Khoa hpc Giao due N g f t ^ B INH D A N G GIOI TRONG GIAO DUC Of VIET NAM NHQNG VAN DE CAN OUAN TAM Binh dang gidi la mdt trong nhdng tieu chiquan trpng d l dinh gil sU phIt trien ci!ia moi xa hdi Dly[.]
Khoa hpc Giao due - -Ngft^ B I N H D A N G GIOI T R O N G GIAO DUC Of VIET NAM NHQNG VAN DE CAN OUAN TAM TS.fldT>1!BiCHL0AN Trung tam Nghien ciiiu quIn li giao dgc B inh dang gidi la mdt nhdng tieu chiquan trpng d l dinh gil sU phIt trien ci!ia moi xa hdi Dly vda la muc tieu, vda la yeu td gdp phan vao su phat trien kinh te xa hdi dn djnh va ben vCfrig eua mdi qudc gia va doanh nghiep lap eae gili thudng cho tre em ngheo vUpt khd, dd ed tr^ em gai, den da ed hang nghln em gai nhin dupc gili thudng - 77/e bietchijtcdaphu nUda tdng len vd khoAng Wet Nam la mdt nhdng nude dat thInh each gidi eang dUdc thu hep tich cao viec thuc hien mue tieu binh dang Ti le biet chd eua phu nd td 15 tudi trd len dat gidi Bao elo phat trien eon ngUdi nIm 2009 eua mdc cao so vdi elc nude khu vUc, tang td Chuong trinh phIt trien Lien hpp qudc cho thay, 86,46% (nIm 2000) len 90,22% (nIm 2004) Dae Viet Nam cd chi sd phat trien eon ngUdi (HDI) la biet, ehi sd eIn bang gidi (GPI)' da tang td 0,92 0,725, xep d vi tri 116/182 qudc gia va vung lanh (nam 2000) len 0,97 Tuy nhien, nhin tong thi, ti thdChlsd phIttrien gidi (GDI)dUngdvj tri94/155 le nam gidi td 10 tuoi trd len biet chd vIn cao hon nude Lan dau tien Viet Nam cd ten danh so vdi nd gidi (nd 90,5% va nam 96,0%) va khong sach eae nUdc cd sd ve sU trao quyen cho gidi ddng deu gida ndng thdn va dd thj, khoing each (GEM) vdi vj tri thd 52/93 nUdc; ddng thd 68/130 cang Idn ddi vdi vung sau, vung xa, khu VUC Tly Bac ludn dat ti le thap nhat (2002: nUde ve chi sd each biet gidi (GGI) nam 2008 80,0%; 2004:71,3% va 2006:73,1 %) (xem Hinh 1) Vdi quan diem binh dang CP hdi tiep can Hinh 1: H le % dan so tdlO tuoi trd len bi^t vdi giao due eho mpi ngudi Dang, Nha nudc va Chinh phu Viet Nam dl ban hanh nhieu chinh chdtheo gidi tinh va vung Nguon: Dieu tra mCfc song hd gia dinh 2002, 2004 vd sIch va cle van bin quy pham phIp lult tao eP 2006 Tong cue thong ke hdi tidp cIn binh dang eho el tr^ em trai va gai, phu ndva nam gidi Van de binh ding gida nam va nd d l dUpc khang dinh Hien phap dau tien eua Viet Nam va Hien phap sda doi nIm 1992 thi van de cang dugc ehii y nhieu hPn Dae biet, 29/11/2006, Qudc hdi Khoa XI, Kl hpp thd 10 da thdng qua Luat Binh dang gidi va nhieu van bin dudi luat d l dupc ban hanh tao CP sd phap li cho viee dUa Luat Binh dang gidi vao cudc sdng, thUe hidn binh dang gidi dViet Nam Nhilmg ket qu^ dat dUtfc hUcmg den binh dang gidi giao due d nhieu dia phuong nhu Ha Ndi (Ha Tay cu), Hai Duong, Thai Binh, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Phu - Nhan thuTe cua xd hgi ve binh dang gidi dd ed Yen, Khanh hda, Ninh Thuan, Kien Giang, Ben ehuyen bien tieh cut.TutUdng «trpng nam khinh nd» da dan dupc khae phuc, gia dinh v l xa hdi da Chi so can bSng gidi (GPI): PhIn anh muTc ti^p can quan t i m nhieu hon va tao dieu kien eho cl tre giao due cila nij so v6i miJc tiep can giao due cCia nam em trai va tr^ em gai den trudng Chfnh phu Viet GPI nh6 hon c6 nghTa la nCr diroc tiep chn giAo due it hdn Nam da cho phep eae td chdc x l hdi nghe nghiep sovctinamgidi 20 KHGD so 67, thdng 4-2011 >iQ\ ien Buru- -Khoa hoc Gido due Tre, hoat ddng xda miJ chd cho phu nd d dp tudi dudi 40 da dupc quan t i m nhieu hon Nhieu dia phUPng van tiep tuc tri cle hoat ddng phdi hpp gida cac nglnh giao due, Hdi phu nd, Doan Thanh nien vdi Bp dpi bien phdng thue hien cdng tae xda mij chd va chdng tai mu chd, vl vay rat nhieu dja phuong da dat ti le xda mu cho phu nd dudi 40 tudi td 95% trd len giam xudng va ed sU khdng ddng deu gida cac viJng Vung Tay Bac va Ddng Bac cho GPI thap so vdi el nude, ehdng td d nhdng vCjng cdn ton tai khoing each chenh lech gida tre em gai va em trai vetile^hpe THCS cap THCS, tl II nhap hpc thd eua hoc sinh nd va hpc sinh nam tuong ddi cao v l ed xu hudng tang khdng nhilu Nhin chung, ehi sd can bang gidi (GPI) ve ti le nhap hpc thd cap THCS c l nude chi tang nhe td 0,94 (nam 2000) len 0,95 (nam 2005), dd viJng Ddng Ble,Tay Nguyen v l Ddng Nam Bd chi sd can bang gidi (GPI) lai hpc va eang len cap hpc eao, thi tl le nd giao vien eang gllm.Ti le giao viln nd ludn ehilm khoang 80% tong sd giao vien tilu hpc, 60% tdng so giao vien THCS Day ed t h i II djnh kiln cua xa hdi cho rang phu nd can nhilu thdi gian de lam viec nhl v l khdng can dau tU nhieu cho viee hpc eija t r i em gai cap THPT, tl le nhap hpc tang manh hon (td 36,6% nam hpc 2001 -2001 len 45,2% nam hpc 2003-2004) Nhin chung el nUde, khoing - Cd hdi den trUdng dUde md rang cho tdt cd each gidivetilenhip hpc thddeapTHPTdd dupe mgi ngUdi, dgc biet la tri em gdi: Ve co ban da thu hep dang ke Nam hpc 2003-2004, ti le nhap xda dupe "xa tring" ve giao due mam non He hpc thd cOa nd la 45,2% v l cCia nam la 45,7% thdng cac trudng tieu hpc d l dupe md tdi tdng (khoing cleh gidi la 0,5) thdn xdm, trUdng THCS dupe md tdi tdng xa hoac d giao due dai hpc, ti le sinh vien nd dang cd cum xa Cac diem trudng le, Idp « cam ban », Idp ghep dupc md d hau het cle thdn bin, budn sdc xu hudng ting dan deu qua cle nIm 2004-2007 vung eao, vUng sau, vung dae biet khd khan, tao (47,79%, 48,49%, 53,50%), dd nam hpc CO hdi cho tre em trai va gai cac din tde thieu sd 2006-2007 ti le hpc sinh, sinh vien nd edn eao dupc di hpc Binh ding gidi ve cp bin da dat dupc hon tl le nam hpc sinh, sinh vien (nd 53,50%, nam 46,50) giao due mam non va tieu hpc - Chdt lUdng gido due ngdy cang dUde cdi Tl 1$ nhIp hpc thd (GER) cCia trd em trai va tre em g l i d giao due mim non dat mdc eao va cd xu thiin Tl le chuyin cap td tilu hoc len THCS chung ci!ia hudng gilm nhdng nam gan day Dieu dd chdng td tre em dupe huy ddng Idp dung dp cl nude da ting td 90.37% (nam 2000) len 96,81 % tudi cang tang Chi sd cIn bIng gidi (GPI) (nam 2005) Chi sd can bang gidi (GPI) ting, ehdng ve ti le nhIp hoc thd gilo due mam non td cang ed nhieu trd em gli dUpc hpc tiep len c l nude da gilm td 1,06 (nam 2000) xudng 0,97 THCS.Tuy nhien, vung Ddng bang sdng Cdu Long (nam 2005), dd vung Ddng bIng sdng cd ti le chuyin cap thap nhat la 91,99% (chung Hdng, Tly ble, Bac Trung Bd va Ddng Nam Bp cCia el nude la 96,71 nam 2005) gilm nhieu nhat Tl le chuyin cap tdTHCS len THPT ehung cCia c l Tl le nhap hpc thd (GER) eua hpc sinh ndva nam nude d l tang tU 60,95% (nam 2000) lln 80,50% (nam 2005) Chi so cIn bIng gidi (GPI) cd xu d ble tilu hpc dat mdc cao va cd xu hudng ting nhdng nam gan day Chf sd can bang gidi hudng gilm, chdng td ti le tre em gai chuyin cap (GPI) v l tl Id nhIp hpc thd d p tilu hpc cl td THCS len THPT bj gilm xudng Dly la van de nude da tang td 0,96 (nam 2000) len 1,03 (nam can xem xet d l cd gili phIp khae phuc kjp thdi 2005), vung Ddng bIng Sdng Cdu Long - So lUdng gido vien nCf da tdng len d cde ed tang nhieu nhat td0,97 (nam 2000) len 1,12 (nam hgc eao vd trinh gido vien nCf cdng dU 2005) Vung Tay Bac ed GPI khdng thay ddi so vdi ndngcao nam 2005 va thap nhat cl nUdc NhU vay, Mdt die dilm cCia giao due Viet Nam la sd lupng de thUe hidn triet de cap giao due, can phli giao vien nd chiem ti le Idn tdng sd giao cd ehinh sIch ho trp die biet eho trd em gai vung vien, gilng viln eua nganh gilo due va tap trung Tly Ble d l huy ddng eae em din trudng chCi yeu d cac cap hpc thap, nhu mIm non, tilu KHGD so 67, thdng - 2011 21 Khoa h p c Gido d u e Trong nhdng nam g i n day, Chinh phu d l ban hanh nhieu ehinh sach ho t r p eho HS nd, tao eP hdi tiep can vdi giao due d eae cap hpc cao Do d d ti le g i l o vien n d d l t i n g len d cac cap hpc cao (ti le giang vien CD, D H nam hpc 2005-2006 da tang 3,5% so vdi nam hpc 2000-2001) Ngoai ra, Bd Giao duc-DIo tao da uu tien chu trpng den dieu kien lam viee cho can bp, g i l o vien nd, dam b i o binh dang mpi che dp, chinh sIch Giai doan 2001-2005 nude ta da huy ddng dupc 124 ti d d n g xay eat mdi 1.270 ngdi nha chogiaovien,ma ddi t u p n g t h u hudng hau h i t la g i l o vien n d d b i c tieu hpc va trung hoc co sd Trinh dp cCia giao vien ndeCing dupc quan t i m hOn.Tl le giao vien n d dat chuan d cac cap t i l u hoe, THCS d l tang t d 87,9%; 91,0% ( n I m hpc 2001-2002) len 94,7%; 95,5 (nam hpc 2004-2005) ele trUdng trung cap chuyen nghiep, eao dang va dai hpc, ti le n d giao v i l n , g i l n g vien ed trinh d p cao da tang dang k l Dae biet, ti le n d g i l o sU tdng sd g i l o suda tang t d 10,7% (nam hoc 2001-2002) len 16,3% (nam hpc 2004-2005) - Trinh dd vdn hod vd chuyen mdn ki thudt eda lao ddng nUdd dUde edi thien T\ le lao d d n g n d m u c h d giam dang k l t d 8,5% (nam 1999) xudng cdn , % ( n I m 2005) Sd lao d d n g n d da qua dao tao chuyen m d n ki thuat tang t d 13,4% (nam 2000) len 20,45% (nam 2005), d d t i le ed trinh t d CD, DH trd len da dat 5,26%.Ti le n d t r o n g t d n g so ngUdi ed trinh dp sau dai hpc chiem 30% (Bd KH&DT, Uy ban quoe gia vi sutien bd cOa phu nU2006) Nhufng ton tai Ben canh nhdng tUu dat dupc, viec thUc hien binh d i n g gidi t r o n g ITnh vUe g i l o due van edn cd nhdng han che nhU: den k h i nang t h i n g tien v l ddng g d p eua phu nir vao cdng cudc p h I t t r i l n kinh t l - xa hoi, eung n h u t r o n g eon dudng chdc nghiep Ti le lao dgng nd qua ddo tgo vdn thdp han so vdi nam gidi, da lam han che c l e eP hdi lUa chpn viec lam ed chuyen m d n kT thuat, cd t h u nhap cao cOa lao ddng n d (Xem hinh 2) Nguon: Bdo cdo so 1346 /BC-UBXH12 11/5/2009 cCia Uy ban vi cac vdn dexa hdi Quoc hoi ve kit qud giam sat tinh hinh thi/c hien binh dSng gidi va vi$c trien khai tN hanh Luat Binti dang gidi Nguyen nhan: - Dmh kiin gidi, tu tudng gia trudng trpng nam gidi han nd vdn cdn ton tgi khd bien d gia dinh vd mdt bg phan ddn eu xd hgi vdi eae b i l u h i l n n h u t h i e h d l eon trai h o n g l i , coi v i l e ndi trp, cham sdc c l i I I cCia phu nd, Uu t i i n dau tU vao trai, quan n i l m nam gidi la ngUdi t r u edt, quyet djnh ehinh t r o n g gia dinh, eung n h u t r o n g c l e quan he xa hdi Nhdng djnh k i l n van cdn t d n tai t r o n g s I c h giao khoa nhat la b d sach giao khoa eu, bdi le bi I n h hudng eua n i p nghT truyen t h d n g ve ngUdi dan d n g va ngudi d i n ba (Danh gia t i n h h i n h gidi d Viet Nam 2006 WB v l B i o eao nghien cdu " R l soat sach g i l o khoa t i l u hoc d u d i gde d d gidi" UNESCO-MOET 2009) Viee tiip edn vdi gido due eua tre em gdi vd phu nd ddn tpc thieu sd d cdc vung sau, vijng xa nhliu khd khan vd trd nggi han so vdi cdc em trai vd nam gidi - M d t sd quy dtnh cac linh vUc cd lien quan den binh dang gidi edn chUa phu hpp d l d i n tdi nhdng han che dieu k i l n va co hdi t h a m gia binh dang eua phu n d nhU van d l tudi nghi hUu; tudi Tl le nd cd hgc hdm, hgc vi eao qud thap so dao tao, bdi d u d n g , de bat, b d n h i e m eua e I n vdi nam gidi T\ le phu n d dat hpc vj tien sT, tien si bp, cdng chdc nd khoa hpc, giao sUthap hPn k h o i n g t d - lan so - Vile Idng ghep gidi viec xay d u n g cac vdi nam gidi (nam 2007) Dieu anh hudng Idn van b i n quy pham p h I p luat, chUPng trinh va dU 22 KHGD s6 , thang - 2011 Khoa hpc Gido dye an giao due ehua dupe quan tam dung mde, chua dupe t h i ehi hda - Cdng tae thdng ke sd lieu giao due cd tich biet gidi chua dupc cac eo quan, to chdc quan tam, ke ca ddi vdi cp quan thdng ke hien ke hoach hanh ddng thuc hien Chiln lupc ve binh dang gidi; tiin hinh boi dUdng, dao tao, quy hoaeh nham tao ngudn can bd nd tham gia vIo cac vj tri quIn ly.Tlen hinh viec phan bo kinh phf eho cle hoat dpng ve binh ding gidi va thue hien Idng ghep gidi vao quy trinh du toan ngln Mot so gidi phap nh^m tien den binh ding sleh nha nUdehIng nam.Tiep tuc tiin hanh long gidi giao due d Viet Nam ghIp gidi, dinh gia tie ddng gidi eae chfnh Di thdc hien cdng eae muc tieu binh sach, ehUPng trinh, d l an v l an sinh xa hdi, xda ddi giam ngheo, dao tao nghi nhIm dim bao binh dang gidi giao due, can trien khai thUc hien ding gidi qua trinh td chdc thue hlln Long cac gili phap sau: ghep gidi chuong trinh, sleh gilo khoa Lfu 3.1 To c/iiit tuyen truyen ehu trUemg, dudng tien gili quyet van di phu nddan tde thilu sd ndi loi, chinh sdch cua Odng, Nhd nUdc vd cda Chinh ph6 vibinh ding gidi ndi chung va binh ding rieng v l phu nd d viJng kinh t l khd khan dang bj gidi gilo due ndirieng.Trienkhai Idng ghep tut hau so vdi nam gidi dan tpc thieu sd v l phu nd gidi q u i trinh hoach djnh ehinh sach, xly ngUdi Kinh, Hoa tiip can giao due Xay dUng dung k l hoach d tam vT md va lap ke hoach d cap h i thdng CP sd dd lieu giao due tieh biet gidi, tiin vi md Pho bien rdng rai thdng qua cle phuong hinh thdng ke, theo ddi hIng nIm nhIm danh tien truyin thdng dai chung; Td chdc cle cudc gia sat thuc trang binh dang gidi gilo due van ddng nhuvan ddng t r i em va tre em gli tieh Td chdc cle khda tap huan nIng cao nang lUc gidi cUc thue hien cap; Van ddng phu ndtham nghien cdu djnh tfnh va djnh lupng eho eIn gia eae ehUPng trinh qudc gia ve xda ddi, giam bd quIn If giao due, nhIm nhan dien kjp thdi cle ngheo; to chdc cac phong trao thu hut hoc sinh van de gidi d l cd bien phap khIc phuc, tao cP sd eho viee hoach ^nh chinh sach phat trien giao ndtham gia due cd trleh nhiem gidi 3.2 Hodn thien casdphdp li Nghien cdu, ban hanh ehiln lUpe, chfnh sach TAIUIUTHAMKHAO va muc tieu qudc gia v l binh dang gidi ;Tdng kit, danh gil vile solt, sda ddi, bo sung hole hu^ bo Bd Giao due va DIo tao, Sdliiu thdng kegido eae van ban quy pham phIp luat tren cac ITnh vUc due hdng ndm khdng phu hpp vdi eae nguyin tie binh ding gidi 2.Thu tudng Ch'mh phi}, Quyit dinh sd2351/QDtheo quy ^ n h tai Dieu eua Luat binh dang gidi; TTg ngdy 24/12/2010 phi duyetChiin lupc quae gia Chi dao ele bd, nganh, co quan soan thIo thUe vi binh ddng gidi giai dogn 2011 -2020 hien nghiem tue viec long ghep van de binh ding Tong cue Thdng kl, Diiu tra mUe sdng hd gia gidi xay dUng van bin quy pham phap luat dinh 2002,2004 vd 2006 3.3 TochUcbgmdy Oy ban ve cac van d l x l hdi Qudc hdi, Bdo cdo Kiln toan va phan cdng can bd (chuyen trach, so 1346/BC-UBXH12ngdy 11/5/2009cua Uyban vi kiem nhiem) lam cdng tae quIn If nha nUde v l ede vdn de xd hdi Qudc hgi ve tinh hinh thUe hien binh ding gidi tai cac eP sd; Tang eudng viec dao tao, bdi dudng kiln thdc, kT nang ve gidi, phan tich binh ddng gidi vd viic triin khai thi hdnh Ludt Binh ddng gidi gidi, Idng ghep gidi eho can bd lam cdng tic quan If nha nUdc v l binh ding gidi dtrung uong va dia SUMMARY phuong; Nghien cdu dUa ndi dung v l gidi, Idng Gender equality is one of the important criteria for ghip gidi vao chuong trinh dao tao, bdi dudng assessing social development This article discuss can bp, de nang cao nang lUc quIn If nha nude v l the results and standing issues in gender equity in vIn de Vietnamese education The author proposes som 3.4T6ehCtcthUehien measures for successful realization of gender goals CIc CO quan chu dpng xay dUng va td chdc thUe in education KHGD so 67, thdng - 2011 23 ... nude la 96,71 nam 2005) gilm nhieu nhat Tl le chuyin cap tdTHCS len THPT ehung cCia c l Tl le nhap hpc thd (GER) eua hpc sinh ndva nam nude d l tang tU 60,95% (nam 2000) lln 80,50% (nam 2005) Chi... giao due ehua dupe quan tam dung mde, chua dupe t h i ehi hda - Cdng tae thdng ke sd lieu giao due cd tich biet gidi chua dupc cac eo quan, to chdc quan tam, ke ca ddi vdi cp quan thdng ke hien... 1,06 (nam 2000) xudng 0,97 THCS.Tuy nhien, vung Ddng bang sdng Cdu Long (nam 2005), dd vung Ddng bIng sdng cd ti le chuyin cap thap nhat la 91,99% (chung Hdng, Tly ble, Bac Trung Bd va Ddng Nam