Những vấn đề cần quan tâm qua các báo cáo phát triển con người của undp

NHIJNG VAN DE CAN QUAN TAM QUA CAC BAO CAO PHAT TRIEN CON NGU'dl CUA UNDP TRINH THI NGHIA' Quan niem cua Chmmg trinh phat trien Lien hop quoc ve phat trien ngirM Van de ngudi va nhan to ngudi Uong sy phdt Uidn kinh te - xa hdi dugc cpng dong thd gidi dat mpt cdch thyc td hon tir ddu nhQng nam 80 cua the ky trudc Dac bidt, tir Chuong trinh phdt trien Lidn hgp qudc (United Nations Development Programme - UNDP) dua Bdo cao phat trien ngudi todn cdu (HDR - Human Development Report) dau tien vdo nam 1990 Trong Bdo cdo ndy, UNDP da ndu ro tuydn ngdn day an tugng vd muc dich ciia su phdt trien: "Ciia cai dich thyc ctia mot qudc gia la ngudi ctia quoc gia dd Vd muc dich cua phdt tridn Id dd tao mpt mdi trudng thugn lgi cho phep ngudi dugc hudng cupc song ddi ldu, khoe mgnh vd sdng tao Chan Iy gidn don nhung day sue manh rat hay bi ngudi ta qudn mat liic theo dudi cua cdi vat chat va tdi chinh" (UNDP, 1990) Tu ddn nay, Bdo cao phdt tridn ngudi dugc UNDP xuat ban thudng nidn Cung vdi Bdo cdo phat tridn ngudi todn cdu, dudi sy didu phdi cua UNDP, nhidu qude gia da cong bd Bdo cdo phat tridn eon ngudi ciia ridng minh Thdng qua Bdo cdo phat tridn ngudi (PTCN), cdc nude danh gia muc dp thyc hidn cac muc tieu PTCN vd kip thdi dua nhQng chinh sach de gidi quydt nhirng van dd thyc tidn ciia nudc minh Khdi niem PTCN md UNDP dua tu nam 1990 ddn khong cd su thay ddi ldn vd tu tudng qua hai giai doan (tu 1990 - 2009 va tij 2010 ddn nay) nhung cd nhQng didu chinh quan trpng vd phuong thuc dgc,tinhtodn PTCN ve co ban vdn dugc hidu id md rgng su lua chgn vd tdng cudng khd ndng lua chgn ciia ngudi, dd ngudi cd thd song lau, song khde va sdng tao Nam 2010, sau cditidnphuang phdp tinh toan vd cde chi s6 PTCN, UNDP dinh nghTa lai: "PTCN Id vide md rpng quyen tu ciia eon ngudi dugc sdng ldu, sdng khde manh va sdng tao;tidntdi dgt duge nhiing muc dich khdc cupc sdng ma hp ed ly dd coi trpng; va tham gia tieh eye vdo viec hinh thdnh ndn mpt su phat trien binh ddng va ben vQng tren mdt hanh tinh chung Con ngudi vira la ddi tirgng hudng lgi vQa la tac nhdn thiic day PTCN, dii vdi tu each cd nhan hay tu each nhdm ngudi" (UNDP, 1990) Theo quan nidm nay, sy PTCN bao gdm cdc ydu td: sy thinh vugng, trao quydn, tinh chu the vd cdng bang "Quan didm nhdn manh tdi vide ' ThS.; Trudng D?i hpc Khoa hpc, Dai hpc Thfii Nguyen NghiSn ciiu Con nguit s63(78) 2015 ^^ Trinh Thf Nghia ldy ngudi Idm tnmg tdm va sy ty cua ngudi" (UNDP, 1990) Con ngudi khdng phdi Id ddi tugng thu dpng ma la nhung chii thd ciia chfnh qud trinh phdt tridn Phdt trien ngudi phdi bao gdm trao quydn cho ngudi, de hp la tdc nhan cd trach nhipm va ddi mdi chinh minh qua trinh phat trien "PTCN giiip ngudi cd the ty giup dupc chinh hp" (UNDP, 1990) Con ngudi Id trung tdm cua su phdt Uidn kinh td - xa hdi, lay PTCN ldm muc tidu, lam tieu chi cho su phdt trien xa hpi md UNDP dua ra, dang trd ydu cdu mang tinh nguydn tdc ddi vdi cdc chinh phu vide hogch dinh cdc chidn lupc phdt tridn kinh td, van hda, mdi trudng, xa hpi vd phdt tridn chinh ngudi Nhirng vdn dd can quan tam ve phat trien ngudi qua cac bao cao phat trien ngudi Vipc ddnh gia nhimg tuu ma cdc qudc gia va cpng dong the gidi da dgt dupc ludn gdn lien vdi viec~xac djnh nhung van de ciia sy phat tridn ngudi Cac chu dd cua cac Bdo cdo PTCN mdi ndm da the hidn didu dd: - HDR 1990: Khai niem vd thudc phdt tridn ngudi; - HDR 1991: Tdi chinh cho phat trien ngudi; - HDR 1992: NhQng khia egnh todn cdu cho phdt tridn ngudi; - HDR 1993: Sytham gia ciia tat cd mpi ngudi; - HDR 1994: Nhung thudc mdi ciia an ninh ngudi; - HDR 1995: Gidi va su phdt tridn ngudi; - HDR 1996: Tang trudng kinh td vd sy phat tridn ngudi; - HDR 1997: Su phdt trien ngudi vdi xda ddi gidm ngheo; - HDR 1998: Tidu dimg cho su phat trien ngudi; - HDR 1999: Todn eau hda tren phuong dien ngudi; - HDR 2000: Quydn ngudi vd phat tridn ngudi; - HDR 2001: ITng dung cdng nghd mdi cho phdt Uidn ngudi; - HDR 2002: Tdng cudng dan chii mot thd gidi bi phdn tach; - HDR 2003: Cdc muc tidu thidn nien ky: thda thuan giua cac nudc nhdm xda bo tinh trang ngheo khd; - HDR 2004: Ty van hda thd gidi da dang nay; - HDR 2005: Giao didm hpp tdc qudc td vao thdi didm quydt djnh: Vidn trg, thuong mgi va an ninh mdt the gidi bdt binh ding; - HDR 2006: Khdng chi Id su khan hidm: Quydn luc, ddi ngheo va cudc khiing khodng nudc sach todn cdu; - HDR 2007/2008: Cupc chidn chdng bidn ddi hdu: dodn kdt nhan logi cho mpt the gidi phan each; - HDR 2009: Nhiing trd ngai dang tdi: Di dan vd phat tridn ngudi; - HDR 2010: Ciia cai thyc su ctia cdc qudc gia: Dudng di tdi phat tridn ngudi; - HDR 2011: Bdn vung va cdng bdng: Mdt Wong lai tdt dep hon cho tdt cd mpi ngudi; 34 NghiSn cuu Con ngutti so 3(78) 2015 glilj Nhdng vdn de cdn quan tdm - HDR 2013: Sy trdi day ciia cdc nudc Nam ban cau: Tien bd vd ngudi mOt the gidi da dgng; - HDR 2014: Duy tri thdnh qua phat tridn ngudi: Gidm thieu nguy co tdn thuong va tdng cudng khd nang chdng chiu Chil dd vd ndi dung md cac Bao cdo PTCN ciia UNDP dd cap qua cac ndm, nhu danh gia ctia Vidn trudng Vien Nghien ciiu Con ngudi, khdng phai la sy lya chpn ngau nhidn, ma "nd phan dnh thyc te nhung thach thiie ddi vdi PTCN timg giai doan phat tridn" (UNDP, 1990) NhQng vdn dd ciia sy PTCN Id rdt phong phii vd da dang: tir tang trudng kinh td, thu nhap den chdm sdc siic khde, tu gido due, dan chii ddn an ninh ngudi, tu binh ddng gidi, quyen lye xd hpi ddn xda ddi giam ngheo, bien ddi hgu, phat tridn bdn viing, Ddu nam 2015, nhdn ky niem 25 ndm xudt ban Bdo cdo PTCN dau tidn, UNDP da gidi thieu mot each tidp can mdi dd thiic day thinh vugng eiia ngudi Vdn phdng Bdo cao PTCN (Human Development Report Office - HDRO) da mpt ldn niia trtnh bay quan didm vd PTCN (HDRO, 2015) Theo do, nhiing van de can quan tdm vd PTCN md UNDP khuyen cdo'cdc Chinh phii gdm: Mot la, MiAc lieu toi thug^ng cua suphdt trien Id ngudi, chic khdng phdi Id sic gia tdng dan thudn ve GDP hay cda cdi vdt chat Dicng bao gid ldng quen ngudi Id trung ldm cua suphdt frien Khi tdc dp tang GDP mdt ddn "ngdi vj dpc tdn" dd ddnh gid sy phdt tridn, ngudi ta hudng sy phdt tridn ssuig cdc van de ciia bdn than ngudi vd Hdn quan ddn ddi sdng ngudi Do la "md rdng sy phong phii ciia ddi sdng eon ngudi, ehu khdng phdi chi don gidn la sy phong phu ciia cac ndn kinh td md ngudi dang sdng" (HDRO, 2015) Con ngudi, chii khdng phdi GDP mdi la muc dich tdi thupng cua su phat trien TQ chd la muc dich ciia sy phdt trien, tdng trudng kinh td gid day chi eon la phuang tien de ngudi phat tridn chinh minh Van dd Id d cho, vide sii dung nhihig thdnh qud ciia tang trudng kinh td mdi chi la dieu kien vgt chdt dd tgo nhiing co hdi cho ngudi Cach tilp can chii y vide cdi thien ddi sdng cdng ddng hon Id ban thdn su tang trudng kinh td Bdi vi, GDP tdng cung khdng ty ddng dan tdi sy phdt tridn ddi vdi tdt cd mpi ngudi; rdt cd thd chi mpt bd phdn ndo dugc hudng lgi Amartya Sen mpt bai phdng vdn ndm 2013 da ndi: "Tdng trudng kinh te la rdt quan trpng bdi nd cd the gitip ngudi cd cudc sdng tdt ban, nhung coi bdn thdn su tang trudng Id mpt doi tugng dd tdn thd va ngudng md lai la mdt phan ciia vdn dd" Ong cho rang, de danh gia mot quoc gia dang hogt dpng nhu thd ndo, khdng the chi ndi vd thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi Ong lay vi du An Dp da tung gidu hon Bdng-la-det 50% vd GDP, vd gid dd gidu hon 100% Tuy nhien, ddu nhung ndm 1990, ndu so sdnh nhung chi sd khac thi tudi thp ' Minh Trang (djch, 2013), "Amartya Sen' Sy phfit trifin bj giam hfim", http://www.thepach.coni/vi/amar^sen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/ t^ NghiSn eiiu Con ngadi sS3(78^2015 ^^ Trinh Thf Nghta trung binh ciia An Dp hon Bdng-la-det ba nam, nhung gid mt lai phia sau ba den bon nam Tudi thp trung binh d An Dp la 65 hogc 66, cdn d Bdng-la-det la 69 Vh ti Ip tidm chiing: An Dp Id 72%, Bang-la-det Id hon 95% Ti Id be gdi so vdi be trai dugc ddn trudng ciing tuong ti;^ Theo Sen, su phdt tridn va bao ve ndng lye ngudi phdi la U-png tam cua nhQng hoach djnh chinh sdch ciia cdc qudc gia Vdi tridt ly ngudi Id trung tdm, nghia la ngudi vira la muc tidu, ddng lye va Id ngudn luc vd tgn cua su phsLt tridn, ngudi ddng vai trd quydt djnh d ca "ddu vdo" vd "ddu ra" vd toan bd qua trinh phat tridn "6 ddu vao, nhan td quydt dinh sy phdt tridn la vdn ngudi, tiim ndng ngudi ddu ra, muc tieu ciia su phdt tridn la chdt iuang song, phdt trien ngudi, hgnh phde ngudf' (UNDP, 1990) Khi ngudi dugc ddt vao vi tri trung tam ciia su phdt tridn, thi su phat tridn cua cdc ITnh vyc khdc phdi nhdm tao nhirng tidn dk vat chdt vd tinh than cho su phdt tridn ngudi Ndi cdch khdc, phdt fridn xa hdi xet ddn cimg la PTCN, tiinh dp PTCN la thude tidn bp xa hdi Hai Id, Quan niem mdi viphdt trien ngudi cdn phdi duac the hien qua nhdng kit qud nghien cieu dinh lucmg vi suphdt trien ngudi Chi so PTCN Id bo cong cu quan trgng vd cd y nghta, do, cdc chi s6 gido due, y te vd thu nhdp cua ngudi ddn cdn duac ddc biet chuy TQ ndm 1990, cdng bd Bao cdo PTCN, UNDP da dua chi sd PTCN (HDI Human Development Index) "de dgc nhimg khia canh ca bdn cua ndng luc ngudi" (UNDP, 1990) Caeh tidp can ndy didn hinh cho tu gan Iy lugn vdi thue te Nghien cQu khdng dimg lai d ly lugn ma phai minh chiing bdng nhiing sd cu the Phdt triln ngudi Id mdt vdn de rdng ldn, nhung miic dp PTCN phai dugc bidu hi$n qua nhihig thudc djnh lugng Theo dd, HDI bao gdm ba chi sd co ban: ehi so kinh te bieu hipn qua thu nhdp qudc ddn binh qudn/ngudi, chi sd ndy thd hidn chdt luang song; chi sd tudi thp trung binh phan dnh ndng luc sinh thi - cudc sdng trudng thp va khde mgnh; chi sd giao due - ti Id ngudi trudng thdnh biet chu va ti le nhap hpc hdng nam phan dnh ndng luc linh thdn (tri thirc, trinh dp) cua ngudi dan Tuy nhidn, vdi tinh khai qudt vd phep quy gidn dd tim cdc dai lupng tuong ddi phan anh ddi sdng vat chat, nang luc sinh thd vd ndng lye tinh than ctia dan cu, bd cdng cu HDI cung khdng the phdn anh day dii nhQng vdn dd thyc tien xoay quanh ba ITnh vyc rdng ldn Thgm chi, nd cd the che giau nhung han chd phdt tridn kinh td, nhQng ydu kem phat trien gido due vd y td, chdm sdc siic khde ngudi dan, nhung tidu cyc bp may cong quydn, van hoa vd cac dich vu xa hdi khdc, Mdc ddu vgy, nhung nghien Cliu djnh lugng ndy la rdt quan trpng, nd phan dnh trinh dp PTCN cua mdi qudc gia va ^ Minh Trang (djch, 2013), "Amartya Sen: Sv phfit tri^n bj giam ham", http://www.thepach.com/vi/amaityasen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/ 36 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudi s63(78) 2015 Nhicng vdn de cdn quan ldm miic dp thyc hien cac muc tidu dd - dii cdn nhidu han chd Selim Jahan, Gidm ddc Vdn phdng Bao cao PTCN vidt: "Ndu ldy mpt each ndi dn du, tinh todn sy PTCN la mdt ngdi nhd va chi sd HDI Id canh cua di vdo nha ngudi ta khdng ndn nhdm ldn canh ctia vdi ngdi nhd vd ngudi ta khdng nen dimg lai d cua, thay vi nen di vdo nha" (Selim Jahan, 2015) Vi vay, ddi vdi cdc nhd hoach djnh chinh sach cdn thay tinh hai mat cua van dd ndy, de qua trinh xdy dyng chidn lugc PTCN qudc gia phai tinh ddn tat ca cac ydu td tdc ddng dd; dd nhung giai phdp dua cd thd khdc phuc duge nhiing yeu kem, tidu cyc xd hdi ma HDI cd thd Iam che khudt, hudng PTCN mpt each todn didn vd ben viing Cho den nay, sd lugng cdc chi sd dugc UNDP bd sung hang nam thdng qua cac Bao cao PTCN nhu: chi sd ngheo khd tdng hgp (HPI - Human poverty Index), chi sd phdt tridn gidi GDI (Gender - related development Index), chi so ludng sy trao quydn gidi (GEM - Gender Empower Measure), chi sd bdt binh ddng gidi (GII - Gender Inequality Index), chi sd ngheo da chidu (MPI - Multidimensional Poverty Index - tu ndm 2010), da lam rd han nhidu khia canh xd hdi ciia sy PTCN nhiing khia canh, sdc thdi khdc ciia ba chi sd eo ban Nam 2000, UNDP dua cdc Mue tidu phat tridn Thidn nien ky (Millennium Development Goals - MDGs) cac muc tieu nhim hudng tdi PTCN mpt each ben virng Didu dd thd hien sy nd Iyc ciia UNDP viec phan anh ddy du, bao quat hon nQa ve trinh dp PTCN Dieu ndy cd gia trj thyc tidn to ldn vide danh gid muc dp PTCN ciia mdi qudc gia vd no Iyc ciia cdc chinh phu viec thuc hidn cac muc tidu cdi thien chat lupng sdng cho ngudi dan Phat tridn ngudi la qud trinh tdng cudng cdc khd nang (hogc cdc co hpi) cho sy lua chpn eiia ngudi Theo van phdng Bao cao PTCN thi, PTCN la lam cho mpi ngudi dugc lu vd c6 ca hgi dd song cugc song co gid tri Con ngudi dugc phdt tridn cdc khd ndng cua minh vd tao cho hp ca hgi dd su dung chiing (HDRO, 2015) Ndu mpt ngudi dugc dao tao cac ky ndng nhung lai khdng dugc su dung cdng vide (hodc cdng vide ngudi dd dam nhgn khdng cdn den hodc nd bj tu chdi ngudi quan ly ciia hp) thi nghTa la hp chua cd ca hoi dd phat tridn ndng luc ciia mlnh Phdt trien ngudi, vd CO ban Id mang lgi cho hp cac ca hpi tu Iya chpn Cd the trinh dp ciia mdi ngudi khdc nhau, vide su dung co hpi cua mdi ngudi vd hidu qua mang lai khdc nhau, nhung trude hdt ngudi can dugc tao didu kidn dd binh dang vd co hpi Iya chpn, duge tu lua chpn vd cd nhidu co hdi de Iya chpn Mdt ngudi ndo dd lua chpn vide khdng dn udng, dd bdn than ddi (vi ly tdn giao) khdc vdi mdt ngudi dang ddi vi hp khdng dii tidn dd mua thuc an Tuc tu luon gdn lien vdi nhimg dieu kien nhdt dinh mdi tgo su phdt triin Edouard A.Wattez ly gidi, ngudi ngheo thudng cd it co hpi lua chpn vi nhihig ly kinh td - xd hdi, vdn hda, chinh trj; vi the tinh trgng ngheo ddi se tidp tyc keo dai Dieu quan trpng Id "viec tang thdm kha ndng tidp can cua dan ngheo ndng thdn vdi tri thuc va thdng tin bd ich cung nhu vide tham gia ciia hp van dd chi tidu NghiSn ctiu Con ngUdi s6'3(78) 2015 -t-j Trinh Thj NghTa cdng cpng va qud trinh quydt djnh d dia phuong ro rang la ydu td ca bdn dd nang cao nhan thuc vd cac co hdi hien cd giup hp thoat khdi tinh trgng ngheo ddi vd xdy dyng ndng lye thyc hidn nhimg sy lya chpn do" (UNDP, 1990) "Hy vpng, sd ddn luc tu se trd tiianh tai san chung, tai sdn dich thuc cua tdt ed mpi ngudi Nhung trudc hdt mpi ngudi trdn thd gidi ddu phdi dupe binh ding vd co hpi vuon tdi" (UNDP, 1990) Amartya Sen bdi phdng vdn eiia minh^ da ldy vi du d Nhat Bdn dk ndi ve vdn de CJ Nhat Ban, sau thdi ky cai cdch Minh Tri, Chinh phu xac djnh cdi hp tut hau so vdi phuang Tay chinh la d gido due Sau dd hp md rdng gido due phd thdng mpt cdch dn tugng, rdi cdi thien y td phd cap Hp nhdn thay rang ddn sd khde manh va co giao due phuc vu rdt hidu qud cho muc tieu tang trudng kinh td, tii dd thu nhgp eho ngudi dan tdng ldn vd didu kidn sdng ngdy cang dugc dam bao Bai hpc ndy sau dugc dp dung tgi Hdn Qudc, Xingapo, Hdng Kdng, Ddi Loan Nhicng ihdnh tuu md hg dgt duac tren tdt cd cdc lmh vice bdt ngudn khong phdi tic ldng truang kinh fi md bdi ddu tic suphdt Irien ndng luc ngudi ca vd tiid chdt va tri tud eung nhu muc sdng cua ddn cu A.Sen cho ring, "sy phdt tridn ndng lye ngudi cdn Id mdt cdch tiep can cd dien ciia chau A nhdm dgt dupc tdng trudng kinh td bdn vung"^ Ba Pratibha Mehta- Didu phdi vidn Thudng tni Lidn hop qudc va Dgi didn Thudng tni UNDP tgi Viet Nam - cho rdng: "Ndu khdng ddu tu vdo ngudi va cdi thien gido due - ddo tgo, Igi ich thu dugc tu todn cau hda va cac thj trudng toan cau hay dau tu tryc tidp nudc ngodi se van bj hgn che"' Ba Id UNDP ddc biet khuyen cdo cdc chinh phu cdn phai hudng den ngudi a pham vi qudi vd rong ldn - ngudi cgng dong, nhdt Id cdc cong dong il nhdn duac ca hgi phdl trien, de bi tdn thuang Trong edc Bao edo PTCN, ngudi dugc nhin nhdn "khdng chi la vidn ciia mdt cpng ddng dan tpc cu the ma hp dugc nhin nhdn mdt cdch btnh ddng vdi tu each la mot cdng dan the gidi - Id thdnh vidn ciia nhan loai tidn bp" (UNDP, 1990) Vi vgy, vdn de PTCN dugc ddt Id khdng gidi hgn ddi vdi mdt nhdm ngudi hay mot nhdm qudc gia ma PTCN phai mang tinh qudt cho todn cdu Con ngudi, khdng phdn biet qudc tjch, dan tpc, mau da, tdn gido, van hda, deu binh dang, ddu duoc tdng cudng md rpng cac co hpi va nang cao ndng luc lya chpn Tu quan nidm den chidn lugc hdnh ddng, tir Iy Iuan ddn cac chi sd dgc, tinh toan lugng hda sy PTCN, UNDP ddu phdi hudng ddn xay dung cdng ddng cd cupc sdng vdt chat day dii, cd hpc vdn, khde mgnh vd trudng thp UNDP ^ Minh Trang (djch 2013), "Amartya Sen: Su phfit trifin bi giam hfim", http://www.thepach.com/vi/amar^sen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/, ^ Minh Trang (djch 2013), "Amartya Sen: Su phfit triSn bi giam ham" http://www,thepach.com/vi/amar^asen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/ ' Piatibha Mehta, Bfii phat bifiu tai Hfii nghj cdp cao vfi D6i ngo^i Da phuong The ky 21 - Khuydn nghj cho Viet Nam, http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/speeches/20l4/08/I2/speech-byms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-res idem-representative-vietnam-at-high-levelconference-on-multilateral-diplomacy-in-the-2lst-century-recommendations-for-viel-nam.html •5 o NghlSn ctiu Con nguai s63(78) 2015 Nhicng vdn de cdn quan tdm cung chi cdc rdo can qua trinh PTCN d moi qudc gia cung nhu ly giai nhiing nguyen nhan cua bat binh ddng Uong videtidpcan co hpi phdt Uidn vd ndng luc lua chpn cua ngudi giira cac nudc vdi Cd thd ndi each tiep can ndy nghidn ciiu PTCN la hdt siic nhan vdn, nd vira dd eao ngudi cd nhdn vdi tu each la mdt chii thd nhan thiic, vua khdng djnh su phdt tridn ciia edc cd nhdn ludn gin lidn vdi su phdt tiidn ciia cpng ddng Gac chi sd ludng md UNDP xay dungfrongcdc Bdo cao PTCN ludn gan lidn vdi dan cu ciia mdt qudc gia hoac khu vuc Tuc Id ndi ddn trinh dp PTCN thi ludn la sy phdt tridn eua cdng ddng ngudi Id van dd cd tinh xa hdi, tinh nhan loai Trong cdc Bdo cdo ciia minh, UNDP ludn nhdn manh cdn phai quan tdm ddn nhiing cdng ddng de bj tdn thuong, hgn che vd cdc eo hdi lua chpn phdt tridn, nhu: phu nQ, tre em, ngudi lao dpng di tni, nhdm ngudi dan tdc thidu sd, Trong dd, "nhQng ngudi phdi sdng frong ngheo ddi vd thidu thdn cimg cue thupc nhdm ddi tugng de bj tdn thuong nhdt" (UNDP, 1990) Tinh trgng de bj tdn thuang Id mdt logt ede didu kidn tde ddng bdt Igi dnh hudng ddn khd ndng ciia mdt ca nhdn, hd gia dinh hodc mdt cpng ddng dan tdi nhung tdn thdt vd thidt hai ma hp cd thd gap phdi Ai de bi ton thirong, ton thuong cai gi, va tai sao? Ai? Ton thuong Tsii sao? cai gi? Ngudi ngheo, lao dpng khu Cdc Cli sdc vd Ndng luc han chd vuc khdng chinh thtic bj cd lap ve kinh te, y te Tinh mdt xd hdi trang de Phu nQ, ngudi khuyet tat, ngudi Thdm hpa Vj tri dia ly, dia vj bj ton nhap cu, cde nhdm ngudi thidu sd, thidn nhidn, xa hpi, cdc thuorng tre em, ngudi gid, nidn bidn ddi giai doan nhgy cam hdu, riii ro frong vdng ddi cdng nghiep Todn bd edng ddng, mpi viing mien Xung dot, bat Gdn kdt xa hpi dn xa hpi ldng leo, thd che chgm chap, qudn trj ydu kem Nguon: UNDP, Tom tdl Bdg cdophdl trien ngudi 2014 Nhidu ndm qua, UNDP da bd sung them cac chi bao dd ludng vd ddnh gia cdc nhdm ddc thil nay, djnh hudng cho cdc qudc gia can cu vao dd de cd nhiing chinh sach tm tidn phil hgp, tdng cudng vj thd, gidm thidu nhung nguy co tdn thuong va tang cudng kha nang chdng chju, cd nhidu co hpi dd lua chpn vd day manh viec nang cao nang luc cho cac cdng ddng, cdc nhom Cd thd ke den cac chi sd cd lidn quan truetidpddn nhdm thidu sd ddc thli, nhu: chi sd ngheo da chidu (MPI), chi sd ngheo ddi ciing cyc (Expreme Poverty), i ^ e o ddi da chieu d tre em (Child Multidimensional Poverty), ti Id tre em suy dinh NgMSn ctiU Con ngudi s63(78) 2015 39 Trinh Thi Nghfa dudng, tre em dugc tidm chiing, ti Id ba me tu vong sinh, ti Id dan cu dugc su dung nudc sach, chi sd phdt tridn gidi (GDI), chi sd binh dang gidi (GEI, 2004), chi sd bdt binh ding gidi (GII, 2010); Nhiing chi sd ndy khd phii hgp vdi tinh than Ludl qudc le vi quyin cua cdc nhdm ngudi de bi ton thuang^ UNDP khdng dinh: "Phdt trien ngudi ddi hdi phai xda bd cdc rdo can dang ngdn can ngudi dugc ty hanh dpng Dd Id vide tao didu kidn cho nhiing ngudi bj thidt thdi vd bj cd lap khdi xd hpi dugc thyc hien cac quydn ciia hp, dupc chia se nhiing mdi quan tam ciia hp mpt cdch cdi md, dupc ling nghe va dugc chii ddng quydt djnh sd phdn ciia chinh hp" (UNDP, 1990) Va dd lam duoc didu dd, theo cdc chuydn gia ciia UNDP "didu quan trpng Id phai gidm thidu tinh trang bdt binh ddng trdn mpi khia egnh ciia PTCN" (UNDP, 1990), thuc hidn su trao quydn cho nhung nhdm ngudi dd bi tdn thuang dd Trdn ca sd nay, ngudi dupc tu sdng cudc sdng ma minh mong udc va dugc ty giai quyet nhQng van de ciia bdn thdn mdt cdch phu hgp Hanh phiic ciia ngudi phy thudc rat nhidu vao miic dp tu ciia mdi trudng sdng cung nhu khd ndng ddi phd vd hdi phuc cua ngudi trudc cdc tinh hudng bat lpi - tu tu nhien hodc chinh ngudi gay Vi vdy dd tri va bdo ddm cho sy PTCN thi chinh phii cac nudc ndi ridng va nd lye cua toan cau ndi chung, mdt mat, phdi cd nhiing chinh sdch ngan chdn nhiing mdi de dpa, iing phd nhiing nguy co tdn thuang ddn ngudi; mat khac, can hinh thdnh cho ngudi - dac bidt Id nhdm ngudi de bj tdn thuang - khd nang chdng chju va phuc hdi nhanh chdng Cd thd ndi ddy la tu tudng the hien gid trj nhdn van sau sic nhdt ciia UNDP tridt ly PTCN Nd lam nen siic hdp ddn d ly thuydt PTCN cung nhu nhanh chdng nhan dugc sy ddng thudn cua cdng ddng thd gidi phuang phap tidp can cd Ie la vi vgy Bon Id, phdl trien ngudi ben vicng Trong hon hai thdp ky qua, nhQng lo nggi cho PTCN bdn viing iudn dugc nhdn manh cdc Bdo cdo PTCN ciia UNDP Bao cdo ndm 1994 da ndu rd nguyen tdc ca ban vd PTCN ben vung la: Muc tieu cua phat tridn la tao mpt mdi trudng tdt cd mpi ngudi ddu cd thd ndng cao ndng Iyc ciia minh va lao dugc thdm nhieu co hpi cho ca thd he hien tgi va tuong lai Trong Bdo cao PTCN 1995, UNDP xdc djnh bdn td ciia sy PTCN ben vung la: ldng cuang ndng lice vd sice khoe (ndng cao thd chdt, nang lye tinh thdn - thdng qua vide gido due, ndng cao trinh dp, ky ndng Chi cd ndng luc, ngudi mdi cd khd nang tan dung cac co hdi va su dung hidu qud cdc co hdi dd UNDP coi day Id ydu td quan frpng nhdt bdo dam cho PTCN bdn vQng); chia se cdng bdng nguon Iai (tao su edng bdng tidp can co hdi cho tdt cd mpi ngudi, dgc biet la nhdm ngudi ydu thd xd hdi); m phdt iriin cua hien lgi khdng gdy tdc dgng lieu cue den thi he tuang lai (xet ca vd mdi trudng ly'nhidn, xd hdi, van hda, ngudn lye tu Khoa Luat, Dai hpc QIJ6C gia Hfi Npi (2011), Da djch sang Tifing Vi?t Ludi quoc ti vi quyin cua cAc nhom nguoi de bi ton ihuong Nxb Lao dong - xfi hpi 4Q NghiSn ciiu Con ngudi s63(78) 2015 Nhdng vdn di cdn quan ldm nhien, ); ca hgi tham gia vdo suphdt trien (mpi ngudi ddu cd ca hdi iham gia vao cac hoat ddng kinh td chinh trj, xa hdi va su tham gia cua hp cd sy tac ddng tich cue ddi vdi sy chuydn bidn cdc boat ddng dd) Ddn Bdo cdo PTCN 2011, UNDP dua khdi nidm "Phdt trien eon ngudi mdt each bdn vung Id vide md rpng cde quyen ty hidn cd ciia ngudi hdm nay, ddng thdi nd Iyc mdt cdch hgp Iy dd trdnh phai thda hidp nghidm trpng quyen tu ciia cdc thd he tuong lai" (UNDP 1990) Trong mdi diln dan cap cao tai Hdi nghi Lien hgp qudc vd phdt tridn bdn viing didn 20/6/2012 tgi Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), UNDP da dua khdi nidm ndn tang cho mdt tuong lai mdi "Chi sd Phdt tridn ngudi bdn vung" Chi sd ndy se ghi nhgn chi phi PTCN vdi cdc thd he tuong lai Tdng gidm ddc cua UNDP - bd Helen Clark cho ring, "cdng bing, phdm gid, hanh phiic vd bdn vung la rdt quan trpng cudc sdng ciia chiing ta song lai chua thay cd mat GDP Do dd.'chi sd ve phat tridn bdn vQng ciia ngudi cdn phai dugc dinh nghTa va ludng mpt cdch thau ddo hon qua trinh phat tridn chung cua xa hdi"^ Trong bai Irinh bdy trudc didn dan Rio, dng Khalid Malik - Giam ddc Van phdng Bdo cao PTCN todn cdu - da xem xel Iai cdc Igi the cung nhu thdch thiic ddnh gid muc bdn vQng trdn quan didm PTCN vd dya vdo HDI Didu phan dnh nhgn thiie vd PTCN la cdng bdng giQa cdc the he vdi nguyen tdc lua chgn hom khdng duac hgn che lua chgn cho ihe he mai sau Cac chuydn gia cua UNDP ndu hai nhan td ca bdn nhat dnh hudng den PTCN bdn virng dd Id vdn dd mdi Irudng hiin ddi hgu vd vdn de hdi binh ddng irong xd hdi Phuong phdp ddnh gia muc dp bdn vung dya vao HDI lay ngudi Idm trung tam cung dua vdo y tudng gidi hgn cua hanh tinh, cho thdy miic dp bidn ddi hdu ndi rieng da gay nhQng nguy co nghidm trpng ldu ddi cho PTCN vd cao nhdi Id d cac qudc gia ngheo va cac cdng ddng ngheo, Trong mdi bai phat bidu khdc, ba Helen Clark cung nhan manh den didu Ndu each thirc phdt trien ma ca nudc giau va nudc ngheo deu lam Id pha hoai cdc he sinh thai ma su sdng tren hdnh tinh ndy phu thudc, thi nhQng bat lgi se roi vdo nhung ngudi ngheo nhdt vd de bi tdn thuang nhat, nhiing ngudi song phu thudc nhieu nhat vdo ty nhidn viec muu sinh (Helen Clark, 2012) Lien minh Bao tdn thd gidi (lUCN) cho rdng, "tinh trang dd bi ldn thuong la mdt loat cdc dieu kien lac dpng bdt Igi anh hudng den kha nang ciia mdt cd nhan, hd gia dinh hodc mdt cdng ddng vide phdng ngua va img phd vdi mdt hidm hpa, va nhQng anh hudng ciia bidn ddi hgu dan ddn nhung tdn thdl vd thiet hai md hp cd thd gap phdi"** Nhiing dp lye mdi trudng edn Idm cho vide gidm ddi ngheo vd xda bat binh ddng qua trinh ' L I N D P "Ngoai GDP, UNDP d i xufit bien phfip phat trien nguoi ben viJng", http://www.vn,undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenterarticles/20l 2/06/20/going-beyond-gdpundp-proposes-human-development-measure-of-susta inability * Tinh Chi (CORENARM lupc djch va tong hpp) "Tinh irang d l bi ton thuang cua cfie dan t6c ban dia v6i bien doi hfiu", htlp://www.corenarm.org.vn/?pid^93&id=579 Nghien ctiu Con ngutH s6 3(78) 2015 A Trinh Thi NghTa phdt tridn tao ndn khd khdn hon "Cac hien tugng tiidi tidt tan pha thudng xdy ciing nhQng tham hpa ty nhidn khdc dang keo liii tien bd phdt fridn"^ UNDP khdng dinh: "Sy xudng cdp cua mdi frudng ldm thui chdt ndng luc cua ngudi theo nhidu each khac nhau, vugt xa khdi cdc khia canh tiiu nhdp, sinh kd va bao gdm cdc tdc ddng vdi y td, gido due va cac khia egnh khdc ciia ddi sdng" (UNDP, 1990) Tgi Hdi nghi cdp cao vd Ddi ngogi Da phuang Thd ky 21 - Khuydn nghi cho Viet Nam (12/8/2014), ydu td bdt binh ding viec PTCN bdn vung cung da dugc dd cap sdu sic Theo dd, bdt binh ddng lan rdng cung la mdt quan nggi todn cdu Bdt binh ddng vd thu nhap, tdi sdn nhu ddt dai, hay bdt binh ding tidp can vdi cac djch vu cdng nhu gido due, y td, tin dung vd bdo frg xa hdi xudt hidn khdng chi d ndi tai cde qudc gia md cdn d quy-md vimg Vd "khdng mdy qudc gia cd thd trdnh dugc sy gia tang vd bdt binh ding - frd tiianh mdi de dpa that sy vdi sy PTCN va tidn bd cua cdc qudc gia" Bat binh ddng dnh hudng den tdt cd cdc muc tidu phdt fridn khac thdng qua vipc cdn frd tdng trudng, lam cham tdc dp giam ngheo vd gdp phan gia tang bgo luc cung nhu bdt dn xd hpi, chinh trj "Thdi dai chiing ta dang chiing kidn nghich ly mdt thd gidi thira thdi, ngheo ddi cimg cyc kinh nidn vd bdt binh ding"", bdn egnh Id nan khiing bo, budn ngudi, bdnh tdt nhu H7N9, Ebola, Trong nhung vdn de bdt binh ddng, ed thd ndi bdt binh ddng vd kinh td vd bdt binh ding gidi la hai nguyen nhan co ban can ttd si; PTCN Trudc nhQng tham hpa ciia mdi frudng hodc nhimg lac ddng lieu cue ciia ndn kinh te, thi nhQng ngudi ngheo, edc nhdm ngudi ydu thd bao gid cung phdi hiing ehiu nhQng tdn thuang nhieu nhdt va khd ndng phuc hdi ciia hp cung rat chdm Ve binh ddng gidi, Ngan hdng tiie gidi (Woridbank) cho rdng, nd quan frpng ddi vdi su phdt tridn, vi hai ly do; "ThQ nhdt, binh ddng gidi bdn thdn nd da cd sdn y nghTa, vi vide phai sdng cudc ddi moi ngudi theo lya chpn ctia bdn thdn ma khdng phai chiu nhiing sy tudc dogt vd ly ehinh la mpt quydn ngudi co ban vd giQa mpi ngudi phai cd sy binh ddng, cho dii la nam hay nu ThQ hai, binh dang gidi cd y nghTa ve mat phuong tien, vi binh ddng gidi cdng cao tiii cdng tdng hieu qua kinh te vd dgt duoc nhiing muc tieu phat trien quan frpng khac nhidu ' Pratibha Mehta, Bfii phat bieu tai Hpi nghi cap cao ve D6i ngoai E>a phuong Thg ky 21 - Khuyin nghj cho Vi?t Nam, http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/speeches/20I4/08/12/speech-byms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-resident-representative-viemam-at-high-levelconference-on-multilaterai-diplomacy-in-the-2lst-century-recommendations-for-viet-nam.html '" Pratibha Mehta, Bfii phat bieu tsii Hpi nghj cfip cao v£ Dfii ngoai Da phuong The ky 21 - Khuyfin nghj cho Vi^ Nam, http //www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/speeches/2014/08/12/speech-byms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-resident-representative-viemam-at-high-levelconference-on-multilateral-diplomacy-in-the-21st-century-recommendations-for-viet-nam.html '' Pratibha Mehta, Bai phat bifiu I^i Hpi nghi cfip cao vfi D6i ngoai Eta phuong The ky 21 - Khuyfin nghj cho Vi?t Nam, http://www.vn.undp.org/conlent/viehiam/vi/home/presscenler/speeches/20l4/08/12/speech-byms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-resident-represeniative-viemam-at-high-levelconference-on-mullilateral-diplomacy-in-the-21st-century-recommendations-for-viet-nam.html 42 NghlSn etiu Con nguM si 3(78) 2015 Nhiing vdn de cdn quan ldm hon" (UNDP, 1990) Hidn tgi cd hon 100 qudc gia (frong sd 136 qudc gia tham gia WB vao nam 2012), dd quy djnh, bdo ve quydn binh dang nam nQ frong Hien phdp va phdp ludt NhQng thdnh tyu cdng cudc giai phdng phu nu la to ldn frong may thap nidn frd lai ddy Muc dp ty md hp cd dupc bidu hidn d quydn dugc hpc hdnh, duge cham sdc sue khde, tham gia ddi sdng chinh trj xd hdi, cd viec !am va dupc tdn Upng Tuy nhidn, bat binh ddng gidi frong thyc td vdn cdn rdt sau sdc d nhidu qudc gia Ti Id phu nQ tu vong frong qua trinh sinh de d vung Ha Xahara chdu Phi vd mdt sd khu d Nam A van cao ngang vdi muc ciia khu vuc Bic Au hdi tiid ky 19 Tre em giau thj d Ni-gie-ria, cd nam vd nu sd ndm di hpc trung binh la 10 ndm, frong fre em gdi ngheo ndng thdn d Hausa chi di hpc trung binh thang Ti Id tii vong d nu gidi so vdi nam gidi d cac nudc thu nhdp thap vd trung binh bao gid cung cao hon so vdi cac nudc cd thu nhap cao (UNDP, 1990) Ndu PTCN Id qua trinh md rdng quydn tu cho ngudi thi binh ddng gidi la mdt frong nhung mue tidu Upng tam cdn thuc hidn Nhiing didu kidn mdi cua thdi dgi va cua khoa hpc ngdy dd cho phep UNDP dua nhiing cdch thuc ludng vd gidi phdp tren thuc tien dd ddnh gid vd cdi thidn trinh dp PTCN cua cdc qudc gia Cach tiep can da chidu cua UNDP kha toan didn, vua ly tudng vua thyc td nghidn curu vdn dd PTCN Ngay nay, ndi ddn PTCN, trdn cdc dien dan hpc thuat cung nhu cac cdng ddng qudc gia thupc Lidn hgp qudc ddu thQa nhgn quan didm cua UNDP, ldy dd la quan diem chi phdi tidp can nghidn cuu cdc van dd xd hdi Trong thyc te, vide thyc hidn chien lupc PTCN ciia cdc qudc gia cdn rdt nhidu khd khdn, phuc tgp vd nhieu nhdn td khdch quan chi phdi, nhu vdn dd an ninh ngudi, vdn dd ngheo ddi, vdn de binh dang tren thyc td, van de tu tidp can co hdi, Do vgy, vide hidn thye hda tridt ly ngudi la trung tam vd cdi thien chi sd PTCN ro rang la nhidm vu lau ddi vd cap thiet ddi hdi su chung tay cua cd cpng ddng Tai lieu tham khao Tjnh Chi (CORENARM lupc djch va long hpp), "Tinh tr^ng dd bj tdn thuong cua cac dan tpc ban dja vdi bien ddi hau", http://www.corenarm.org.vn/?pid=93&id=579 Luong Dinh Hal, Mai Quynh Nam (2014) (ddng chu bien), Vien nghien cihi ngjc&i mgt sd ket qud nghien cieu Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi Khoa Luit, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi (2011), Da djch sang Tidng Viet, Ludt quoc ti vi quyen ciia cdc nhdm ngudi de bi tdn thuang Nxb Lao dpng - xa hpi Nguyen Thj Le (2014), "Phat tridn ngudi tren the gidi: Khai niem va ludng" Tap chi Nghien ciru Con ngudi, Sd I, Tr.25 - 33 Trjnh Thj Kim Ngpc (2008), "Phat trien ngudi qua phan tich quan didm "phat tridn la quyen ty do" ciia Amartya Sen", Tap chi Nghien cieu Con ngudi, Sd 5, Tr 53 - 61 Nghien ctiu Con ngudi s63(78) 2015 A-I Trjnh Thj NghTa Ho ST Quy (2005) "That tri^n ngudi Viet Nam qua cac bao cao thudng nien ve phat tridn ngudi ciia UNDP", Tapchi Thdng tin Khoa hgc Xa hgi Sd 4, Tr.l 9-27 Hd ST Quy (2007), Con ngic&i vd phdt trien n^j«r/, Nxb Giao due, Minh Trang (djch, 2013), "Amartya Sen: Su phat trien bj giam ham", http://www.thepach,com/vi/amartya-sen-su-phat-trien-bi-giam-ham-phan-i/, Trung tam Khoa hoc Xa hpi va Nhan van Quoc gia (1999) Phdl trien eon ngu&i - tir quan niem din chiin hrge hdnh dong Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Npi 10 Amartya Sen (2002), Phdl Irien la quyen tie do, Nxb Thdng ke Ha Ndi 11 UNDP, Tdm tat Bao cao phai trien ngudi 20!0, "Ciia cai thuc su ciia qudc gia: Dudng di tdi phat trien ngudi" http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ 12 UNDP Tdm tat Bao cao phat tnen ngudi 2011, "Ben vQng va cong bdng: Mpt tuong lai tdt dep hon cho tat ca mpi ngudi", http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ 13 UNDP, "Ngoai GDP UNDP de xuat bien phap phat trien ngudi bdn virng", http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/articles/20l2/06/20/going -beyond-gdp-undp-proposes-human-development-measure-of-sustainability 14 UNDP, Tdm tat Bao cao phat trien ngudi 2014, "Duy tri qua pha( triSn ngudi: Giam thieu nguy co tdn thuang va tang cudng kha nang chong chju, phuc hoi", http ://hdr, undp.org/en/reports/ 15 WorldBank, "Tdng quan Bao cao phat trien the gidi 2012: Binh ddng gidi va phat trien".http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASlAPAC IFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPSOCDEV/0„contentMDK:23068982~menuPK:502946-p agePK:64215727-piPK:642I5696~theSitePK-502940,00.html 16 Helen Clark (2012), "Achieving Sustainable Human Development" http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenler/speeches/20l2/05/29/helenclark-achieving-sustainable-human-development-.himl 17 HDRO (2015), "What is Human Development?", http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/whalhuman-development 18 Pratibha Mehta Bai phat bieu tai Hpi nghj cdp cao vd Doi ngoai Da phuong The ky 21 - Khuyen nghi cho Viet Nam, http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenter/speeches/2014/08/12/spee ch-by-ms-pratibha-mehta-un-resident-coordinator-and-undp-resident-representativevietnam-at-high-level-conference-on-multilatera]-diplomacy-in-the-2lst-centuryrecommendations-for-viet-nam.html 19 Selim Jahan (2015), "The Human Development Index - what it is and what it is not", http://hdr.undp.org/en/hdi-what-it-is 20 UNDPi Human Development Report 1990 -2014 http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ NghiSn ciiu Con ngudi s6 3(78) 2015 ... tidn bp xa hdi Hai Id, Quan niem mdi viphdt trien ngudi cdn phdi duac the hien qua nhdng kit qud nghien cieu dinh lucmg vi suphdt trien ngudi Chi so PTCN Id bo cong cu quan trgng vd cd y nghta,... nhiing mdi quan tam ciia hp mpt cdch cdi md, dupc ling nghe va dugc chii ddng quydt djnh sd phdn ciia chinh hp" (UNDP, 1990) Va dd lam duoc didu dd, theo cdc chuydn gia ciia UNDP "didu quan trpng... ddng qua trinh ' L I N D P "Ngoai GDP, UNDP d i xufit bien phfip phat trien nguoi ben viJng", http://www.vn ,undp. org/content/vietnam/vi/home/presscenterarticles/20l 2/06/20/going-beyond-gdpundp-proposes-human-development-measure-of-susta