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SlJ KIEIV V A NHAN DE\H ^ BAO CAO PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/dl 2010: XU HU"6NG PHAT T R I E N CON NGl/Ol VA M O T SO THAY DOI TRONG TINH TOAN CAC CHI SO NGUYEN DINH TUAN Nam 1990, danh dau mpt budc ngoat quan trpng qua trinh khang dinh vai trd cua ngudi qua trinh phat trien vdd sy ddd cua bao cao phat trien ngudi (Human Development Report - HDR) Bao cao da mang lai cho nhan loai mpt each nhin, mdt quan diem va mdt phuang phap tiep can mdi ve phat trien day du hon, toan dien hon va nhan van hon Thay vi chi tap trung vao mdt vai chi sd lien quan den tang tmdng kinh te cd tinh tmyen thdng nhu GDP de darih gia su tien bd xa hdi, bao cao phat trien ngudi nam 1990 da dua chi sd phat trien eon ngudi (HDI) tap trung yao yeu td: tudi thg, giao dye va thu nhap de danh gia sy tien bd cua xa hdi Ke tii dd den nay, bao cao phat trien ngudi ludn thu hiit su quan tam cua cac nha lanh dao, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach va cac nha khoa hgc d nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi Dieu do, dugc the hien thdng qua viec xay dung cac bao cao phat trien ngudi cap khu -vuc va cap qudc gia Tinh den da ed hon 130 qudc gia tren the gidi xay dung bao cao phat trien ngudi vdi tren 600 bao cao Nam 2010 - ky niem 20 nam phat hanh bao cao phat trien ngudi cua Chuang trinh phat trien Lien hgp qudc (UNDP) Trai qua 20 nam, quan diem phat trien ngudi va chi sd HDI da dugc cdng ddng the gidi ddn nhan mdt each rdng rai Vdd quan diem va each tiep can mdi ve phat trien, bao cao phat trien ngudi da cd tac ddng tich cyc den quan diem va chinh saeh phat trien cua nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi Nam bao cao phat triln eon ngudi mdt lan niia tai khang dinh quan diem va each tiep can diing dan ve phat trien ngudi - "con ngu&i chinh la cita cdi ciia moi quoc gid" Bao cao nam 2010, mdt mat soat, danh gia lai nhiing tyu va thach thiic cdn tdn tai phat trien ngudi, mat khac di vao phan tieh nhiing tac ddng ve mat chinh saeh ddi vdi phat trien ngudi mdt each cd he thdng d cap toan cau va cap qudc gia Bai viet gidi thieu khai quat ve mdt so thay ddi each tinh toan cac chi sd lien quan den phat trien ngudi va xu hudng phat trien ngudi tren the gidi thdng qua bao cao phat trien ngudi 2010 Xu huong phat trien ngiroi tren the gioi Nhin nhan ve xu hudng phat trien 40 nam qua cho thay, chi sd HDI trung binh cua ca * ThS.; Vi^n Nghien ciru Con ngudi NghlSn ciiu Con nguiA sd (52) 2011 go Nguyin Dinh Tudn thl gidi da tang 41% kl tfr nam 1970 va 18%) kl tfr 1990 Trong dd, khu vuc Ddng A va Thai Binh Duong la khu 'vuc dat dugc nhieu tien bd nhat ve chi sd HDI - tang 0,260 -diem (tfr 0,383 nam 1980 Ien 0,643 nam 2010), cdn khu 'vuc chau Phi can Sahara tien bg cham nhit - tang 0,096 diim (til 0,293 nam 1980 Ien 0,389 nam 2010) Trong 135 qudc gia dugc chgn lam mau tinh toan chi sd HDI cho giai doan 19702010 (vdi 92%) dan sd the gidi) chi cd qudc gia (CHDC Cdng-gd, Zambia va Zimbabue) ed chi sd HDI hien thap hem nam 1970, cdn lai hau het cac qudc gia it nhieu deu cd su tien bg Miroi quoc gia co sir cai thien ve HDI, HDI phi thu nhap va thu nhap Thir hang 10 HDI Oman Trung Qudc Nepal Indonesia A rap Xe lit CHDCND Lao Tunisia Han Qudc Angeri Morocco Cai thien ve HDI phi thu nhap Oman Nepal A rap Xe lit Lybi Angeri Tunisia Iran Ethiopia Han Qudc Indonesia Thu nhap Trung Qudc Botswana Han Qudc Hdng Kdng, TQ Malaysia Indonesia Malta Viet Nam Mauritius AnDd Nguon: Human Development Report 2010 10 qudc gia cd tien bd nhanh nhat phat trien ngudi 40 nam qua la: Oman, Tnmg Qudc, Nepal, Indonesia, A rap Xe ut, Lao, Tunisia, Han Quoc, Angeri, Morocco Su tien bg cua cac qudc gia chu yeu nhd vao tang nhanh thu nhap va tiln bg khia canh phi thu nhap (giao due, y te) Trong do, Tmng Qudc, Indonesia va Han Qudc - la cac qudc gia nhd vao tang tmdng nhanh thu nhap, cdn Oman, Nepal, Tunisia - la cac qudc gia nhd vao su tien bd til khia canh phi thu nhap Ben canh cac qudc gia cd su tien bg nhanh ve HDI thi van cdn nhilu qudc gia mile tiln bg cdn cham nhu cac nudc thugc khdi Lien bang Xd viet cfi - noi ti le tu vong d ngudi ldn dang gia tang va cac nudc d khu vuc chau Phi can Sahara bi hoanh hanh bdi dai dich HIV Trong tuu ve thu nhap, Tnmg Quoc la quoc gia dat dugc tuu ldn nhit Thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi cua Trung Qudc tang 21 lin vdng thap ky qua, nhien Trung Qudc lai khdng phai la qude gia diing diu danh sach 10 qudc gia ndi bat nhat ve phat triln ngudi chua cai thien dugc nhilu ti le nhap hgc va tudi thg trung binh Viet Nam thap ky qua thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi cung tang lan va dugc xlp d vi tri thii 10 qudc gia diing diu vl cai thien thu nhap Day cd the coi la mdt cdng chinh sach phat triln kinh tl ciia nudc ta nhting 64 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl sd (52) 2011 Bdo cdo phdt trien nam -vfra qua Nhung Viet Nam ciing gidng nhu Hdng Kdng - Trung Qudc, Malaysia hay An Do la nhting quoc gia cd tiln bd thu nhap (diing d nhdm 10 qudc gia) nhung lai khdng dung d nhdm 10 quoc gia cd tien bd ve phat trien ngudi chua cai thien nhieu khia canh phi thu nhap Trong ITnh -vuc y te, thap ky qua the gidi da dat nhieu tien bd dang khich le, tudi thg binh quan tang, dd khu -vuc Ddng A va Thai Binh Duong dat tuu tdt nhat (trung binh 59 tudi vao nam 1970 tang len 73 tudi vao nam 2010) C) Viet Nam, tudi thg binh quan tang nhanh chdng tfr 49 tudi vao nam 1970 len 75 tudi vao 2010 Hien nay, tien bd ITnh -vuc y te tren the gidi dang cd xu hudng cham lai nhting thut lui rat dang ke d mgt sd qudc gia bdd tinh trang HIV va ty le til vong d ngudi ldn tang LTnh -vuc giao due cting cd nhiing tien bg rat to ldn, the hien khdng chi d cai thien ve mat sd lugng ma cdn the hien d su binh dang viec tiep can giao due gitia tre nam va tre nu Khu -vuc Ddng A va Thai Binh Duong cfing la khu vue cd su tien bg nhieu nhat giao due the hien qua ty le biet chii, tang tu 53% nam 1970 len 94% nam 2010 Nhirng thay doi va sir bo sung each tinh toan cac chi so Nam muc tieu khdng ngung hoan thien bd cdng cu dac chi sd HDI, bao cao phat trien eon ngudi nam da cd sy dieu chinh each tinh toan chi sd HDI va bd sung them chi sd mdi (IHDI, GII, MPI) nham the hien nhfrng khia canh quan trgng cua su phan bd an sinh, dd la bat binh dang, binh dang gidi va ngheo ddi da chieu Viec bd sung them chi sd mdi cho phep tiep can dugc nhieu sd lieu phong phii hon, phan anh dugc nhieu khia canh hon phat trien ngudi * Thay doi cdch tinh chi so phdt trien ngir&i (HDI) So vdd ribiing nam trudc, each tinh chi sd HDI nam cd su thay ddi d thudc ve kien thiic va mile sdng thudc ve kien thilc, chi tieu sd nam di hgc trung binh va sd nam hgc du kien thay cho ti le biet chft d ngudi ldn va tdng ti le di hgc Cdn d thudc muc sdng hgp ly, chi tieu GNI/dau ngudi thay cho GDP/dau ngudi ' , ! Cuoc song khoe manh i Thudc ; — — ~ ~ ; "-; I va lau dai : Chi tieu i Thu6c Tuoi thp Chi SO tuoi tho chis6 Kjen thirc So namhpc d\i kien So nam di hoc trang binh I Qiisogi^odgc MiJc s5ng hppiv _ GNI/dau nguW (PPPUSD)_ ChlsoGNI •f Oil so ph^t trien ngu^i (HDI) Do cd su thay ddi vl cac chi tieu va each tinh nen chi sd HDI nam 2010 khdng dung de so sanh vdd chi sd HDI cua cac nam trade Su thay ddi cting lam thay ddi sd diim xlp hang d cac nhdm phat trien ngudi khac (phat triln ngudi rit cao NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl sdi (52) 2011 65 Nguyin Dinh Tudn phat trien ngudi cao, phat trien ngudi trung binh va phat trien ngudi thap) so vdi nam 2009 Theo each tinh mdi, vi tri dilng dau ve chi sd HDI nam la Nauy, Australia, My, New Zealand va Ireland So vdi nam 2009, cd vi tri thay ddi - vi tri sd va sd (My va New Zealand thay vi tri cua Iceland va Canada) Cdn vi tri cudi cung nam thugc vl Mozambique, Burundi, Niger, Congo va Zimbabwe d khu -vuc Ddng Nam A, cd qudc gia nim nhdm phat triln ngudi rat cao la Singapore - thil 27 (0,846 diim) va Brunei - thii 37 (0,805 diim); qudc gia nim nhdm phat triln ngudi cao la Malaysia - thil 57 (0,744 diim); qudc gia nim nhdm phat triln ngudi tmng binh la Thai Lan - thil 92 (0,654), Philippines thil 97 (0,638 diim), hidonesia - thu 108 (0,600 diim), Viet Nam - thil 113 (0,572 diim), Ddng timor - thil 120 (0,502 diim), Lao - thil 122 (0,497 diim), Campuchia - thil 124 (0,494 diim); va cudi cfmg la Myamar - thil 132 (0,451 diim), thudc nhdm phat trien eon ngudi thap Nhu vay, so vdi cac qudc gia khu 'vuc Viet Nam chi dung d vi tri thil 7/11 qudc gia vl chi sd HDI Trong nhting nam tdi dl cd nhung budc tiln vl phat trien ngudi khu vuc, ben canh viec nang cao mile sdng cho ngudi dan thi Viet Nam can phai quan tam ban ntia den ITnh -vyc y te va giao dye * Chi so phdt trien ngifdi co dieu chinh bat binh dang (IHDI) Chi sd phat triln ngudi cd dieu chinh bat binh dang (Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index - IHDI) la mgt chi sd mdi (chi sd IHDI, chi so GII va chi sd MPI) dugc UNDP dua vao bao cao phat trien ngudi nam 2010 nham lam rd hon cac khia canh phat triln eon ngudi Chi sd IHDI cho phep nhin nhan su tae ddng cua bit binh dang din phat trien ngudi Chi sd IHDI dugc tinh toan dua tren each tinh cua chi sd HDI vdi khia canh (cudc sdng khde manh, kien thilc va mile sdng hgp ly) nhung cd tinh den van de bat binh dSng Theo do, mgt xa hgi dugc coi la binh dang hoan hao chi sd IHDI bang chi sd HDI Ngugc lai, neu ed su chenh lech gitia chi sd IHDI va chi sd HDI thi xa hdi dd cd su bat binh dang va muc chenh lech cang ldn thi bat binh dang cang ldn Cach tinh toan chi sd IHDI dugc the hien d so nhu sau: :Thudc I Chi tieu 'Thudc Ichisfl Chis6 dieu chinh BBD Cuoc song khde manh \ valau dAi Tu^ithp Kien thirc S6 nam di hpc tmng binh Mirc song hopl^ S6 nam hpc d\rldSn i: i: CNI/d^u ngu6ri (PPP USD) : 11161 thp frung binh j S5 nSm di hpc Thu nh|p/ti€u dCing Chi s6 tuoi thp dieu chinh BBD Chi so gao due dieu chinh bat binh ding Chis6thunh|p diki chinh BBD i- \ Chis6FTCNdi^chinhBBD(lrt)l) 66 NghlSn ciiv Con ngudl sd (52) 2011 Bdo cdo phdt trien Khi dua them khia canh bit binh dang vao chi sd HDI, cd the thay, hau bet eac qudc gia diu ed "thit thoat" vl chi sd HDI va eac chi sd phan (giao dye, tudi thg va thu nhap) Mile thit thoat trung binh cua chi sd HDI bat binh dang tren toan the gidi la 21,7% - dilu dd cd nghTa la chi sd HDI toan cau nam 2010 giam tfr 0,62 xudng edn 0,49 Mile thit thoat cua chi s l HDI dao ddng tfr 6,1% (CH Sec) din 45,3% (Mozambique) Cdn miic that thoat d chi sd giao due til 1,3% (CH Sec) din 49,8% (Yemen), d chi sd tudi thg tfr 3,5%o (Iceland) den 58,8% (Afghanistan) va d chi sd thu nhap tfr 4,4% (Azerbaijan) den 68,3% (Namibia) Cd su ddng thuan gifia cac nhdm phat trien ngudi vdd miic that thoat ve chi sd HDI dua them khia canh bat binh dang - dd la phat trien ngudi cang cao thi mile that thoat cang thap va ngugc Iai Chang ban, d nhdm phat triln ngudi rit cao ti le that thoat chi la 10,2%), nhdm phat trien eon ngudi thap la 32,0% Dilu cho thay bat binh dang van la mdt thach thiic ldn ddi vdi eae nudc cd mile phat trien ngudi thap Xem xet ve sy that thoat chi sd HDI cua cae khu vyc tren the gidi (khi dua them khfa canh bat binh dang) thi ehau Au va trung A la noi cd mile that thoat thap nhat (13,6%), cdn khu 'vyc chau Phi can sa mac Sahara cd miic that thoat ldn nhat (32,0%) Trong su that thoat ve cac ehi sd phan thi khu vuc chau Phi can sa mac Sahara ciing la noi cd miic that thoat ldn nhat ve ehi sd tudi thg (40,8%), cac nudc A-rap cd mile that thoat ldn nhat ve chi sd giao dye (43,4%)), cdn ehau My Latinh va khu vuc Ca-ri-be la noi cd mile that thoat ldn nhat ve chi sd thu nhap (37,6%) Trong khu vyc Ddng Nam A khdng ke Singapore, Bmnei, Malaysia va Myamar (do khdng ed sd lieu vl IHDI) thi Viet Nam la nudc cd muc that thoat chi sd HDI thap nhat (16,4%), cdn Ddng timor cd mile that thoat cao nhat (33,3%) Trong cac chi sd phan, thit thoat d chi sd tudi thg thap nhat la Thai Lan (9,5%)) va cao nhat la Ddng timor (34,3%); thit thoat d chi sd giao due thap nhat la Philippines (12,9%) va cao nhat la Ddng timor (44,3%); thit thoat ehi sd thu nhap thap nhat la Viet Nam (18,2%) va cao nhit la Thai Lan (34,0%) * Citi so bat binli ddng gi&i (GII) Chi sd bat binh dang gidi (Gender Inequality Index - GII) dugc cac chuyen gia cua UNDP dua nhim the hien rd hon su khac biet gitia phu nti va nam gidi ve cac tyu dat dugc Qua dd ed the nhan thay su bat binh dang gidi da tac ddng den phat trien eon ngudi d mdi cdng ddng nhu the nao Khac vdi chi sd phat trien gidi (GDI) dugc edng bd hang nam cac bao cao phat triln ngudi trudc do, chi sd GII dugc tinh toan dua tren khia canh sirc khde, trao quyin va thi tradng lao ddng vdi chi tieu va thudc chi sd Tfr viec tinh toan dugc chi sd (chi so siic khde cua phy nfr, chi sd trao quyen cua phu nfr, chi sd thi tradng lao ddng cua phu nfr, chi sd trao quyen cua nam gidi, chi sd thi trudng lao ddng cua nam gidi) se tinh toan tilp cbi sd gidi cua phu nii, cua nam gidi va cudi cfing la chi sd bat binh dang gidi (GII) NgWen ciiu Con ngudi sd (52) 2011 gr^ Nguyin Dinh Tudn Thuac Chi tieu Sirc khoe Tile Tisuat bametu sinh san vong I nien Xr Thuac chi so Trao quven Tile giao due Tile so trung hoc nu dai bieu qu6c vanam hpi nu vanam Thi tru-oTig lao done Tile tham gia lao dong nu vanam ^ ChisSSK sinh san ciia phu nix Chi so Chi so trao quyen ciia thi truang ID ciia phu nir Chiso trao quyen cua nam giai so thi truang LD cuanam nai Chi so giai ciia nam giai Chi so bat binh dang giai (GH) Ciing gidng nhu chi sd HDI hay GDI, chi sd GII nhan gia tri tfr den Tuy nhien, y nghTa cua viec nhan gia tri tfr den cua chi sd GII khac vdi chi sd HDI va GDI NIU chi sd HDI va GDI ed gia tri cang gan den thi mile phan anh ve phat trien ngudi va phat trien gidi cang tdt, cdn chi sd GII gia tri cang gan den thi cang eho thay mile bat binh gidi dang cao, ngugc lai, chi sd GII d cdng dd ed gia tri cang gin thi tinh trang bat binh dang gidi d cdng ddng cang thap Trong nhdm cac qudc gia cd binh dang gidi cao thi Ha Lan la nudc dilng diu (chi so GII la 0,174), sau dd la Dan Mach (chi sd Gil la 0,209), Thuy Diin (chi sd GII la 0,212), Thuy ST (chi sd GII la 0,228) va Nauy (chi sd GII la 0,234) Cac qudc gia bit binh ding cao nhit la Yemen (0,853 - xlp tin! 138/138), CHDC Cdng-gd (0,814 - xlp thli 137/138), Niger (0,807 - xlp thil 136/138), Mah (0,799 - xlp thir 135/138) va Afghanistan (0,797 - xep thu 134/138) Nam A va ehau Phi can sa mac Sahara la nhfing khu vyc cd chi sd GH cao nhat (0,739 va 0,735) Cdn Ddng A va Thai Binh Ducmg la khu vuc cd chi sd GII thap hon (0,467) Xem xet chi sd HDI va chi sd GH cho thay, nhiing qudc gia cd tuu phat triln ngudi tdt ciing la nhting qudc gia cd su bat binh ding gidi thip (chi so GII cua nhdm phat trien eon ngudi rat cao la 0,319) Ngugc lai, nhfing quic gia ed tuu phat trien ngudi thip la nhiing qudc gia cd su bit bmh ding gidi cao (Chi sd GH cua nhdm phat trien ngudi la 0,748) Qua day cho thiy van dl bit binh ding gidi van la mdt rao can ldn ddi vdi phat trien ngudi d nhilu qudc gia tren thl gidi Bat binh dang gidi d Viet Nam dugc danh gia d mile trung binh (chi sd GII la 0,530 - xep thli 58/138) So vdd eac nudctirongkhu vuc Ddng Nam A ngoai trfr Branel, Ddng tunor va Myamar (do khdng ed sd lieu vl GII), Viet Nam dung thii sau Singapore (0,225 - xlp thfr 10/138) va Malaysia (0,493 - xlp thir 50/138) * Chi so ngheo kho da chieu (MPI) Cung vdd chi sd IHDI va chi sd GII, chi sd ngheo khd da chieu (Multidimensional 68 NghiSn ciiu Con nguHsdl (52) 2011 Bdo cdo phdt trien Poverty Index - MPIs) ciing la chi sd lan dau tien dugc UNDP dua vao tinh toan bao cao phat triln ngudi nam 2010, thay the cho chi sd HPI (chi sd ngheo khd tdng hgp) Chi sd MPI phan anh su ngheo khd khdng chi don thuan d chieu canh thu nhap, ma cdn d nhieu chieu canh khac Nd cho phep xac dinh nhting thieu thdn chdng chit nghiem trgng ve sue khde, giao due va thu nhap d cap hd gia dinh Chi sd MPI giiip cho cac qudc gia hay cac cdng ddng biet dugc mile ngheo khd va sd lugng ngudi ngheo phai chiu dung nhting thieu thdn nhat dinh ddd sdng Chi sd MPI dugc tinh toan dya tren khia canh lien quan den chi sd HDI - la sue khde, giao due va mile sdng Trong dd, siic khde dugc tinh toan dua tren chi tieu la dinh dudng va ti le tu vong tre em; giao due dugc tinh toan dya tren chi tieu la sd nam di hgc va ti le tre em di hgc; cdn mile sdng duge tinh toan dua tren chi tieu la nhien lieu dung de dun nau, nha ve sinh, nude, dien, nha va tai san cd dinh Thuac Sfrc khoe • , , Chi tieu r Giaoduc i Til? Tile tre em ^•u dihoc So nam Dinh ; tu duong vong dihoc j xtre em •""• ^ r " " ^ " x Thuac ngheo I j i N '< Mirc song Nhien ,„ , Nha u?u „ , Nuac »
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