng trudng hgp vg mdc cac benh khac, ngudi chdng cd the lay vg khdc nhung van phdi cap dudng cho vg trudc va neu mudn, ngudi vg cd the rdi khdi nhd chdng vd gift Igi cua hdi mon eua minh nghTa la phdn ddng gdp ciia gia dinh nha gai cho di lay chdng Mgt ngudi dan dng gda vg khong dugc gift va tieu xdi ciia hdi mdn ciia ngudi vg qua cd ma phai de lgi cho cac trai ciia minh Nhung mgt qua phy lai cd the gift ciia hdi mdn ciia minh 94(06): 33-41 Hammurabi da quy djnh van de hdn nhdn that ti mi, ro rang la dng mudn bao ddm mdt cugc sdng on djnh cho nhftng the he tuong lai Ong da xu ly sy bpi udc bdng cdch quy dinh rdng: neu mgt ngudi ddn dng dd dua tien thdeh cudi cho cha vg tuong lai va sau dd Igi quyet dinh khdng cudi cd gai dd nfta, cha cd gdi cd the gift lai tien thach cudi dd Neu mgt ngudi ddn dng mudn ly dj ngudi vg khdng sinh dugc con, cd the lam dugc dieu nhung phai hodn trd cua hdi mdn va cho CO ta mgt khodn tien bang sd tien thdeh cudi (dieu 138) Nhu vdy, lugt da quan lam bdo dam ddi sdng cho nhftng ngudi vg khdng cd con, danh cho hg nhftng dilu kipn sdng toi thieu de khdng bi bac dai, khdng bj tudc bd quyen sdng Dieu chung Id, Hammurabi da cong khai thfta nhgn vj the de bi tdn hai cua phy nft vd tre em xa hdi va da quan tam chdm sdc, bdo ve hg Quan diem cua Hammurabi vi vgy mang gid tri nhan van rat sau sac Tuy nhien, bd luat khong han la mpi lai lieu tien bp Mgt sd quyet djnh bp lugt phan anh mot tieu chuan kep ve gidi tinh Gia dinh gia trudng gift mgt y nghTa ldn xa hdi Babylon cd Ngudi phu nft cd dja vj thap kem Theo dieu khoan 129 ciia bg lugt, ngudi chdng Id dng chii, nghTa Id ke chiem hftu day quyen hanh ddi vdi vg minh Ngudi chdng mua vg ve nhu mua mgt nd le Neu khdng cd con, ngudi chdng cd quyen ly di, ban vg hoac lay vg le Khi phgm tgi ngogi tinh, chdng vd vg chju nhirng hinh phgt khac Neu bat dugc vg ngogi tinh thi ngudi chong cd quyen trdi vg va nhan tinh cua vg nem xudng sdng cho chet Ngugc lai, neu ngudi chong khdng chung thiiy thi ngudi vg ed the lay cua hoi mon va trd ve vdi cha me minh Khdng cd chd ndo bg luat ndy lai phdt bieu rang mpt ngudi chdng se phai chiu hinh phgt gidng nhu vay neu khdng trung thdnh vdi vg Cac ban gid thii hdi dd cdn cho thdy neu ngudi vg che chdng thi ngudi chdng cd thi ddng dau nd le vao ngudi vg rdi mang di ban Mdt buc minh vdn cdn cho thdy rdng, ngudi cha, ngudi chdng cd quyen khdng gidi hgn ddi vdi gia dinh minh Mgt vdn kien ed ndi mgt ngudi ten Id Samat 37 Duong Thj Huyin Tgp chl KHOA HQC & C N G N G H $ Daian da ban tat ca vien gia dinh gdm vg vd cac nd Ip nam nft dc lay lien trd chii ng Anh la da bao vp quyen ty ciia minh bdng mgi gid cao nhu the Nhu viiy giong nhu cac bg lu§l khdc ciia cdc nudc phuang Ddng co dgi bg lugt Hammurabi dd benh vyc quyln lgi cho ngudi dan dng va bao vp chl dp gia Irudng uy quyln dgc doan Dilu iy chung td, \ii hgi Ludng Ha cii sy bat binh ddng kha sau s;ic gifta quyln lgi va dja vj ciia ngirdi ddn dng va phy nft Ve che dinh thira kc tiii san Theo quan diem ciia Ang- ghcir "Id s\,r chuyen dfch tdi sdn cua ngirai chi-l cho nguai cdn \dng" Quyen thfta kl Id quyen thfta hudng tdi sdn ciia ngudi chet dc lai theo mgt trinh lu phap lugt quy djnh Phap lugt cho phep nhftng ngudi thua ke dugc hudng di san, dong thdi bugc hp phdi thyc hien nhftng nghTa vy tai san ciia ngudi chit Lugt Hammurabi phdn Idm hai hinh thuc thua ke: thira ke theo luat phap vd thua ke theo di ehiie Q thdi ky dau, hinh thirc chii >cu Id thfta ke theo lugt sau dd thua ke theo di ehiic trd thdnh phd bien hon Thua ke theo di ehiic: Di chiic la y chi chii quan cua ngudi cd tai san djnh doat tdi san ciia minh cho ngudi khac sau chet Theo lugt gia Ulpian thi: "Di chuc la s\r the hi^n y chi cua chung la vd y chi dirprc lh\rc hi^n sau chung la diet" Bg lugt da hgn che quyen ty ciia ngudi viet di chiic nhu qui djnh ngudi cha khdng dugc tudc quyln thfta kl ciia trai nlu ngudi mdi phgm loi ldn ddu va loi khdng nghiem trgng Thfta kl theo phap luat; Trong trudng hgp khdng cd di chiic hodc di chiic vd hipu thi di sdn ciia ngudi chet de lgi dugc chia theo lugt, tai san dugc chuyen den cho nhftng ngudi cd quyen doi vdi tai sdn dd theo lugt djnh Thdi gian dau, tdi sdn tgp trung d ddng hg vd din dan dugc chuyen ve gia dinh cd quyen thua ke vd thdnh tdi san chung ciia gia dinh Neu phdp luat ciia mgt sd quoc gia cd dgi phucmg Ddng khdc, quyen thua ke chi thudc vl trai thi lugt phdp Luong Ha, trai, gai deu dugc hudng quyen thfta ke ngang Day cd the coi la mgt sy 38 94(06)- 33 - binh ding it di vl gidi d Ludng Ha Luat phi - cdng cy thi hipn tinh than cai trj ciia nl nudc dd quan tam tdi quyen lgi va ddi son ciia ngudi gdi cha mp mat Dieu 17 quy djnh; ""Neu nguai vp* chinh thirc cua dd ig- sinh cdi cho y, nir no 14 ciia y ciin sinh cdt cho y va ngirdi cha dan sdng noi nhirng dira nir no l^ sinh I "con cua tdi- coi nhOng dua ngan\ hdng vdi nhimg dira cua nguai VQ chi^ ihiic Ihi sau nguirl cha chet, nhOng dui cua ngur/i v(r chinh ihuv vd nhirng diA cua nguai nir no I? phdi cimg chit deu gia tcji cua cha Khi chia tdi sdn cm nguirl v(r chinh thirc dux/c tru lien chpn phdi cua minh" Tdt ca deu dd quy djnh rdt chi till vdi myc dich bao dam quyen thua ke ciit ngudi theo dung vj tri cua hg quan hp vdi ngudi cha Ve hinh sir LTnh vyc hinh sy la ITnh vuc the hien ro nhat tinh giai cap va sy bdt binh dang Mgt nguyen tic \u)en sudt va the hipn rd bg lugtU nguyen tac bao \e quyen lgi, dja vj ciia ngu6i chdng ngudi cha gia dinh Bg lugt dl the hipn dja \ j thap kem va de bj xam hgi cii ngudi phy nft d xa hgi Ludng Ha cd dgi, Ve van de che djnh \e hdn nhan va gia dinh dd the hipn khd rd net Che djnh hinh sy cung bao vp cac quan h^xi hgi nhu; quy C-n so hftu, bao \ e che dp no le bdo vp nhdn pham danh dy cua ngudi, Hammurabi da cdng nhgn ba giai cip xShfii gidi thugng luu (mgt nhOng ddng hpo rugng dit tu Idu ddi), gidi cdng dan t y i khdng CO rugng dit va gidi nd le LU nghiem khic trung phgt ke nao xiic phgm^ ngudi ty do, dac bipt la ngudi cd dia vj cao Theo nhu dieu 202- "nSu mot ke ndo m vao mgt mpt nguui co dia vj cao thi ke