THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT BAO DAM QUYEN CUA NGUOll Bj TAM GIAM THEO QUY DjNH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HiNHSU NAM 2015' Nguyen Ngpc Kif n* Pham Xuan Minh** * TS TrUcfng Oai hpc luat, Dai hpc Hue * * ThS Vien kiem sat nhan dan tinh Binh Phydc Thdng tin bai viet: Tir khoa: T^m giam, nguoi bj t^im giam, B6 lu^t To tung hinh su nam 2015 Lich su bdi viet: : 15/06/2020 Nh(uibai Bien tap : 25/6/2020 : 28/6/2020 Duypt bai Article Infomation: Key words: Detention; detainee; Criminal Procedure Code of 2015 Article History: Received 16 Jun 2020 Edited 25 Jun 2020 Approved 28 Jun 2020 Tom tat: Bai viet phan tich nhiing diSm tien bp va bSt cap cua Bp lu^t To tung hinh s\r nam 2015 ve bao d ^ quy^n ngu6i ap dung bi?n phap tam giam; tir co nhimg kien nghi hoan thi^n phap luat to tyng hinh sy nham giai quyet kho khan, vu6ng mac tren thyc te ap dpng bipn phdp t^m giam hipn Abstract: This article provide^, analysis of the advanced provisions of and also inadequacies of the Criminal Procedure Code of 2015 on the human rights once detention measures are applied for enforcement Since then, the article are also to provide recommendations to improve the criminal procedure law in order to solve the shortconungs and inadequacies in practice of applying the current detention measures Th^c tr^ng quy dinh cua Bp lu^t To tyng hinh sy nam 2015 vl bdo dam quyen ngirdi ap dung bi^n phdp tam giam 1.1 Trong ho^t dpng h6i cung, theo quy dinh cua Bp ludt Td tyng hinh sy nam 2015 (BLTTHS), bi can, hi cao "khdng bupc phdi dua Idi khai chIng lai chinh minh hoac bupc phdi nhan minh cd tdi" (Dilu 60, Dieu 61) Quy dinh bdo ddm cho bi can, bi cao bi tam giam thyc hipn quyen dupe im lang Ngodi ra, quy dinh ve vipc ghi am, ghi hinh cd am hoat dpng lay Idi khai, hoi cung va trudc hdi cung, co quan dilu tra (CQDT) phdi thdng bao thdi gian, dia diem hdi cung cho ngudi bdo chiia, kilm sat vien (KSV) biet de tham gia (Dieu 183, BLTTHS), da bdo ddm sy khdch quan, cdng khai hoat dpng to tyng Dieu Bai viet la san phim ciia D I tai khoa hpc va cong nghp dp Bp "Bao dam quyen nguoi ap dyng bi?n phdp tam giam theo quy djnh ciia Bp lu^t To tyng hinh su Vi?t Nam nam 2015" ma so B2019-DHH-l 5, (Co quan chii tri: Dai hpc Hul; Chii nhipm: TS Nguyin Ngpc Ki?n) NGHllN CUV I AO S6 14 (414) - T7/2020^ L A P P H A P THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT giup ngudi bi tam giam ty tin hon viec cung cap thong tin vd de xuat cac bien phdp de bdo ve minh 1.2 Trong hoat dpng giam dinh, dinh gid tai sdn, BLTTHS nam 2015 quy dinh duong su hoac ngudi dai dien ciia hp co quyen de nghi ca quan e6 tham quyen tien hdnh to tung trung cau giam dinh nhung van de lien quan den quyen va loi ich hpp phdp cua hp; dupe xem ket qud, dupe bdo dam thdi han (cac Dilu 207 din Dilu 222) Quy dinh bdo ddm cho ngudi bi tam giam quyen yeu cdu trung cdu gidm dinh, dinh gia lai de khdng bi thiet hai, vi dieu ndy lien quan den hau qud eiia tpi pham va trdch nhiem hinh sy, trdch nhiem b6i thudng ddn sy md ngudi bi tam giam phdi gdnh chiu Thyc te thudng thdy, ngudi bi tam giam thyc hien quyen yeu cdu gidm dinh lai, dinh gid lai tdi sdn d giai doan xet xir cd hudng ddn, tu vdn cua ngudi bao chiia Id luat su Bi can, bi cao thudng kh6ng thyc hien quyen yeu cau gidm dinh lai, djnh gia lai vi hp kh6ng bi8t minh cd quyen dd vd cung khong c6 dieu kipn de thyc hipn cde quyen nay^ 1.3 Theo quy dinh tii Dieu 201 den Dilu 204 BLTTHS nam 2015, hoat dpng kham nghiem hien trudng, thyc nghiem dieu tra phdi cd sy tham gia ciia KSV; CQDT phdi lap biSn ban, chup bdn anh, lap bien bdn luu giii day dii ddu vet,ra6ta dau vet, de bdo ddm quyen cho ngudi bi tarn giam xem xet lai cdc tinh tiet minh bi bupc tpi Trong mpt s6 trudng hpp, ngudi bi tam giam c6 the dupe chiing kien cu6c khdm nghiem hien trudng vd ddng vai boat dpng thue nghiem dieu tra, nham kiem tra, ddi chieu tinh xac thyc cua tinh tiet vu an 1.4 Cac hoat ddng ddi chdt, nhan dang, nhan biet gipng ndi quy dinh tai cde Dieu 189, 190, 191 cua BLTTHS nam 2015 bdt bupc KSV phdi tham gia gidm sat de ddm bao dieu tra vien thyc hien diing thu tyc, trinh ty t6 tyng 1.5 Bien phap dilu tra dac bipt dupe thilt lap mdi tai Chuang 16 BLTTHS Theo do, cac dieu kipn de dupe dp dung cdc thii tyc dac biet nhu: ghi dm, ghi hinh bi mat, nghe diSn thoai bi mat, thu thdp bi mat dii lieu dien tir, chi dupe ap dung d6i vdi nhiing loai tpi pham dac bipt nghiem trpng, tpi pham xdm pham an ninh quoc gia, tpi ph^m ve ma tiiy, tpi pham ve tham nhung, tpi khimg bo, tpi rua tien va vi?c dp dyng phdi CO quan cdp tinh dp dyng, cd sy phe chudn ciia Vipn trudng VKS cap tinh da trdnh dupe tinh trang lam dyng, vi pham cdc quyen dupe bao mat ve thu tin, dien tin, bi mat ddi tu cua ngudi 1.6 Cdc hoat dpng dieu tra khac nhu: t^m dinh chi dieu tra, dinh chi dilu tra, bdt bupc chiia bpnh, ket diiic dieu tra dupe quy dinh cu the, ro rdng, dd khac phuctinhtrang lam dyng keo dai thdi han gidi quylt, gay bdt loi, thi8t hai cho ngudi bi tam giam Ben canh do, eac quy dinh ve bdo dam quyen cua ngudi dang bi tam giam BLTTHS nam 2015 cdn mpt sl bdt cap sau ddy: - Che dinh bipn phap cudng che noi chung, bien phdp tam giam TTHS Viet Nam noi rieng edn thieu dong bp, chua thi hien chii tnrang gidm ty Ip tam giam trudc xet xir Trong nhieu nam, quy dinh ciia phdp luat TTHS nude ta ve can cii, dilu kipn Doi vdi vy an khong co luat su tham gia thi nguoi bi tam giam thucmg gap kho khan vi?c thyc hipn quyfin yeu cau gidm dinh lai, dinh gia l?u thieu hieu biSt phap Iu$t iNOHllNCUU LAPPHAP_ 's6l4(414)-T7/2020 THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT dp dyng bipn phap t^m giam cdn thieu cu the Trong do, quy dinh ve trdch nhipm eua cdc CO quan tien hdnh t6 tung vi^c thay the, huy bo bipn phdp tam giam chua chat che, nhu dupe ap dyng, thay the, huy bd "khi can thiet", hoac Id "c6 the" tam giam Dilu tao dieu kien cho viec lam quyen tam giam keo dai, dnh hudng den quyen ngudi ciia ngudi bi tam giam - Khodn Dilu 119 BLTTHS ndm 2015 quy dinh: "Tam giam co the dp dyng d6i vdi bi can, bi cdo ve tpi dac biet nghiem trpng, tpi rdt nghiem trpng" Quy dinh thieu cy the da gay trd ngai ve mat tdm ly cho ngudi cd tham quyen, vi neu nhu khdng dp dung bien phap tam giam ddi vdi ngudi pham tdi rat nghiem trpng, dac biet nghiem trpng, ed thi de xdy bi can, bi cao tiep tyc thyc hipn tpi pham hoac bo tr6n thi ngudi co thdm quyln tiln hanh tl tyng lai co nguy co bi xu ly vl tpi "Thieu trdch nhiem gay hau qua nghiem trpng" (Dilu 360 BLHS) Vi vdy, thdng thudng cii pham tdi rat nghiem trpng, dac biet nghiem trpng se bi dp dung bipn phdp tam giam - Quy dinh cua khodn Dilu 125 vd khodn Dilu 173 BLTTHS vlti-dchnhiem cua CQDT, VKS, Toa dnfrongviec huy bd, thay thi bien phap tam giam bdng bien phap ng5n chan khde cdn mang tmh thy dpng, nhu can cii dl huy bo "khi thdy khong cdn thilt", "hoac ed thi thay thi bdng bien phdp ngan chan khac" Trudng hop ndo la edn thilt va khdng cdn thilt phdi tam giam chua dupe dilu luat gidi thich, phu thupc vdo y thiic chu quan cua CQDT, VKS va Toa dn idm cho thuc te ngudi hi tam giam dupe buy bo, thay the bdng bipn phap khac chiem ty le rat thdp Dilu 241 BLTTHS quy dinh: "Sau nhdn ho so vu an va bdn ket ludn dieu tra, VKS cd quyen quyet dinh dp dung, thay d6i, hiiy bo bien phdp ngdn chan, bien phap cuong che theo quy dinh eua BLTTHS" Quy dinh kh6ng xac dinh ro can cii de dp dung, thay thi, huy bo bien phdp ngan chan Vi vdy, tren thuc te, vy an dupe chuyin din VKS dl truy td, cdn bp, KSV thudng tilp tuc dl xuat lenh tam giam ma khdng de xudt thay ddi bien pham tam giam sang bien phap khdc^ (cdm di khdi nai cii tni, bdo Idnh, dat tiln cho bi can) Viec thay thi bien phap tam giam sang bi?n phdp khde giai doan truy t6 lam cho cdn bp, KSV de bi nghi ngd e6 tieu cyc vi kh6ng cd can cii phdp ly ro rdng Dilu 278 BLTTHS quy dinh: "Sau thy ly vu dn, viec dp dung, thay ddi, huy bd bien phdp tam giam Chdnh dn, Phd Chanh dn Toa dn quylt dinh; dii vdi bi edo dang bi tam giam md den ngdy md phien toa thdi ban tam giam da het, neu xet thay can tilp tyc tam giam thi Hpi ddng xet xir lenh tam giam cho den ket thiic phien toa" Quy dinh ndy kh6ng xac dinh ro can cii tam giam giai doan xet xir, nhung lai cho phep Chanh dn, Pho Chdnh an Toa an vd Hpi ddng xet xii quyet dinh mpt each de dang "nlu thdy cdn tiep tuc tam giam" Id chua bdo ddm quyen Ipi cua bi tam giam, cua hi cao VKS thu6ng dl xuat can tilp tyc tam giam bi can "de dam bao vi^c truy to", mac dii nhieu trucmg hpp khong t^m giam bj can thi cung khong anh huong gi dfin vipc truy tl nhu cac uyong hpp pham tpi qua tang, can cii da ro, bj can th^nh khSn khai n h ^ hanh vi pham Ipi, da b5i thuong khde phyc hau qua, bj can t6 an nan hIi cai ^ NGHllN CUU I fcC S6 14 (414) - T7/202o\^ L A P P H A P ^^ THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT Theo quy dinh ciia Dieu 119 va Dieu 278 ciia BLTTHS, Tda dn dupe dp dyng biSn phdp tam giam giai doan xet xii dya tien cdc ly do: bao dam viec hi cao kh6ng b6 trln, cdn trd boat dpng xet xir, co hdnh vi mua chupc, cudng ep, xiii giyc ngudi khde khai bdo gian ddi, cung cap tdi lieu sai su that, tieu hiiy, gid mao chimg cii, tdi Ueu, dd vat cua vu dn, tau tan tdi sdn lien quan den vy dn; de dpa, kh6ng che, trd thu ngudi lam chiing, bi hai Tuy nhien, can cii de hiiy b6, thay till bien phdp tam giam bang bien khde lai tao sy nghi cho Toa an Do Id Toa an cd quyen thay the, hiiy bo bien phap ngan chan can thiet nham bdo dam cho viec xet xii, ddn den bi can, bi cdo bi tam giam mpt each khdng can thiet, lam cho hp khd tilp can cdc quyln nhu quyen ty bdo chiia, quyen dupe nghien ciiu tdi lieu, quyen thu thdp chiing cii go tpi de tranh tung, bdo ve quyen Ipi hpp phdp ciia hp Dilu 329 BLTTHS quy dinh: "Trudng hgp bi cdo dang bi tam giam ma bi xu phat tii nhung xet thdy can tiep tuc tam giam de bdo ddm thi hdnh an thi Hdi d6ng xet xu quylt dinh tam giam hi cdo; thdi han tam giam bi cao la 45 ngdy ke tir ngdy tuyen dn " Quy dinh ve can cii tiep tyc tam giam cua dieu ludt "xet thay can tiep tuc" mang tinh nghi, theo nhan dinh chii quan cua Hpi d6ng xet xir, ddn den thyc te: hi cdo dang bi tam giam thi duong nhien ciitiephac bi tam giam Ddy Id nguyen nhan ciia thyc trang ngudi bi tam giam giai doan sau tuyen dn, chd thi hanh dn chiem ty le cao Giai phap hoan thifn Bp luait To tung hinh sy nam 2015 nham bao dam quyen nguM dp dyng bipn phap tam giam Thie nhdt, nhap khoan Dilu 119 BLTTHS vdo chung vdi khodn Dilu 119 AR I N G H l l N CVU / ^*' L A P PHAP_/S614(414)-T7/2020 BLTTHS, tiieo hudng hi can, hi cdo pham tdi dac bipt nghiem trpng phai bi tam giam, cdn eac trudng hpp khac chi bi tam giam xdc dinh ngudi dd pham tdi ma Bd ludt Hmh sy quy dinh hinh phat tu tren 02 ndm va thupc mpt cdc trudng hpp: a) Dd bi dp dyng bien phdp ngdn chan khde nhung vi pham; b) Khdng cd noi cu tni ro rdng hoac khdng xac dinh dupe ly tich cua bi can; e) Bd trln vd bi bat theo quylt dinh truy nd hoac cd ddu hieu b6 tr6n; d) Tiep tyc pham tpi hoac cd ddu hipu tiep tyc ph^un tpi; d) Co hanh vi mua chupc, cudng ep, xiii giuc ngudi khac khai bdo gian ddi, cung cdp tdi lipu sai sy that; tieu huy, gid mao chimg cii, tdi heu, dl vat cua vy dn, tdu tan tdi sdn lien quan den vu an; de dpa, kh6ng che,tirdthu ngudi lam chiing, hi hai, ngudi to gidc tpi pham vd ngudi thdn thich ciia nhiing ngudi ndy Gidi phap nham khac phyc thyc trang co quan co thdm quyen lam dyng bien phap tam giam theo quy dinh tai khodn Dilu 119 BLTTHS Mat khac, dd nhap khodn vd khodn Dilu 119 cua BLTTHS, thi dieu kien tam giam chung cho mpi trudng hpp dupe xdc dinh se tranh sy tiiy nghi vd se gidm manh ty le sd ngudi hi tam giam vy an hinh sy trudng hop pham tdi rdt nghiem trpng Nhu vdy, gidi phap neu tren ed tinh dot phd, nham gidm thieu sd ngudi bi tam giam vu an hinh sy, bdo dam t6t hon quyen ngudi linh vyc TTHS 7%!/Aaz.bl sung vdo khodn Dilu 119 BLTTHS vl trudng hpp bi can, bi cao Id ngudi nhdt dang phdi nudi, chdm soc ngudi thdn thich ciia minh la ngudi tan tdt ndng, bpnh nang, gid yeu, co nbupc dilm vl tdm thdn nhung hp thieu sy cham sdc vd kh6ng the ty minh sinh s6ng dupe thi cd thi khdng bi dp dung bien phdp tam giam Hp THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT chi bi tam giam trudng hop cd dau hieu bo tron, co cac hdnh d6ng gay can trd boat ddng dieu tra, truy td, xet xir vd thi hdnh dn Gidi phdp nham bd sung trudng hpp bi can, bi cdo c6 hodn cdnh eo le, khdng cd ngudi cham soc ngudi thdn thich cua minh nhu da neu; nhu vay se phii hpp vdi hodn cdnh ciia bi cdo vd khang dinh dupe tinh nhdn vdn ciia chinh sach phdp luat Thu ba, de khac phyc viec tam giam keo ddi cdc ca quan t6 tung kh6ng buy bo bien phap tam giam mac du vi|c tam giam Id khdng can thiet, thi cdn sira dii, bd sung khodn Dilu 125, khodn Dilu 173 BLTTHS theo hudng quy dinh rd hon trdch nhiem ciia CQDT, VKS vd Tda dn viec xem xet quyet dinh hiiy b6 bien phap ngdn chan hoac cd the thay the bang bien phap ngan chan khac kh6ng cdn can cii dp dung Theo dd, khoan Dilu 125 BLTTHS dupe thiet ke lai nhu sau: "Co quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat, Tda an phdi huy bo bi^n phdp ngan chan hoac cd the thay the bang bien phdp ngdn chan khac kh6ng can cir ap dung "; vd sir d6i, b6 sung khodn Dieu 173 BLTTHS nhu sau: "Trong thdi han tam giam, khdng can cii tiep tyc tam giam thi Ca quan dieu tra phai kip thdi de p^hi Vipn kiem sdt buy bo viec tam giam de tra ty cho ngudi bi tam giam hoac xet thdy cdn thilt thi dp dyng bipn phap ngdn chan khac" Thic tu, sua ddi, bo sung Dieu 241 BLTTHS theo hudng quy dinh ro trdch nhiem ciia VKS sau nhan hd so vy an va bdn kit l u ^ diluti-aphdi xem xet, kilm tira todn dipn cdc cdn cii dp dyng bien phdp tam giam de xdc dinh co cdn thiet phai tiep tuc tam giam vdi bi can hay khdng, neu khong cdn can thiet, khdng cd can cir dp dung bien phdp tam giam thi phdi thay d6i, huy b6 kip thdi Theo dd, Dilu 241 BLTTHS duoc tiiilt ke lai nhu sau: "Sau nhdn hd so vy an vd bdn ket luan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat ed quyln quylt dinh dp dung, thay ddi, huy bd bien phap ngan chan, bien phdp cudng chi theo quy dinh cua Bp ludt ndy Trudng hop co hi can dang bi tam giam, Vien kiem sdt phdi xem xet, kiem tra todn dien eac can cir ap dyng bien phap tam giam dl dp dyng, thay d6i, huy bd kip thdi" Thic ndm, sua d6i Dieu 278 BLTTHS ve dieu ki?n dp dung bien phap tam giam thay cho thudt ngii "quyet dinh" vd "neu thdy cdn tiep tue" mang tinh nghi, kh6ng ro rdng Dilu 278 BLTTHS cdn dupe thilt kl nhu sau: "Sau thu ly vu an, Tham phan chu toa phien tda quyet dinh viec ap dung, thay doi, hiiy bd bipn phap ngan chan, bien phdp cudng che, trir viec dp dyng, thay d6i, hiiy bd bien phap tam giam Chanh an, Phd Chanh an Toa dn quyet dinh sau xem xet day dii cdc can cii, dieu kien dp dyng bien phap tam giam theo quy dinh ciia Bp ludt ndy; d6i vdi bi cdo dang hi tam giam md den ngdy md phien tda thdi han tam giam da bet, neu CO cdn cii xdc dinh cdn phdi tiep tue tam giam de hodn thdnh viee xet xii thi Hdi ddng xet xu lenh tam giam cho den ket thuc phien tda" Thic sdu sira dii Dilu 329 BLTTHS vl can cii tam giam "xet thay cdn tiep tuc" mang tinh nghi, theo nhan dinh ehii quan ciia Hpi dong xet xii, thdnh dieu ki$n dp dung bien phdp cy the nhu sau: "Trudng hpp bi cdo dang bi tam giam ma bi xu phat tii nhung cd can cii xdc dinh can phai tiep tuc tam giam de bdo ddm thi hdnh dn thi Hpi ddng xet xir quyet dinh tam giam bi cao; thdi ban tam giam bi cdo la 45 ngdy ke tir ngdy tuyen an " • , HOHllN CUU I ITf S ( 4 ) - T ? / 2 ^ L A P PHAP ^ ' ... giam Dilu tao dieu kien cho viec lam quyen tam giam keo dai, dnh hudng den quyen ngudi ciia ngudi bi tam giam - Khodn Dilu 119 BLTTHS ndm 2015 quy dinh: "Tam giam co the dp dyng d6i vdi bi can,... lam dyng keo dai thdi han gidi quylt, gay bdt loi, thi8t hai cho ngudi bi tam giam Ben canh do, eac quy dinh ve bdo dam quyen cua ngudi dang bi tam giam BLTTHS nam 2015 cdn mpt sl bdt cap sau ddy:... hien quyen yeu cau gidm dinh lai, djnh gia lai vi hp kh6ng bi8t minh cd quyen dd vd cung khong c6 dieu kipn de thyc hipn cde quyen nay^ 1.3 Theo quy dinh tii Dieu 201 den Dilu 204 BLTTHS nam 2015,