MOT SO HAN CHE TRONG QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU N A M 2015 VE GI61 HAN CUA VIEC XET XlT SO THAM TRAN THI A N H " Tom tat: Gidi han ciia viec xet xil sd tli£m la mot che'dinh phap ly quan trong phap luat to tung hhih sU Nhan thvfc day dii, toan dien che dinh se giiip cac chii the tham gia to'tung thuc hi$n dung dan chitc nang, nhiem vu pham vi xet xii sd tham vu an hinh sU, gop phin dam bao quyen ngudi, quyen cong dan va bao v^ cdng ly Tuy nhien, quy dinh gidi ban xet xic sd thim hien dan den nhieu quan diem khac v^ly Juan, phap ly cdng nhu tbuc tien Bai viSi phan tich nhiing han che quy dinh cua Bo luat to tung binh sii nam 2015 ve gidi ban xet xii sd tham va de xuat hudng s^a doi thdi gian tdi Tit khoa: Gidi ban; gidi ban xet xii; xet xii sd tham; to tung hinh sii Abstract: Restrictions on the court of iirst instance is an important legal regulation in tbe criminal law Thorough understanding of this regulation allows actors in the criminal procedure to act according to their functions, ensuring human rights, citizen rights and justice protection However, restrictions on tbe court of first instance have led to diverse theoretical and practical approaches This article discussed tbe limitations in how tbe 2015 Crimmal Code restricted the court of first instance in order to propose revisions in the upcoming time Keywords: Restriction; court of first instance; criminal procedure Ngay nhan bai: 04/4/2019; Ngay svla bai: 19/4/2019: Ngay duyet dang bai: 29/7/2019 D a t v a n d e b e n hi buoc toi Mac dii Bo l u a t To' t u n g N e n tit p h a p Viet N a m , h o a t dong xet h i n h sU n a m 2015 da siia do'i, bo' s u n g xrl d e u dilOc quy d i n h g i n lien vdi Toa a n n h i e u noi d u n g t r o n g quy dinh ve gidi b a n va no cung la chiic n a n g ciia Toa a n H o a t ciia viec xet xii, n h u n g hien n a y v&n dong xet xil la mot b o a t dong to t u n g phiic n h i e u y kien b a n l u a n t r a i chieu, xoay tap, q u a n h quy d i n h ve gidi h a n cua viec xet doi hoi sU chinh xac cao, d a m b a o "diing nguai, dung toi, dung phap lu^t", tao n i e m t i n cho N h a n d a n doi vdi N h a nKdc Tuy n h i e n , viec xet xii ciia Toa a n cd xii sd t h a m K h a i n i e m gidti h a n x e t x i i scf t h a m t r o n g t o t u n g h i n h stf mdt gidi h a n ( p h a m vi) n h a t dinh, chii Trong khoa hoc p h a p ly cac ntldc chau khong t h e t h u c h i e n m o t each vo b a n m a A u luc dia, t h u a t ngQ "to tung" dUOc b i t k h o n g gidi b a n vd'n dUdc goi la "gidi han nguon xet xif "processus", C h i n h gidi h a n xet xii la yeu to til tieng L a t i n h , tiS t h u a t ngii tiie la quy t r i n h thUe Men cac b a o d a m cho Toa a n t h u c h i e n chile n a n g xet xii t r o n g p h a m vi t r u y to ciia Vien Kiem s a t va bao d a m q u y e n bao chUa ciia SA 1.2019 ci NCS Khoa Luat, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xS hoi; Email: anh06478@gmail.com NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA MM Q] MOT SO HAN CHE TRONG QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU hoat dong, cac nhiem vu de dat dUde mue dich nao Theo each hieu nay, to' tung hinh sU (TTHS) dUOc hieu la mot quy trinh bao gom nhiing boat dong to' tung khac dUde thuc hien bdi nhieu chii the khac theo quy dinh ciia phap luat de dam bao xil ly vu an dUdc nhanh chdng, chinh xac va khach quan Noi each khac, TTHS la trinh tu tien hanh giai quyet vu an hinh su (VAHS) theo quy dinh ciia phap luat TTHS bao gom toan bo hoat dong ciia co quan cd tham quyen tien hanh to' tung, ngudi co th^m quyen tien hanh to' tung, ngudi tham gia to' tung, cd quan nha nUdc khac va ciia ca nhan, to chlic xii hoi gop phan vao viec giai quyet vu an theo quy dinh ciia phap luat TTHS Nhu vay To' tung hinh sii la quy trinh (trinh tii) thiic hien nhiing hoat dong eiia cac ca quan co tham quyen tien hanh to tVg, ngitdi CO thim quyen tien banh to tung va ngitdi tham gia to tung nhhm giai quyet dung din vu an hinh sii theo quy dinh ciia phap luat to'tung hinh sii ling nhu cau thUc ti^n ve cdng tac da'u tranh phong, chdng toi pham Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay cac van ban phap luat TTHb deu khong dUa khai niem "gidi han xet xO" va "gidi han xet xil sa tham" (ngay ca BLTTHS nam 2015 da sila doi quy dinh ve gidi ban ciia viec xet xil cap sd thiim) ma chi the hien ndi dung pham vi, nhiem vu, thii tuc ma Vign Kiem sat (VKS) va Toa an phai thuc hien h giai doan xet xil sd th^m Trong khoa hoc luat TTHS, vln nhieu quan di§m khac ve khai niem, noi dung cua "gidi han xet xil" va khai niem "gidi han xet xii so thim" Di^n hinhnhU: Theo Tijf dien tieng Viet dinh nghia "Gidi han la pham vi, mdc dp nhit dinh Idiong thS hoac khdng ditdc phep vitat qua", "Thim quyen la mot danh tU chi tit each ditpc Nha nitdc trao cho thilc hien, tien hanh hay quyet dinh (mot viec)"'^'' Qua dinh nghia cho thft'y, xet ve ngon til, ndi dung "gidi han xet xit' khdng the d6ng nghia v6i "thim quyen xet xil" Neu xet i gdc da phap ly thi tham quyen xet xil ciia Gidi han xet xil la mot che dinh quan Toa an chinh la quyen ban ciia Toa an trong TTHS Viet Nam va la van de duoc xem xet giai quyg't vu an theo quy phdc tap ve ly lu&n va thUc tiln Gidi han dinh ciia phap lu&t Con gidi han xet xil la xet xii (GHXX) xuat hito dau tien "De "noi ham" cua tham quyen xet xil, tile la an ve trinh tii xit xH sd thim ve hinh sil" pham vi, mile quyen ban ciia Toa an ciia Toa an nhan dan toi cao (TANDTC) dUdc phep xem xet, phan quyg't qua dUdc xay dung nam 1964, sau dUOc trinh giai quyet VAHS Trong do, tfl hudng d&n Thong tu so' 16/TATC dien Lu4t hoc dinh nghia gidi han ciia xet 27/9/1974 va Thong tu lien tich so' xil nhu sau: "Gidi han ciia xet xii hinh sil 01/TANDTC-VKSNDTC 08/12/1988 la pham vi Toa an cap sa thim ditac xem Van de "gidi han ciia viec xet xil" chinh thilc xet va giai quyet ve vu an"''' Nhu vfty, kbi duoc '"phap dien hoa" tai Dieu 170 Bp luat de cap noi dung gidi ban ciia xet xil hinh To tung hinh sU (BLTTHS) Viet Nam nam 1988 Sau do, che dinh tiep tuc dudc ghi '" Trung t a m Til d i l n hoc (2005), TO dSSn tigng Viet nhftn tai Dieu 196 BLTTHS nam 2003 va Nxb Da Nang Dieu 298 BLTTHS nam 2015 nhim dap '»' Bo Tu phap (2006), TO cjieil Luit hoc, Nxb Tii rtBach khoa, T a phap, H a Noi IQ NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HM TRAN THI ANH sii, tii dien Luat hoc chi cho rang chu the xem xet va giai quyet VAHS pham vi cho phep la Toa an cap sO tham Theo tac gia, dinh nghia nhxt vay la chiia d^y du, bdi le xet xii la hoat dong khong chi diidc thuc hien bcii Toa an cap sd tham, ma d\16c thUc hien h6i Toa an cap phiic tham {nguyen t&c hai cap xet xii) Trong hoat dong xet xxi cua Toa an cap phiic th^m, ciing phai tuan thu mot gidi han, pham vi nhat dinh theo quy dinh - la pham vi xet xtf phiic th^m Ngoai ra, khai niem t^ dien neu ciing chua the hien dUOc noi dung cu the ciia GHXX nhU: pham vi Toa an cap sd th^m dUdc xem xet va giai quyet la gi (doi tiiOng)? xac dinh tren cd sci va miic nao? Ve van di GHXX sd tham, cac nha nghien ciiu luat hoc ciing co nhi^u y kien trai chieu Co quan diem cho rang: "Gidi han xet x^ cung chinh la thim quySn xet xvC ma thim quyen xet xii thi khong chi bao ham mot dieu lu^t"^^\ O day, tac gia da dong nhat "gidi han xet xtJ" la "thim quyen xet xiF' Theo mot quan diem khac: "Thim quyen xet xvt la quyen xet x(J doi vdi titng vu an cu the, mot pham vi (gidi han) phap lu$t quy dinh, la quySn cac quyet dinh xet xii vu an mdi thu tuc xet x^ khac nhau, pham vi, miic quyen han cua Tda an ciing khac va ditdc ggi la pham vi xet xvt va gidi han xet xiJ Gidi han xet xvt dung de han che Toa an cap sO thim chi diiOc xet xit ngi dung ban cao trang VKS truy td"^^K Tac gia dong tinh v6i quan diem d noi dung bcii "thim quyen" khong dong nghia v6i "gidi han" Tr6 lai v6i cac quan diem cua cac nha luat hoc ve "gidi ban" va tham quyen xet xii, CO the thay, c6 quan diem cho rling: "Gidi han xet xii la sii the hien noi dung cua nguyen tic doc l$p xet xO'^^K Quan diem de cap khai ni§m GHXX chua dUdc xay dUng dUa tren cac dau hieu dac trUng nhu chu the, quyen han, noi dung, doi tuong, Mat khac, GHXX sd tham la mot nhiing noi dung th^ hien moi quan he che U6c giUa VKS va Toa an giai doan xet x^ sd tham VAHS, mac du co lien quan den nguyen tSc doc lap xet xr£ cua Toa an nhUng noi dung va y nghia cua chiing khong gio'ng GHXX co y nghia viec cu the hoa moi quan he che Udc giiia VKS va Toa an; dinh pham vi thUc hien quy^n ban cua Toa an tien hanh xet xii sd th^m VAHS de tranh lam quyen, dam bao hoat dong to' tung thUc hien diing d§.n, khach quan, khong de lot toi pham va khong lam oan ngudi vo toi Nguyen tac doc lap xet x^ la nguyen tac hien dinh nham dam bao cho viec xet xii ciia Hoi dong xet xii dUdc khach quan, cong bang; bat ky ca nban, to chUc, cd quan nao ciing khong dUdc quyen can trci, can thiep vao hoat dong xet xii cua Toa an Vi vay, nguyen tic doc lap xet xii chi la mot nbiJng cd sd de quy dinh GHXX chU khong phai la noi dung cua GHXX Nguyin Van Hien (1999), "Va'n de gi6i h a n xet XLI cua Toa a n n h a n dan", Tap chi Toa an nhan dan (s6' 8),tr.l-5 (« Nguyin Van Huygn (2002), Tham quySn xet xii cua Toa an cac c&'p, Lufin an tig'n si Trildng Dai hoc Luat Ha Noi '« Dang Quang PhiJdng (1995), "Nguyen tac d5c Mp xet xii va va'n d i gi6i h a n xet yA t6' tung hinh sil", "NhiJng van de ly luan va thUc tien c&'p bach cua to tung hinh sii Viet Nam", Kyyiu de tai khoa hoc cA'p bo, Vien Kiem sat n h a n dSn to'i cao, tr.43 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHdl Q MOT SO HAN CHE TRONG QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU Theo mot q u a n diem khac thi: "Gidi han xet xit la Tda an chi xet xit ve hinh sii doi vdi nhiing bi cao va nhUng hanh vi da bi Vien kiem sat truy to'ma Tda an da cd quyet dinh difa xet xit" Con "Gidi han xet xii scf thim vu an hinh sit cd the hieu la pham vi nhiing ngitdi, nhiing hanh vi ma Hoi dong xet xvt sO thim ditgc xet xii taiphien tda Pham vi khdng phai la vd han ma ngitdc lai nd diiOc han che bdi nhiing ngitdi, nhiing hanh vi ma Vien kiem sat da truy to'va Tda an da quyet dinh dita vu an xet xxi'^-^'K NhU vay, quan diem cho rang: GHXX thUc chat la mdi quan he TTHS giUa VKS va Tda a n d giai doan tit xet xii so t h a m , phiic t h ^ m den giam dd'c tham, t a i t h a m Md'i q u a n h e xuat hien tii VKS gvd cao t r a n g va ho sO vu an sang Toa a n va dUdc the hien thong qua KiSm sat vien dUdc Vien t r u d n g VKS liy quyen nghien cUu ho so vu an, lam cao t r a n g va giii quyen cong to' trUdc tda cung vdi Tham p h a n dUdc giao nhiem vu nghien cUu ho so vu an va se lam chu toa phien tda neu vu an dUdc dUa xet xif\ Quan diem t r e n dUdc xay dung t r e n cd sd md'i q u a n he giUa VKS va Tda a n cac giai doan xet xii ma p h a p l u a t TTHS quy dinh Tac gia n h a n tha'y day la quan niem co nhiing yeu to' hdp ly nha't dinh Bdi le, k h a i nidm GHXX, GHXX sd t h a m dUdc neu chUa dUng d^y du cac yeu to' cd b a n ciia mot khai niem, la chu the, khach t h e va ndi d u n g cd b a n thuoc ve b a n cha't ciia v a n de O day, chu the thUc hien dUdc xac dinh la Tda a n cd t h a m quy^n xet xii; khach t h e chinh la h a n h vi va chii t h e hi t r u y td', d u a xet xii; ndi dung cd b a n thuoc ve b a n cha't cua gidi b a n chinh la p h a m vi, mUc q u y i n b a n ma Tda an [Q dUdc p h e p thUc hien k h i t i e n h a n h xet xU Tuy nhien, q u a n diem n a y v a n chUa thiic sU day du, bdi le GHXX dUdc quy d i n h k h d n g chi dUa t r e n cd sci mdi q u a n h e gi»ia VKS va Tda a n t r o n g viec thUc hien cac chUc n a n g buqc tdi v a chUc n a n g xet xU, m a p h a i dUdc x a y dUng t r e n cd sd d a m bao thUc hien q u y e n b a o chiia cua b e n hi buoc tdi, tUc la d a m b a o chUc n a n g gd toi t r o n g T T H S dUdc thUc hidn Cd nhU vay, mdi d a m bao mdi q u a n h e h a i h d a giiia cac chUc n a n g cd b a n t r o n g T T H S : buoc toi, gd tdi va xet x^ Ndi d u n g gidi b a n cua viec xet xii sd t h ^ m theo quy d i n h t a i Dieu 196 B L T T H S n a m 2003 va Di4u B L T T H S hiSn b a n b la mot budc ti§'n bo h d n q u y d i n h GHXX t a i Dieu 170 B L T T H S n a m 1988, d ndi dung: cho p h e p Tda a n (Hoi d o n g xet xii) k h i giai quyet v u a n cd q u y e n doc lap quyet d i n h k h u n g h i n h p h a t cd t h e n a n g hoac n h e h d n k h u n g h i n h p h a t t h e o toi d a n h VKS t r u y to' v a cd q u y e n q u y e t d i n h chuyen toi d a n h k h a c b a n g hoac n h e h d n toi d a n h m a V K S da t r u y to, dac b i e t Tda a n dUdc quyen xet xii bi cao tdi d a n h n a n g h d n tdi d a n h m a VKS t r u y to' t r o n g b a n cao t r a n g , n e u VKS va Tda a n k h d n g thd'ng nha't q u a n diem ve viec t r u y to' lai tdi d a n h ThUc t i i n cho tha'y, q u y d i n h n a y cdn nhieu y kien t r a i chieu, chUa thUc sU giai quyet tridt de moi q u a n h e giiia V K S va Tda a n t r o n g viec t h u c hien chUc n a n g ''' Pham Hgng Hai (1998), "Ban them v l gi6i h a n ciia viec xet xft sd t h ^ vu an hinh s^f', Tap chi Luat hoc (s6 ) , t r - t r , tr.48 '^ Pham m n g Hai, "Van dSgi& han xet x^ luat td tung binh V,http://www.phamhonghai.vn/van-.de gioi-han-cua-viec-xet-xu-trong-luat-to-tung-hinhsu-newsview.apx?cal;p=948&id^259 (15/7/2014) NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 8-2019 TRAN THI ANH TTHS ciing nhU viec dam bao quyen bao chiia ciia ben hi buoc tdi qua trinh giai quy^t VAHS Day la mot nhiing van de can tiep tuc nghien ciiu lam rd Tii nhiing phan tich tren, cd the hieu: Gidi han xet xvl sO tham to'tung hinh sii la pham vi nhiing ngiidi, nhiing hanh vi ma Tda an dp sd tham ditgc quyen xem xet va cac quyet dinh tren cd sd ngi dung truy to cua Vien kiem sat de giai quyet vu an theo quy dinh cua phap luat to tung hinh sii Nhiing diem bat cap quy dinh gi6i han cua viec xet x^ sd tham Gidi han cua viec xet xrf sd tham la mot che dinh phap ly quan trong TTHS, cd y nghia quy dinh phUdng hUdng, noi dung xet xii va ca pham vi nhiing quyet dinh ma Tda an se tuyen mot VAHS cu the Ndi dung quy dinh GHXX sd tham phu hdp, cd can cU khoa hoc se la cd sd quan dam bao cho chu the tien hanh td' tung thUc hien dung, day du chUc nang nhiem vu, quyen ban cua minh qua trinh di tim chan ly cua vu an Chinh vi the', ta't ca cac BLTTHS nUdc ta (tii BLTTHS nam 1988 den BLTTHS nam 2003, BLTTHS nam 2015) deu quy dinh che dinh gidi ban cua viec xet xii - tao cd sd phap ly cho moi quan hd to' tung giiia cac chu the tham gia giai quyet VAHS mot each diing dan Dieu 298 Gidi ban cua viec xet xii "1 Tda an xet x^ nhiing bi cao va nhiing hanh vi theo tdi danh ma Vien kiem sat truy to va Toa an da quyet dinh dita vu an xet xU Tda an cd the xet xvt hi cao theo khoan khac vdi khoan ma Vien ki§m sat da truy td' cung mot dieu luit hoac ve mdt tdi khac bang hoac nhe hdn tdi ma Vien kiem sat da truy to TrvtOng hdp xet thay can xet xvt hi cao ve tdi danh nang hdn toi danh Vien kiem sat truy to' thi Tda an tra ho sd de Vien kiem sat truy to lai va thong bao rd ly cho hi cao hoac ngitdi dai dien cua bi cao, ngitdi bao chUa biet; neu Vien kiem sat vin gia tdi danh da truy to'thi Tda an cd quyen xet xvt bi cao vetgi danh nang hdn dd" Ngi dung quy dinh tai Khoan 1, va Khoan 2, Dieu 298, Bo luat To tung binh sU nam 2015 ve gidi han ciia vide xet xii phan "xet xit sd thim" cO ban dUdc giii nguyen so vdi Dieu 196 BLTTHS nam 2003, chi khac d cbo Khoan 1, Dieu 298 BLTTHS nam 2015 da siia 'Tda an chi xet xvt nhUng bi cao va nhiing hanh vi theo tdi danh "trong quy dinh cua BLTTHS nam 2003 "Tda an xet xvt nhiing bi cao va nhiing hanh vi theo tdi danh " Muc dich cua viec bo tii "chi" la de md rdng hdn GHXX cho Tda an trUdng hdp dUdc quy dinh tai Khoan Dieu Khoan 3, Dieu 298 BLTTHS nam 2015 da md rdng "gidi han cua viec xet xt>" sd th^m them trUdng hdp: Khi VKS khdng thoiig nha't ve viec thay doi tdi danh da truy td' (truy td' lai) theo yeu cau cua Tda an thi Tda an cd quyen xet xii bi cao ve tdi danh nang hdn toi danh VKStruy to' Ndi dung quy dinh nky"ditdc xem da gd" mot so' bat cap qua trinh giai quyet VAHS, nhUng thUc td' cho tha'y van cdn nhieu y kien ban luan ve vCn de Loai y kien thti nha't cho rang: Viec quy dinh cho phep Tda an cd quyen xet xii hi cao ve tdi danh nang hdn la phii hdp vdi nguyen tac doc lap xet xii, phu hdp vdi chUc nang thiic hien quyen tU pbap cua NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHdl Q MOT SO HAN CHE TRONG QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU Tda an, phan quyet ciia Tda an phai tren cd sd ket qua xet bdi, tranh tung tai phien tda NhUng loai y kien khac lai cho rang: De dam bao nguyen tac "cd truy to mdi cd xet xvt" - CO sd lam phat sinh tham quyen xet xii cua Tda an ca'p so tham la quyet dinh truy to' (ban cao trang) cua VKS Cho nen, Tda an khdng dUdc quyen xet xii bi cao va hanh vi pham toi ngoai ndi dung truy td' ciia VKS, neu Tda an vUdt qua pham vi thi Tda an khdng cdn thuc hien chUc nang xet xii ma da trd cd quan "buoc tdi tbvt hai", dd VAHS se khdng dUdc giai quyet khach quan, diing dan vi Tda an viia buoc tdi lai vUa xet xii Y$ mat ly luan, ca hai quan diem neu tren deu co cd sd nham dam bao thUc hien diing chUc nang xet xii Tuy nhien, d gdc dam bao quyen bao chiia thi trUdng hdp Tda an dUdc quyIn dUa xet xii theo tdi danh khac nang hdn tdi danh ma VKS truy to" se lam phat sinh them ndi dung buoc toi mdi, ton tai song song vdi noi dung buoc tdi ciia VKS Liic nay, ciing cin phai cd nhUng dieu kien nha't dinh de dam bao cho ben hi buoc tdi thUc hien quyen to' tung luat dinh Theo tac gia, de nbin nhan mot each toan dien ve noi dung GHXX sd th^m TTHS phai xua't phat tu mdi quan be ciia ba chUc nang cd ban TTHS: buoc toi, bao chiia va xet xii Mdi chlic nang cd tinh doc lap rieng cua minh, ba chUc nang lai cd quan he hai boa vdi VKS la cd quan dUdc Nha nUdc giao thUc hien chUc nang cdng to', thay mat Nha nUdc truy to' bi can trUdc Tda an de xet x^ ChUc nang cua ben bao chUa la phan bidn, bac bd buoc tdi cua VKS, de giam nhe toi, phu nhan trach nhiem hinh sU cua ben hi buoc toi, dUdc QJ thUc bien bdi ngudi hi budc tdi hoac ngiif^i dugc ngUdi bi budc tdi iiy quyen Toa an dUdc nha nUdc giao cho thUc bien chiic nang xet xii tUc xem xet, quyet dinh ngUdi bi buoc tdi co tdi hay khdng va xac dmh hinh thUc trach nhiem hinh sU ddi ngUdi cd tdi ChUc nang chi xua't hien cd budc tdi cua VKS Cho nen, ndi dung quy dinh gidi han cua viec xet xii sd tham phai dam bao sU bai hda cho viec thUc hidn cac chiic nang cd ban TTHS, chU khdng nen chi quan tam, chii den cac chUc nang cd ban dai dien Nha nUdc thUc hien Tat ca moi su nhin nhan phien dien deu cd thd dan den oan sai qua trinh giai quyet VAHS Va'n de gidi ban cua viec xet xii cd the chia se vdi quan didm cho rang: tvt dau hoat dong xet x^ cua Toa an da phu thudc vao hoat dong truy to cua VKS; ngi dung, pham vi truy to' xac dinh ngi dung hoat dong xet xvt cua Toa an (hoat dong bao chUa ciing phu thuoc vao noi dung va pham vi truy td); quyet dinh dita vu an xet X-& chi la sii thiia nhan chinh thUc cua Toa an ve viec ngi dung truy to' se la do'i tudng va pham vi xet xvt cua Toa an tai phien tda; gidi han xet xit khdng the anh hudng di'n tinh doc l$p xet xvt ciia Toa an, la yen to dam bao cho Toa an ludn la cd quan thiXc hien chvtc nang xet xvt, khdng cho phep Tda an cd the lam xau tinh trang cda bi cao so vdi ngi dung truy to'; nguyen tac khong dUdc lam xau tinh trang cua bi cao va nguyen tic dam bao quygn bao ChUa cua bi cao la hai ye'u to'phai ditdc can nhic giai quye't su khac biet vS danh gia phap ly giUa quyi't dinh truy to' va quye't dinh cua Tda an, Tda an co the' vitdt 'iot ngoai le NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Sd 8-2019 TRAN THI ANH neu dieu dd khdng lam xau tinh trang ciia bi cao va khdng vi pham quyen bao chUa cua bi cad^^ Theo tac gia, viec quy dinh GHXX so tham BLTTHS Viet Nam la dieu ta't yeu, la cd sd dd cac cd quan tien hanh to tung thuc hien chiic nang, nhiem vu "gidi han cho phep", dong thdi la pham vi de ben bao chiia thUc hidn quyen va nghia vu cua minh Tuy nhien, qua nghien c^u khoan Dieu 298 BLTTHS nhan tha'y hoc Id nhiing vUdng mac, bat cap sau: Thii nhit, xuat phat tii ly luan cac chiic nang cd ban TTHS thi noi dung quy dinh tai Dieu 298 BLTTHS khdng phu hdp vdi chUc nang, vai trd cua cac chu the tham gia to tung VAHS Bdi le, VKS la cd quan nha't cd chile nang budc toi ChUc nang ciia VKS TTHS la phat hien ke pham tdi va chiing minh Idi ciia ngUdi bang ban cao trang; minh chUng cho cac chu the tham gia to' tung khac VAHS tha'y rd ndi dung cua ban cao trang la cd cd sd, cd can cU bang vide the hien ban luan tdi tai phien tda Theo dd, ngUdi bi huge toi dUa trdn pham vi ban cao trang ma chuan hi ndi dung bao chfla, cbd'ng lai Idi huge tdi cua bdn huge tdi, chu dong lUa ebon hinh thiic bao chiia de bao ve minh Cdn Tda an thUc hien chUc nang xet xii Trach nhiem ciia Tda an la chiing minh phan quyet ban an, quyet dinh ma minh tuyen la cd can cii, dung dan va chi chiu trach nhiem phan quyet dd Ve va'n de nay, ciing cd the chia se quan diem theo "Van dSchvtng cvt cd du hay chita, cd the xet xii ditdc hay khdng, chvtng cd nao la chiing cvt quan khdng phai la sii ban tam cua Tda an ma chinh VKS mdi la ngitdi quan tim vin de sd 8-2019 VKS - cd quan quyet dinh truy to la cd quan cd trach nhiem thu thap, de xuat chvtng cvt lam cd sd cho quye't dinh truy to' cua minh va quyet dinh can cd nhiing chiing cvt gi, can bao nhieu chiing cii la dd de chiing minh De lot ngitdi, lot tgi la trach nhiem cua VKS, khdng phai la trach nhiem cua Toa an"'^K Neu cho phep Tda an cd quyen xet xii tgi danh khac nang hdn tdi danh ma VKS truy to' tbi Tda an da vUdt qua chUc nang xet x^, vi cd da lam thay chUc nang cua VKS - huge tgi NhU vay, thii bdi Tda an c6 cdn ddng vai trd la "trong tai" cdng tam, xet xii khach quan hay khdng? Ndi dung quy dinh tai Khoan 3, Dieu 298 BLTTHS da vd binh chung phu nhan quyet dinh truy to cua VKS va ban an cua Tda an cd cac yeii to' cua chUc nang budc tgi NhU vay, viec quy dinh quyen bao chiia cua bi cao khdng cd y nghia thUc tiin, tUc la chUc nang gd tgi TTHS khdng dUdc thuc hien - dieu dan den VAHS giai quye't mdt each phien dien, khdng khach quan, quyen ngUdi TTHS chua dUdc bao dam Qua dd, cho tha'y viec md rdng quyen xet xii cua Tda an chua giai quyet hai hda md'i quan he giUa cac chUc nang cd ban TTHS Thd hai, quy dinh tai Khoan 3, Dieu 298 BLTTHS da vi pham cac nguyen tdc hie'n dinh nhU: nguyen tac suy doan vd tgi, nguyen tac bao dam quyen bao chiia cua ngudi bi huge tdi va da "vd hieu hda" quy dinh gidi han cua viec xet xii '*' Nguyen Thai Phiic (2003), 'Van de ve gi6i han xet xii to' tung hinh su" Tap chi Nha nifdc va phap iuat, s o i l , t r - t r '^> Nguyin Trung Tin (2008), "Moi quan he gifla t r a n h tung to' tung hinh sU v6i chiic nang xet x i cua Toa an" Tap chi Nha nildc va phap luat, (so' 10) NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [Q M O T S O HAN CHE THONG QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT T O TUNG HINH SIJ , Noi dung quy dinh tai Khoan 3, Dieu 298 kh6ng the hien cu the: viec tra ho so de VKS truy to'lai nao (thdi diem nao), vay neu viec tra ho so tnfdc co quyet dinh dUa vu an xet xii (tiic giai doan chuan hi xet xit so th^m) thi viec nhan dinh "hi cao pham toi theo tgi danh nang han toi danh ma VKS truy to^', chi la danh gia chii quan ciia Tham phan dUdc phan cong chii toa phien toa do'i vdi hanh vi pham toi ciia bi cao Con neuviec tra ho sd tai phien toa, thi Tda an (Hoi ddng xet xii) da "7an san "thuc hien chiic nang ciia VKS, viia budc tgi viifa xet xii vi Hoi ddng xet xii da dinh kien cho r^ng'^i cao pham toi nang han"v& de' nghi VKS truy to' lai Nhu vay, viec xet xii cd dam bao khach quan, cd vi pham nguyen tac suy doan vd tdi da dUdc ghi nhan Hien phap va BLTTHS Viet Nam? Trong tnldng hop VKS vSn giii nguyen quan diem truy to', khdng ddng y truy to' theo tdi danh nang hon ma Tda an yeu cau thi "Tda an co quyen xet xit bi cao ve tgi danh nang han do" Liic se xua't hien "huge tgi mdi" tit Tda an, ma ban cao trang khdng truy tdbi cao va hanh vi pham tdi "tieo tgi danh ma Toa an dita xet xit' Nhu vay, van de dat la Tda an can cd vao dau thuc hien tham quyen nay? dd, Tda an chua md phien tda, chua kiem tra, danh gia chiing cU mot each toan dien? Mat khac, budc tdi nao cd gia tri phap ly hay ca hai budc toi (ban cao trang ciia VKS va quye't dinh dUa xet xii theo tdi danh nang hdn cua Tda an) deu cd gia tri phap ly de' ben bao chiia co hudng bao chQa? Mot luan diem da dUOc thd'ng nhat va ghi nhan phap luat TTHS the hien md'i quan he phd'i hop, che' udc giUa VKS va Q] Tda an, dd la: sU kien phap ly lam phat sinh viec thilc hien tham quyen xet xU ciia Tda an cap so tham la quyet dinh truy td' ciia VKS (bang ban cao trang) Bao chiia la quyen td' tung quan cua bi cao va tUOng ting vdi quyen to tung la nghia vu to' tung ciia cac cO quan tien hanh td' tung, dd cd Tda an phai tdn trong, tao moi dieu kien de bi cao thUc hien quyen to tung ciia minh mot each td't nha't, khdng dUdc vi pham Quy dinh ve gidi ban ciia viec xet xii tai Dieu 298 Bo luat To tung hinh sU nam 2015 se lam han che kha nang bao chiia ciia bi cao, hi cao khdng the lila chon phuong an bao chiia td't nha't cho minh; ddng thdi, quy dinh "gidi han cua viec xet xit" so tham BLTTHS khdng cdn y nghia ve ngdn tii va noi dung ciia nd, vi "da viiat" qua pham vi, mUc cho phep ve quyen xet xii Thiet nghi, khdng phai ngSu nhien lich sii lap phap tii BLTTHS nam 1988 den BLTTHS nam 2015 de cap gidi han ciia viec xet xii so tham deu ghi nhan: Tda an xet xii nhUng hi cao va hanh vi theo tgi danh ma VKS da truy to' va Tda an da cd quye't dinh dua xet xvt Bdi le, da truy to' thi phai cd ddi tuong cu thd' (truy td' ai? Hanh vi pham tgi gi? tdi danh gi?) cho nen phai la nhiing ca nhan phap nhan thuong mai cu the vdi tdi danh cu the, chU khdng the la hanh vi chung chung, ngudi hay phap nhan thuong mai chung chung Dd'i vdi ben bao chiia, thuc hien chUc nang gd tgi, ho cin phai bie't nhiing chi the' hi huge tdi va tgi danh cu thd' nao dl cd hudng bao chiia, cho nen khdng th^ budc tgi ma khdng kdm theo tdi danh cu the' Vdi vai trd la "trong tai"!) giiJa, xet xii khach quan Tda NH/iN LUG KHOA HOC XAHM 8-2019 , \ , ' TRAN THI ANH an cd trach nhiem dUa phan quyet tren cd sd nhiing gi VKS truy to va ket qua kiem tra chiing cii, xet hoi, tranh tung tai phien tda giiia ben budc tgi va ben bao chiia Toa an thiic hien chUc nang xet x^ cua minh pham vi nhUng ngudi, tdi danh cu the hi truy to' la hoan toan phii hdp, dam bao thUc hidn hai hda ndi dung cac chiic nang cd ban TTHS Thvt ba, ngi dung che dinh gidi han cua viec xet xii sd tham cdn ban chd' so vdi qua trinh hinh va phat trien cua quy dinh Ndi dung BLTTHS nam 2015 cd mot budc tidri rSi; quan trgng viec dam bao quyen ngudi, quyen cdng dan ciing nhu xac dinh rd hdn chUc nang, nhidm vu cua cac cd quan tien hanh to' tung, NhUng ddi chieu den quy dinh ve gidi han cua vide xet xii sd tham, tac gia nhan tha'y van cdn ndi dung chUa tbUc sU phan dinh rach rdi chUc nang, nhidm vu cua cac chu the tham gia giai quyet VAHS Dieu 23 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh "Thim phan, Hoi tham xet xvt doc lap va chi tuan theo phap luat", doc lap xet xii nhUng khdng cd nghia la viec xet xii cua Taa an la "vd han" ma dieu dd bi gidi han mpt pham vi nhat dinh theo quy dinh cua phap luat Bdi le, phap luat cd chiic nang ban chd' cua nd - chUc nang tao tinh tich cUc, che Udc lan giiia cac cd quan tien hanh to' tung thUc hien chiic nang, quyen han*^°' Chitc nang xet xii dUdc thUc hien tren cd sd va gidi han cua chlic nang budc tgi BLTTHS nam 2015 da de cao muc tieu "kiem soat tdi pham", lam cbo viec thUc hien chUc nang xet xii va chUc nang budc tdi khdng dUdc rach rdi VKS dugc giao thUc hien chUc nang budc tgi, thay mat Nha nUdc phat Sti 8-2019 hien tdi pham, cao budc va de nghi Tda an xet xii Neu VKS danh gia khdng pham tdi nang hdn tdi ma VKS da truy td' thi Tda an ciing khdng nen lam thay VKS, huge tdi nang hdn Dudi gdc dp nay, BLTTHS nam 2015 da "di mot bitdc Idi" lich sii phat trien phap luat TTHS (ndi dung quy dinh tUdng tU nhu nhiing hUdng dan thUc hien thii tuc xet x^ sd tham trUdc cd BLTTHS nam 1988), chinh sach binh sU khdng nha't quan, thay vi md rdng theo hudng tang cUdng tinh tranh tung tai phien tda; de cao dan chu, dam bao quy^n ngUdi va quyen cdng dan thi lai quay v^ muc tieu "kiem soat tgi pham", quy dinh Tda an dUdc quyen xet xii hi cao ve hanh vi pham tgi theo tdi danh ngoai pham vi truy td' ciia VKS, ma chua quan tam giai quye't bai hda md'i quan he giiia viec thUc hien quyen bao chUa cua ngUdi bi huge tdi vdi quyen cdng td va quyen xet xii Trong dd, quy dinh tai Khoan 3, Dieu 298 BLTTHS bien hanh chi mdi de cap " Tda an tra ho sd de Vien kiem sat truy to'lai va thong bao rd ly cho bi cao hoac ngitdi dai dien cua bi cao, ngiidi bao chiia biet; " cdn tbdi han de dam bao cho viec thUc hien quyen bao chiia thi chUa dUdc quy dinh cu the Kd't luan "Gidi han cda viec xet xvt sd thim" ludn la va'n de thu hut sU quan tam cua cac nha nghien cUu ciing nhU cua gidi lam cdng tac thUc tidn Ndi dung quy dinh la cd sd de cac chu the tham gia td tung thUc hien diing chUc nang, nhiem vu; giai "0' Vo K h a n h Vinh (2017), "MiiZng- vA'n de ly luan va thtic tiin ca ban, cap bach vePhap luat", tap bM giang Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q MOT SO HAN CHE TRONG QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HJNH SU quyet VAHS k h a c h quan, khdng vi p h a m cac n g u y e n t a c to' t u n g va cac quyen hie'n dinh ciia cdng d a n Vi the', ngi d u n g quy Hie'n phap nude Cong hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam nam 2013 Ludng Thi My Hien (2017), "Gidi ban dinh t a i Dieu 298 BLTTHS can dugc tiep xet xit ciia Toa an cap sa thim tuc nghien ciiu siia ddi chg phu hop, theo dinh Bg luat Td tung hinh sil nam theo quy 2015", hudng: Tda an xet xil nhiing bi cao va nhiing Cd'ng thdng t i n Vien Kid'm s a t n h a n d a n hanh vi theo toi danh pham vi quye't h u y e n Phong Dien, t i n h C^n Thd ( d a n g dinh truy to ciia VKS Toa an co the xil hi n g a y 14/4/2017) cao khac vdi ngi dung quye't dinh truy td, neu N g u y i n V a n H i e n (1999), "Van de idiong lam xau tinh trang va quyen bao chda gidi h a n xet xxi ciia Tda a n n h a n dan" Tap cua hi cao Ddng thdi, can phai soat, dieu chi Tda an nhan dan (sd' 8) chinh cac quy dinh cd hen quan den GHXX, N g u y i n V a n H u y e n (2002), Tham nhu: vide rut quye't dinh truy t d v a giai quye't quyen xet xil cua Tda an cac c^p, L u a n a n mdi quan he to' tung giiia VKS va Tda an t i e n si, TrUdng D a i hgc L u a t H a Ndi cac trUdng hop n i t quye't dinh truy td; t h a m quyen xet xii, t h a n h ph^n hdi ddng xet xii (khi cd xet xii khac vdi ndi dung truy td), thdi h a n thuc hidn quyen bao chiia, de dam bao quy dinh gidi h a n cua viec xet xii so t h a m dugc thuc hien ddng nhat ve mat ly Le T h a n h P h o n g (2018), " B a n ve gidi b a n xet xii t r o n g bd l u a t to' t u n g h i n h sU n a m 2015", Tap chi Kiem sat (so' 13) 10 N g u y i n T h a i P h u c (2003), 'Vft'n d e ve gidi h a n xet xii t r o n g to' t u n g h i n h sU", Tap chi Nha nitdc va phap luat (sd' 11) luan, phap ly ciing nhu thuc tidn 11 Dang Quang PhUdng (1995), "Nguyen t a c ddc lap xet xii va va'n d e gidi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO h a n xet xii t r o n g t d ' t u n g h i n h sU", "Nhiing Bg luat To tung hinh sil Vi$t nam 1988, nam 2003, nam Nam va'n de ly l u a n v a thUc t i l n cft'p b a c h ciia td' t u n g h i n h sU Vidt Nam", Ky yeu 2015 Bd Tu p h a p (2006), Vien Khoa hgc p h a p ly, Tu* dien Luat hgc, Nxb Tu p h a p - tai tdi cao 12 Nxb TU dien Bach khga, Ha Ndi de khoa hgc cap bd, Vien Kiem s a t n h a n d a n N g u y i n T r u n g Tin (2008), "Mdi P h a m Hong Hai (1998), "Ban t h e m q u a n h e giiia t r a n h t u n g td' t u n g ve gidi b a n ciia viec xet xii so t h a m vu an h i n h su vdi chiic n a n g xet xii ciia Tda an" h i n h sU", Tap chi Luat hgc (so 4) Tap c i i N h a nudc va phap luat, (sd' 10) P h a m Hong H a i (2014), "Van de gidi han xet xil luat td tung hinh sil", http://www.phamhonghai.vn/van-de-gioi- 13 T r u n g t a m tU dien hgc (2005), TO dien tieng Viet, Nxb D a NSng 14 TrUdng Dai hgc l u a t Tp han-cua-viec-xet-xu-trong-luat-to-tung- Minh (2018), Giao trinh hinh-su-newsview.apx?cate=248&id=259, hinh sil Viet Nam, (dang 15/7/2014) Lu&t gia Viet N a m Q Luit Ho Chl To tung Nxb Hdng DUc - Hdi NHAN LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI St 1-2019 ... ciia VKS, ma chua quan tam giai quye't bai hda md'i quan he giiia viec thUc hien quyen bao chUa cua ngUdi bi huge tdi vdi quyen cdng td va quyen xet xii Trong dd, quy dinh tai Khoan 3, Dieu 298... sd tham ditgc quyen xem xet va cac quyet dinh tren cd sd ngi dung truy to cua Vien kiem sat de giai quyet vu an theo quy dinh cua phap luat to tung hinh sii Nhiing diem bat cap quy dinh gi6i... xet xvt la quyen xet x(J doi vdi titng vu an cu the, mot pham vi (gidi han) phap lu$t quy dinh, la quySn cac quyet dinh xet xii vu an mdi thu tuc xet x^ khac nhau, pham vi, miic quyen han cua