BAT BJNH D A N G XA HOI TRONG GlAO DUC dVIET NAM LE NGQC HUNG Tdm tdt: Doi mdi eta bta, tota dien giao due ddi hdi phai ddi mdi tu lanh dao, quta ly ve giao due trta ca sd cac btag chimg khoa hpc Qua phta tich mgt so ket qua Tong dieu tra dan sfl va nha d Viet Nam va Kit qua khao sat miic song hg gia dinh Viet Nam ve giao due, bai vilt chi ro tir nam 1986 dta nay, ca bgi giao due d tat ca cac cap, bac giao due deu dugc md rgng va ttag len, nhita tinh trang bat binh dang xa hgi giao due vin cdn d muc cao, nhat la d trung hpc phd thdng va giao due dai hgc Nta nhu khdng the vua nang cao chat lugng vua md rtag ca hpi giao due tbi lua chgn tot nhat la uru tien md rgng co hgi dta trudng, de ciing dugc hgc Do vay, can phai tiep tuc cung cd thtah qua cap tieu hgc, phd cap trung hpc ca sd, tien tdi phd cap giao due mtai non va phd cap trung hpc phd thdng, phd cap giao due dai hgc Dita dang trd nen cap thiet de gitai sy bat binh dtag xa hgi giao due, phat trita ngufln nhan luc chat lugng cao Tir khda: Giao due; binh dtag xa hgi; phta tang xa hpi; cdng btag xa hgi Md dau Thdi gian qua, van de dfli mdi giao due d Viet Nam da thu hflt sy quan tam cfla nhieu nha khoa hgc, nha lanh dgo, quan ly Tuy nhien, cac y kien thao luan mdi chi xuit phat ttt tinh hinh ndi tgi cua giao due va bd hep phgm vi cia he thflng giao due, ban mflt each dinh tinh vl cac van de giao due hgc Nhirng vin dl xa hgi cap thiet cia giao due hien thi ehua dugc xem xet nhu: phan ting xa hgi, bit binh ding xa hgi Bai viet nghita curu van de bat binh ding xa hpi giao due cfla Viet Nam tren co sd phan tich mpt sfl ket qua Tflng dilu tra dta sfl va nha d Viet Nam va Kit qua khao sat muc song hg gia dinh Viet Nam Binh dang xa hdi giao due Binh dang xa hfli giao due duge hilu la binh dtag ve ca hdi giao due, co hfli hpc tap ma cy the nhat d day la binh dang ve Cd hdi den trucmg cfla cac nhdm xa hgi Vi du, tre em dan tgc thita sfl cflng cd ca hgi dta truong tita hge ngang bang vdi co hdi den trudng cia tre em dan tdc Kinh; tre em xuat than gia dinh ngheo cflng cd ca hfli dta trudng dung dp tudi ngang bing vdi co hpi dta trudng dung tufli cfla tre em xuit thta ttt gia dinh giau Binh dang xa hdi giao due khdng cd nghia la tat ca hpc sinh deu dat '** Giao su, tien sT, Vipn Xa hpi hpc, Hpc vien Chinh trj qudc gia Hp Chi Minh Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi ViitNam, sd 1(86) -2015 ket qua hgc tap nhu hay dta tot nghiep vdi ket qua hgc tap gidng Ket qua hge tap cua hgc sinh phu thudc vao nhieu yta td nhu nang lyc va muc nfl lyc cia bta than hpc sinh Vl dilu nay, cac hpc sinh khflng giflng bdi vi mdi ngudi la mgt ca nhta vdi tit ca nhftng pham chat, nang lyc dgc dta, dac sac, khac Giao due vdi eac co hfli va cae dilu kien cia nd cflng thuflc ve tai san va nguon vfln co ban cfla xa hfli Dp vgy, can phai phta chia binh ding cac ca hfli giao due cho mpi ngudi va cac nhdm xa hdi, dac biet la ca hdi dta tructng bdi day la yeu cau chtte nang co ban eua xa hdi dat dfli vdi mdi mgt thtah vien cia xa hgi hien dgi Tinh trgng bit binh dang xa hgi giao dye lam giam hieu qua va lgi ich ma giao dye cd thi dem den cho cufle sflng cia ngudi va xa hdi Ddi vdi ca nhan, viec bj tudc bd co hgi di hge gay hgu qua xiu tryc tilp ttudc mat va Ita dai dfli vdi cuge sflng cia hg Mgt dua tte bj tudc mit co hgi din trudng tilu hgc khflng nhOng bj thiet thdi d tudi tre em ma cdn trd mdt ke bj tat nguyen suflt eugc ddi Bdi vi, xa hpi nay, mpt ngudi khflng cd co hfli phat triin nhttng ntog Iuc ca ban nhu bilt dpc, bilt vilt, biet tinh toan la ngudi khuylt tat Dfli vdi cgng ddng xa hgi, sy bit binh ding xa hpi giao dye la nguyta nhta cua nhftng bit fln djnh 62 mau thuin, xung dot, ngheo nan, tut hta, chdm phat triin va phat ttien thieu ben vftng Thuc trang bat binh dSng xa hoi giao due d- Viet Nam Cac ket qua dieu tra gan day cho thay, CO hgi den ttudng da dugc md rdng, nhung ehua dugc phta bd binli dtag cho cac nhdm dp tudi din trudng ttt tieu hgc din trung hge ph6 thdng va nhit la cao ding, dgi hpc Co sd phap luat cfla viec md rgng ca hgi di hge dflng tufli tilu hgc la lugt Phfl cap giao due tieu hgc dugc Quflc hdi thflng qua nam 1991; dd quy djnh ro, Nha nude thuc hien chinh sach phfl cSp giao due tilu hpc bit buflc ttt ldp din het Idp doi vdi tit ca tre em Viet Nam ttong dp tufli tu din 14 tufli Nhd thyc hien luat va chinh sach phfl cap giao due tilu hpc nen din nam 2010, Viet Nam da hota phfl cap giao dye tilu hpc, vdi cae muc khac gitta cac dja phuang Theo Kit qua Tdng Dilu tra dta sfl va nha d Viet Nam nam 2009 cho thiy, d cae tinh nhu Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Ha Giang, Son La ti le di hpc dung tufli tilu hpc cia nft dgt ttt 80 - 83%; ttong cd nhttng tinh nhu Hai Ducmg, Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Da Ning, Bic Ninh ti le dgt trta 98% Ben canh dd, tren ca nude da dgt dugc binh ding gidi vl ti le di hgc dung tuoi cfla nam va nu Nhung ti lg di hge dung tudi giam din ttt tieu hgc gan 96% xuflng cdn gin 10% d Bdt binh ddng xd hdi Irong gido due d Viil Na bac dai hgc'" Dita chimg td co hdi vao dai hgc khdng nhieu neu khflng mufln ndi la it va chua dyng nguy ea bat binh dang gitta cac nhdm xa hfli Sy bat binh dtag gitta thj va ndng thdn, gifta cac dan tflc va nhat la gifta eae nhdm hd gia dinh giau va nhdm gia dinh ngheo ttog Ita mgnh ttt trung hpc ca sd len dgi hpe Ket qua dita tra ve muc sflng hp gia dinh nam 2012 cho biet: ti le di hgc dflng tuoi tilu hgc tang ttt 89,3% nam 2006 len 92,4% vao nam 2012, nhtmg vin cdn 7,8% tre em khdng din trudng dflng dfl mfli tilu hpc"' Nam 2010, tit ca eae tinh, phfl deu dugc ghi nhan la dat phfl cap giao dye trung hpc co sd, nhtmg vdi ti le di hpc dflng tudi trung hpc co sd la 81,3% Din nam 2012, ti le tang cham va chi dgt 81,4% Ben egnh dd, ti le di hpc dflng ttifli trung hge phfl thflng ttog ttt 53,9% nam 2006 len 59,4% nam 2012, ti le di hgc dung tufli cao ding, dai hpc chua din 20% Sau hai nam (2010 2012) vin cdn gin 19% tre em chua din trucmg ttTtng hgc co sd dflng tufli va gin 40% khdng din trudng dung tufli trung hgc phfl thflng va 80% khflng hgc cao ding, dai hgc Nhu vay, khdng cd su bit binh ding dtag kl gitta thj va ndng thon vl ti le di hgc dung tufli tita hgc Nhung sy bit binh ding gitta thi va nflng thdn ttog len d tuoi den trudng trung hpe ca sd va the hien dgc biet ro d dp tufli trung hpe phfl thflng: nam 2012 ti le di hgc dung tufli trung hgc phfl thflng d thtah thi la ban 70% d nflng thfln la hon 55% Mtte bat binh ding ve ca hpi din trudng trung hpe phd thdng giam rat eham tu 16% nam 2006 xudng cdn 14,6% vao nam 2012 Ddi vdi cac dan tflc, ca hpi giao dye deu da dugc md rflng, ti le di hgc ding tufli cae cap bgc giao due cia cac nhdm xa hgi deu tang Sy bat binh dang gifta cac dan tgc ve ea hfli den trudng trung hpe CO sd va nhat la trung hpc phfl thflng da giam ro ret Dita thi hien dac biet ro d mtte ehenh lech gitta eac dan tge ve ti le di hge ding tufli trung hpc phfl thflng Ba dan tge la Kinh, Tay va Hoa ed ti le di hge dflng tufli trung hgc phfl liiong dat tren 60%, d eac dan tdc khac ty le dd diu dudi 50%, ''' Cho den Bp Giao dye va Dao tao chua cung c4p so li?u thing ke hang nam ve tinh hinh nhap hpc dung tuoi cac cap, bac giao due tir mam non din dai hpc, ve so luong hpc sinh tot nghi?p, ma chi cung c5p sp lieu thing ke ve sp hpc sinh Dieu gay kho khan cho viec danh gia vin dl phan tang xa hoi, bat binh dang xa hpi giao due Viet Nam Tuy nhien, co the udc tinh, moi nam co hon 900 nghin hpc sinh tot nehipp trung hpc thong, so chi co gan mpt phan ba (33%) hpc sinh vao dai hpc Dii khong bilt chinh xac s6 lupng hpc sinh tpt nghiep trung hpc thong chi8m bao nhieu phan tram tong so nien eiing dp tudi tit nghipp trung hpc thong Nhung ro rang ti Ip nhap hpc dai hpc cua Vipt Nam hipn la rit thap, chua dat tdi nguong de c6 the tao sir thay doi ve chat dao tao dai hpc '^' Tdng cue Thing ke (2014), Kit qud diiu ira mirc song hg gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2012, Npi, tr.78 63 Tgp chi Khga hoc xd hdi Viil l^am, sd 1(86) - 2015 dd, ti le thap thuflc nhiing dan tgc nhu H'Mflng, Dao, Khome Bit binh ding vl ti le di hpc dflng tufli da giam tu nam 2009 din nam 2012, nhung van cdn thi hien rd bdi vi ti le di hgc dflng tudi trung hgc phd thdng cia ngudi Kinh la 65%, nhieu gip gin Ian sp vdi ti le 12,7% d ngudi H'Mflng'" Bat binh dang ve ti le di hpc dung tufli dai hpc gitta nhdm 20% giau nhat va nhdm 20% ngheo nhat len tdi 88 lin: ti le nhap hgc ding mdi eua nhdm giau la 26,3% so vdi ti le nhap hpc dtag tudi cia nhdm nghta la 0,3% Dieu cd nghia la ctt ngudi xuit thta ttt nhdm 20% ngheo nhat ed co hgi dta trucmg dai hgc thi cd 87 - 88 ngudi dta trudng dgi hgc xuat than tu nhdm 20% gita nhit Hau qua ciia bat binh dang xa hoi giao due Thir nhdt Id, "thieu thdy, thiiu thg" Theo Ket qua Tdng Dieu tra dta sd va nha d Viet Nam nam 2009 cho bilt, ti le dan sfl tu 15 tuoi trd Ita cd trinh giao dye bgc cao cua Viet Nam la 5,4%, (ti le cfla Malaysia la 8,4%, Philippines la 8,4%, Hta Quflc la 23,4%, Nhat Bta la 30%, Hoa Ky 36,2%) Cflng theo Kit qua Dieu tra mtte sflng hd gia dinh Viet Nam nam 2012 cho bilt, ti Ifl dan sd Viet Nam ttt 15 tudi trd Ita cd trinh dp tu "ehua bao gid din trudng" din "tot nghiep hoing hpc ca sd" la gin 70%, ti le cd trinh dp dao tao ttt "so cip nghi" din "tren dai hgc" la 16,2%., edn lai hon 14% cd trinh "tflt nghiep trung hge phfl thflng"''*' Nhu vgy, sfl ngudi ed trinh "dai hgc", "cao ding" va "tren dai hgc" chiem mgt ti ttgng la 7,4%), sfl ngudi co trinh ky thuat nghe dugc dao tgo la 8,8% va sfl cdn Iai 83,2% chua dugc dao tgo nghe Ttte la, ti trpng trinh nhan lue cua Viet Nam nam 2012 la: 7,4% "thay", 8,8% thg dugc dao tao nghe va 83,2% thg chua dugc dao tao nghe Ttt cac sfl quy thay ed 1,2 ky thuat vien va 11,2 thg Ciu tnic trinh chuyen mfln ky thugt la dgc trung cho Iuc lupng lao dflng cdn rat thip kem cia mdt nen kinh te dang chuyen sang kinh te thj trudng, dang cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda thdi dai tota cau hda vdi su canh tranh gay gat ve hang hda va ngudn nhan luc xa hdi Dilu dd chttng td Viflt Nam dang thilu ca thay, thilu ca thg va thua lao dgng chua dugc dao tao (chtt khflng phai "thtta thay, thilu thg" nhu rit nhilu ngudi, kl ca khflng it cac nha nghien cuu vin hay binh lugn, danh gia vl giao dye Viet Nam), v i n dl thilu thay, thilu thg la hgu qua cfla ti le nhap hgc trung hgc phfl thflng, nhap hpe dai hpc cdn thip Cflng vdi la sy bat binh ding xa hgi vl giao dye d eac cip bgc hgc cdn nhilu bit cap d nude ta thdi gian qua Tong cue Thong ke (2014), Kit qud diiu tra mirc sdng hg gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2012 Ha Npi,tr.77 '•" Ting cue Thing ke (2014), Kit qud diiu Ira muc sdng hg gia dinh Viit Nam ndm 2012 Ha Noi, U.69 Bat binh ddng xd hgi trgng gido due d Viet Nam Cac nha khoa hge dugc giai thudng Nobel vl khoa hpc kinh te nhu Gary Becker, Amartya Sen va cac nha xa hpi hpc nfli titag nhu Collins, Coleman, Bourdieu dta nhan mgnh tam quan ttpng cfla viec dau tu vao giao due va dao tao de phat trien cac loai vdn vd hinh nhu vdn ngudi, van hda, xa hpi dang ctag chiem ti trgng Idn cfla eai cfla ca nhan, cdng ddng va qudc gia Ti ttgng ngufln vfln vfl hinh la 45% tflng cfla cai binh quan dau ngudi Viet Nam nam 2005 va d cac nude phat ttiln OECD la 81% Theo Ket qua Dilu tra ve lao dgng viec lam tu nam 2010 din 2012'" cho biet, thu nhap binh quan htag thtag cfla ngudi lao ddng Itai cflng an luong cd trinh dp dai hpe trd len lufln cao hdn gap rudi so vdi mtte thu nhgp trung binh cua ngudi lao dgng lam cdng to lucmg d ttinh ehuyta mfln ky thuSt Dieu dtag chu y la, ttong muc thu nhap cfla ngudi lao dpng thuflc nhdm trinh dfl chuyen mdn ky thuat khac deu giam thi mtte thu nhgp cfla nhdm "trung cap ehuyta nghiep" va "dai hpe ttd Ita" vin Mgt nghien ettu gin day vl sy thieu ttog Mue thu nhap cao va dieu kien lam hyt lao dgng d Viet Nam cho thiy, cac doanh nghi?p phat ttiln khd tuyin dugc '" Tong cue Thing ke (2011), Kit qua diiu tra lao ddng cd ttinh dp ehuyta mfln ky lao dgng viic idm ndm 2010, Nxb Thong ke Ha thuat bac cao, tile la sy thilu hyt lao Npi, tr.45; Tong eye Thing ke (2013), Kit qud diiu tra lao dgng viic ldm ndm 2012, Nxb dgng chu ylu la lao dgng chit lugng cao Thing ke Ha Npi, tr.40 dl tang ntag suit, chit lugng va hieu '" Tong ciic Thong ke (2011), Kit qud diiu tra lao dgng viic idm ndm 2010, Nxb Thong ke Ha qu4 lao dgng Thie hai Id, thdt nghiep Theo Ket qua Dita tra lao dgng viec Itai cfla Tflng cue Thflng ke cho biet, nam 2012, Viet Nam ed 925,6 nghin ngudi that nghiep, sd dd nhftng ngudi "tflt nghiep trung hgc co sd" chilm ti trgng ldn nhat la 24,2%, nhilu hem gap ddi so vdi 10,1% nhttng ngudi cd btag "dgi hge trd len""' Ttt nam 2010 din nam 2012, ti trpng thit nghi?p cfla nhihig ngudi cd bang cip tit "trung hgc phfl thflng" trd xudng dta giam, ttong ti ttgng that nghiep cua nhttng ngudi cd bang cap nghe nghiep dta tang, dac biet ti trgng that nghiep cfla ngudi cd trinh dg "cao ding" tang gip ddi ttt 2,7% Ita 5,4%o Ti trgng thit nghigp cua ngudi tflt nghidp dai hgc ttog ttt 6,1% (ttong tdng sfl 1,3 trieu ngudi thit nghifp) Ita 10,1% (trong tong sfl 925,6 nghin ngudi thit nghiep), ttte la tang ttt 79,3 nghin ngudi len 93,5 2012 nghin ngudi nam 2010 Day la sfl lugng ldn, nhung cung ehi bing gin mgt ntta sd ngudi that nghiep mdi tflt nghiep tilu hgc hojc tflt nghiep trung hge phfl thong Npi, h-.40; Tong cyc Thong ke (2013), Kit qua Thii ba Id, phdn tdng xa hgi vi Irinh dieu tra lag dgng viic ldm ndm 2012, Nxb Thong ke Ha Npi, tr.34 chuyen mon ky thugt vd ve Ihu nhap 65 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viit Nam, sd 1(86) - 2015 viec tdt ddi vdi ngudi lao dflng ed trinh "dgi hgc trd len" la dgng co bta vflng thic day sy diu tu cfla cac gia dinh va ca nhan vao dudng giao dye dgi hpc, bat chap cac nfl lyc phan ban, phSn luflng va djnh hudng du luta xa hfli vao hpc nghd ttt sau trung hpc co sd hoac sau trung hgc phd thdng Ket lugn Tu nam 1986 den nay, ca hdi giao dye d tat ea cae cip, bac giao dye dta dugc md rflng va ttog len, nhita tinh trgng bat binh ding xa hfli giao due vin edn d muc cao, nhat la d trung hpc thdng va giao dye dai hgc Do vgy, can phai tilp tuc eflng ed qua phd cgp tieu hge, phfl cap trung hge ca sd, tien tdi phd cap gita due mam non va phd cap trung hgc phd thdng, phd cap giao due dgi hpe Dieu dang trd nta cap thilt dl giam sy bit binh ding xa hfli giao due, dl phat ttiln ngufln nhan lyc chat lugng cao Dfli mdi can bta, toan dien giao due ddi hdi phai dfli mdi tu lanh dao, quan ly ve giao dye Cin md rgng cd hdi den trudng tu mam non den dgi hgc c i n nhta thttc ring, giao due khdng chi nham hinh ky ntag "xin viec Itai", ma phat trita d ngudi hpc nang lyc stag tgp, ntog lyc "tgo vi?e lam", "khdi nghigp", "lap nghiep" gdp phin ddi mdi kinh tl - xa hdi va phat ttiln bin virng dit nude Nlu nhu khflng thi vtta ntag cao chat lugng vtta md rgng CO hdi giad due thi lya chgn tot nhit la 66 uu tita md rgng co hgi din trudng, de eung duge hge Tdi li^u tham khdo Amartya Sen (2002), "Dd« chu vd cong bdng xd hgi\ Farrukh Iqbal vi Jong - II You, Ddn chd, kinh ti thi trudng vd phdt trien: tir goc nhin Chdu A, Ngan hang The gidi, Nxb Thi gidi Ha Npi Amartya Sen (2002), Phdt triin la quyin tudo, Nxb Thong ke Ha Npi Ansel M Sharp, Charles A Register, Paul W Grimes (2005), Kinh ti hgc trgng cdc vdn di xd hgi, Nxb l^o dpng, Hii N^i Bp Ke hoach va Diu tu - Tong cyc Thing ke, (2011), Tdng diiu tra ddn sd vd nhd d Viit Nam 2009: Gida due d Viit Nam: Phdn tich cdc chisdchuyiu Ha Npi (2012), Ludt Gido due dgi hgc Hd Chi Minh (2000), Todn tgp, t.4, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia Ha Npi (2006), Lugt Giag dgc vd edc vdn bdn hudng ddn thi hdnh, Nxb Thong ke Ha Npi NgSn hang Thi gidi (2011), Su thay ddi Irong ca cdu cita cdi cita cdc qudc gia: Bo ludng phdt triin bin vimg thiin niin ky mdi, Washington Tdng c(ic Thing ke (2011), Kit qud diiu Ira Igo dgng viic Idm ndm 2010, Nxb Thong ke Ha Npi 10 Tdng cue Thing ke (2013), Kit qud diiu Ira lao dgng viic Idm ndm 2012, Nxb Thing ke, Ha Npi 11 Trin Thao NguySn (2006), Triil hgc kinh ti Irong "Ly thuyit vi cdng ly" ctia nhd triit hgc John Rawls, Nxb The gidi Ha Noi ... giao due tilu hpc nen din nam 2010, Viet Nam da hota phfl cap giao dye tilu hpc, vdi cae muc khac gitta cac dja phuang Theo Kit qua Tdng Dilu tra dta sfl va nha d Viet Nam nam 2009 cho thiy, d cae... hp gia dinh nam 2012 cho biet: ti le di hgc dflng tuoi tilu hgc tang ttt 89,3% nam 2006 len 92,4% vao nam 2012, nhtmg vin cdn 7,8% tre em khdng din trudng dflng dfl mfli tilu hpc"' Nam 2010, tit... trung hpc co sd la 81,3% Din nam 2012, ti le tang cham va chi dgt 81,4% Ben egnh dd, ti le di hpc dflng ttifli trung hge phfl thflng ttog ttt 53,9% nam 2006 len 59,4% nam 2012, ti le di hgc dung