PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/dl VIET NAM NHIN TLf GOC DO GIAO DUC GIAI DOAN NAM 2001 2010 DAO THI MINH HUONG* 1 Tang chi tieu cong cho giao due va cam ket cua chinh phu ve gido due cho moi ngudi md rong co hoi[.]
PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/dl VIET NAM NHIN TLf GOC DO GIAO DUC GIAI DOAN NAM 2001 - 2010 DAO THI MINH HUONG* Tang chi tieu cong cho giao due va cam ket cua chinh phu ve gido due cho moi ngudi - md rong co hoi tiep can giao due nham nang cao nang Iuc cho mpi ngudi la don bay de \ i e t Nam cd budc tien ldn vk gido due thdi ky doi mdi, va qua dd tdc dpng tich cue den phdt trien n g u d l Mac du co nhi8u tiSn bp, nhung chi sd gido due da tang cham lai so vdi giai doan trudc va dong gop it nhdt vao tang trudng chi sd HDI thoi gian qua, so vdi dong gdp cua cdc chi sd cdn lai la tang trudng kinh te va tudi tho trung binh Chi tieu cho gido due cua Vift Xam cao hon so vdi cac nudc frong khu vuc da tang tu 15.5% nam 2001 len 20% nam 2008' Tang trudng kinh tS (TTKT) dn djnh, Nhd nudc tang ddu tu de phat trien \ a dau tu cho gido due, ddo tao Tinh toan he sd co gian chi ngdn sdch cho giao dye, ddo tao theo tang trudng kinh tl giai doan tu nam 2001 2014 ciia tdc gid Nguyen Thi Tam cho thay tdc dp TTKT tang 1% thi chi cho gido due, ddo tgo tang len dang ke: nam 2002 chi ngdn sdch cho gido dye tang 5.66%, nam 2003 tang 7.68% \ a nam 2007 tang 9,53% nam 2010 tang 0.49%, nam 2012 tang 1,29%, nam 2014 tang 0,16% (Ngincn Thi Tdm 2015) Vift Nam Id qudc gia dgt dupc Muc tieu Thien nien ky \ e gido due sdm hon so vdi ke hoach cung nhu cd budc tien idn ve giao due so vdi cac nudc dang phat trien cd cung muc thu nhdp binh qudn dau ngudi thdm chi sanh ngang mdt sd nudc cd muc thu nhdp ddu ngudi cao hem Vift Nam da rdt nd luc de md rgng khd nang tiep can gido due cho tdt cd mpi ngudi \ a ddm bdo chat lupng gido due thdng qua cac tieu chudn chdt lupng tdi thieu dupc thiet lap tu trung uong, \ a nhung dieu da ddng gdp tao nen uy lin cua Vift Nam, ti le ndy cao hon cdc nudc khac, ke ca cdc nudc giau cd hon Vift Nam (WB 2014) Sd lifu thdng ke cho thdy ti If nhdp hpc dung tudi cap tieu hpc cua Viel Nam cao hon tai cd cdc nudc cdn lgi bang 1; dan sd tu 15 ludi trd len biel dpc, bidt viet cua Viet Nam thdp ban Malayxia vd Singapo dung cung hang vdi Thai Lan Bruney cao hon Philipin Indonexia cao hon ban Campuchia va Ldo (Bang I) * TS.: Vien Nghien cuu Con ngucri, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc Xa hoi Viet Nam ' Nam 2008 long chi tieu ciia toan xa hpi cho giao due bang 6.5% GDP, d6 chi tir ngan sach nha nuoc chilm 86% (tirong dutmg 5,6% GDP) va bang 20% tong chi tieu chinh phii Nghien ciiu Con ngadf soTfTT) 2015 Phdi trien nguai Viel Nam Bang 1: So sanh mot so chi so giao due ciia Viet Nam \a mot s8 niro'c Dong Nam A Ten nuoc Malayxia Singapo Thai Lan Bruney Viet Nam Philipin Indonexia Campuchia Lao Tile biet dpc biet viet tren 15 tuoi Nam 98,5 96,0 95,9 95,8 95,8 93,1 94,9 85,8 80,0 Ten nuac Nu 98,5 96,0 92,6 91,5 91,4 93,7 88,0 67,7 66,6 Viet Nam Singapo Indonexia Campuchia Bruney Thai Lan Mien Dien Ti le nhap hpc dung tuoi cap tieu hoc Nam 95.5 94.9 93.8 93,2 89.6 90,0 82,7 Nu 94,5 94.4 93,5 92 87,7 86,0 81,6 Ngudn Viel Nam Tong diiv fra dan w va nha a nam 2009 (mdu 15%): cdc mrac khde Tong CIIC Thdng ke (TCTK) 2011: ASEAN- Slalislicai Yearbook 2008 Bang chung tu khdo sat STEP (Skills Toward Employment and Productivity) mdt ldn nua khang dinh khd nang vupt trdi cua ngudi lao dpng Vift Nam the hien ky nang dpc, viet so vdi nhung ddng nghifp cua minh khdng chi d Ldo Id ddt nudc ngheo hon, md cdn so vdi cd Bolivia vd Sri Lanka la cac qudc gia gidu cd hem Bang chung mdi ndy cung cd them cdc phdt hifn cua phdn nghien cdu ddnh gid - so sanh hpc sinh khudn khd cua du an nghien cuu "Nhdng cupc ddi tre tha - Young Lives" Ket qua tu du an cung cho thay hpc sinh Viet Nam d cdc Ida tudi khac hpc loan tdt hon so vdi hpc sinh cung tudi d An Dp, Ethiopia va Peru (Rolleston, James and Aurino sap phdt hdnh) Nhu vdy cd the ndi rang, mac du vdn cdn tdn lgi nhung bat binh dang nhung hf thdng giao dye co bdn cua Viet Nam da td khd cdng vifc cung cap cac ky ndng co bdn thiet yeu eho phan ldn hpc sinh cua minh Hf lhdng gido dye ngdy cdng dupc td chuc sau, rdng vdi cdc hf ddo tao da dang tu mdm non tieu hpc den dai hpc, ddo tgo nghe vd gido due chuyen nghifp Vifl Nam da cd dupc nhiing lien bp dang ke irong viec dat dupc phd cap gido due lieu hpc li If Vilt Nam da tham gia du an khao sat luong ky nang c6 ten goi Ky nang huong den Vi^c lam va Nang suat (Skills Toward Employment and Productivity - STEP), la mpl dir an thu thap thong tin vi kJ nang cua iuc lugng lao dong a nhiSu qu6c gia tren th§ gioi, Viet Nam tinh Van Nam - Trung Qu6c, CHDCND Lao, Sri Lanka va Bolivia da tham gia vong khao sal dlu tiln 86 lieu STEP ciia Viet Nam dugc thu thap v^o cu6i nam 2011 va nam 2012 S6 lieu STEP co tir hai khao sat la kh^o sat hf gia dinh va khao sat ngucri sii dung iao dpng Hai khao sat d^t muc tieu thu thSp thong tin ve cung va cSu ky nang cua nguofi dan of Tp H6 Chi Minh va Ha Npi Ca hai bang khao sat hg gia dinh va nguiri sir dyng lao dgng co cung cac khai nilm vi ky nSng va dinh nghTa d6 d& lieu cho phip chiing ta lam phan tich ve nhGng trcr ngai doi voi ky nang xet tir ca hai phia cung va cau , Nghien ctiu Con nguai s62(77) 2015 Dao Thi Minh Hucm^ nhap hpc hang nam giai doan td nam 2001 - 2010 cua cdc cap giao due phd thdng tang len vd dgt muc cao Nam 2009 ti le nhap hpc dung tudi cua cdp tieu hpc va trung hpc co sd luong ung Id 95,5%, 81,4% va 53,1% la trung hpc phd thdng, khoang 15,1% dan sd hpc eao dang vd dai hpc (Bdng 2) Tang ti If hpc sinh nhap hpc edc cdp dung tudi, tang ldng sd nam den trudng da ddn ddn viec Vift Nam cd nhidu tien bd ddng ke viec cdn bdng ti le nhap hpc va ti If tdt nghifp d cap tieu hpc, nhu: Ti If dan sd tu 15 - 18 tudi bd hpc cd xu hudng giam ro ret, tu 22% nam 1989 xudng 17,1 % nam 1999 va cdn 15,5% nam 2009; ti If hodn thdnh lieu hpc Id 87,3%, dd 27,6% tdt nghifp tidu hpc, 23,7% tdt nghifp trung hpc CO sd va 20,8% tdi nghiep trung hpc phd thdng trd len vdo nam 2009 vd ti If ngudi dan tu 15 - 24 tudi bidt dpc bidt vidl tang len dang kd gida cdc nam 1989, 1999 vd 2009 tuong ung Id 87,3%, 90,3% vd 93,5%; ti If nhdp hgc linh d cdp tilu hoc cua tre em trai va tre em gai chi chenh 1% (TCTK, 201 la) Khoang each vh ti le ngudi dan dp tudi biet dpc, biet viet giua nam vd nu, cdc vung mien, nhdm dan tpc va nhdm kinh te xd hdi cd chieu hudng thu hep Iai Nhung lien bd gido due dupc xem nhu tien bd vifc ddu tu vdo vdn ngudi va la budc tien quan trpng dd Viet Nam dal dupc vd tri lang trudng ben vdng tuong lai Kinh nghifm thuc tien cho thdy, hdu nhu tdt cd cac qudc gia dat dupc su phdt Irien ben vung ve Ihu nhdp dku cd sy gia tang ldn giao due vd ddo tao Iuc Iupng lao dpng cua hp theo Id trinh nhu: 1) trudc tien, gido dye lieu hpc dupc phd cap; 2) sau dd, gido due trung hpc md rdng nhanh chdng va 3) cudi cung, cdi cac gia dinh cd thu nhdp trung binh va ngheo hon ciing bat ddu vdo hpc dai hpc Bang chung ve mdi lien he mat thiel gida cdc khoan dau tu vdo vdn ngudi, dac biet Id gido due va tang trudng Id rat ro rdng phat trien kinh te thude nhieu vdo nhung tien bp ve tri Ihuc cdng nghe vd khoa hpc, dd tich luy vdn ngudi chinh Id tich luy Iri thdc, nang luc vd cdc ky nang Kinh nghiem cua gan mdt fram qudc gia Id nam 1960 cho thdy, cdc khoan ddu tu gido dye nam 1960 la mdt bien sd quan trpng gidi thich cho muc tang trudng sau ve thu nhdp binh qudn theo dau ngudi (Baro Robert J., 1989) Nhieu bang chdng kha chi tiet cung chi rang cac nudc lang trudng nhanh hon giao due va cdc ky nang khac phong phu hon Ben cgnh lien bp ve li If nhdp hpc li le ldl nghiep cac cap, ky nang co bdn cua hpc sinh, mpt tien bd khde Hen quan den binh dang eo hdi Irong phdt trien ngudi Id chenh Ifch ve ti If nhdp hpc d cac cap tieu hpc vd Irung hpc giua hd giau vd ngheo, khu vyc ndng thdn vd thdnh thi da dupc thu hep Igi dang ke giai doan tu nam 2001 2010 Mang Iudi giao due phai trien rdng khap cung vdi cac chinh sdch hd trp gido due la eo sd dd fre em cd co hpi di hpc nhieu hon (Bang 2) CJ bdc tieu hpc, ti If nhdp hpc da gdn dat muc dp phd cap giao due cho tdt cd cdc ddn tpc, vung mien, nhdm thu nhdp, mdc dil vdn edn dd nhiing khde bift quan trpng giua cac nhdm dan tdc thieu sd va da sd cung nhu gida ehinh cdc nhdm thieu sd Nghiin ciiu Con ngutff so 2(77) 2015 Phdt trien nguai Viet Nam Bang 2: Ti Ie nhdp hoc dung tudi cac cap theo mpt sd dac trung kinh te - xa hpi, nam 2009 Dac diem Tieu hpc Chung Thanh thi Nong thon Kinh Tay Thai Muong Khmer Mong Ngheo nhat Ngheo Trung binh Giau Giau nhat 95.5 97.2 94.9 97.0 97.5 92,7 95.7 86.4 72.6 88.9 95,3 97,0 97,5 98,3 Trung hpc casa 81,4 88.0 80,6 86.7 87,6 73,3 83,3 46,3 34,1 59,0 78,7 86,7 89,6 94,9 Trung hpc thong 53.1 68,4 52.8 61.8 55,5 29,9 41,4 15,4 6,6 23,2 44,2 56,1 64,6 82,3 Cao dang Dai hoc 6.0 12,9 3.7 7.7 3,0 1,6 1,3 0,9 0,2 0.3 1,8 7,8 8,6 11,6 9.1 10,1 23,3 3,0 3,2 1,1 1,7 1,1 0,2 0,3 1,0 5.5 10,6 26,3 Nguon: TCTK, Tong dieu tra Ddn TO va Nha & Viet Nam 2009 Gido due a Viel Nam: phdn lich cdc chi s6 chu yeu, Ha Noi, 201 la Cung voi tien bp cua chi so Icinh te va xa hpi khac, tang trucmg chi so giao due dong gop mpt phan quan trpng viec nang vi the cua Viet Nam bang x8p hang chi so phat trien nguoi (HDI) the giai va khu vuc qua cac nam Tuy vay tang truang ve chi so giao due duong nhu da cham lai thap ky qua, dac biet giai doan ttr nam 2004 - 2012 (Dao Thi Minh Huong, 2014) Chi s6 giao due voi muc khcti diSm kha cao vao nam 1992, tang vai mtic dp cao vao cac nam sau va c6 xu huang giam dSn N8u suot giai doan tir nam 1999 - 2012 chi s6 tang 4,8%, thi giai doan tir nam 1999 - 2004 tang khoang 3% va giai doan tit nam 2004 - 2012, chi s6 chi tang khoang 1,8% Chinh vi vay dong gop ciia chl s6 giao due vao chi s6 HDI da giam din tit 25,9% giai doan tir nam 1992 - 1996 xudng 12,9% nam 2012 va dong gop it nhfe vao tang trucmg chi s6 HDI thai gian qua, so sanh voi d6ng gop cua cac chi so lai la tang trucmg kinh tS va tu6i thp trung binh (UNDP, 2011; VASS, 2014) Sau g k 15 nam (tir nam 1999 - 2012), chi s6 HDI tang truang 15,5%, tii 0,651 len 0,752, thi chi so giao due chi dong gop 2% vao su thay ddi nay, tang trucmg kinh te dong gop 9,4% va chi s6 tu6i thp la 4,1% NSu chi xet rieng HDI nam 2012, chi so kinh tS dong gop 60,9%, chi s6 tu6i thp dong gop 26,3%, chi s6 giao due dong gop 12,9% (Bang 3) Nghien ctiu Con ngudi s6'2(77) 2015 Dao Thi Minh Huang Bdng 3: Ddng gop tang trudng kinh te vao thay ddi HDI giai doan tu nam 1999 - 2012 Toan quoc 2012 2008 2004 1999 Thay doi 1999-2012 0,801 0,794 0,782 0,721 11.1% Dong gop cac chi so vao thay d6i (%) 4,1% 0.841 0,830 0,826 0,803 4.8% 2,0% 12,8% 0,615 0,559 0,496 0,430 42.0% 9,4% 60,9% 0,752 0,728 0,701 15,5% 15,5% 100% (%) Tuoi thp trung binh Chi so giao due Chi so thu nhap Chi so HDI 0,651 Dong gop cac chi so phan vao HDI 26,3% Nguon: Tinh lodn cua Trung ldm phdn tich die bdo Vien Hdn Idm Khoa hgc Xd hgi Viet Nam trinh bdy tai Hgi thdo "Tdng truong kinh le vi ldng intdng bao trum ", Hd Noi, thdng 5/2014 Tdc dp tang cham Iai cua chi sd giao due so vdi giai doan trudc lien bp li If nhdp hpc chung cdn ban che vd ddy la mot nhiJng nguyen nhdn khien ehi sd HDI Viet Nam tang cham lai"' Day Id dieu can quan tam tam quan trpng cua giao due phdt Irien ngudi vd da dupc khang dinh Id mdt nhung uu tien phdt trien kinh le - xa hdi lu nam 2011 - 2015 vd chien lupc phat trien kinh te - xa hpi giai doan tu nam 2011 - 2020 cua Viet Nam Bat binh dang co' hpi tiep can gido due cung nhu bat binh dang doi vdi CO hpi phdt trien ngudi d Viet Nam van tiep dien, cho du tinh trang co gidm di nhu la ket qud cua viec tang chi ngan sach cho giao due tieu hoc, mien gidm hoc phi cho nhieu doi tupng c6 cdc hp ngheo Ben canh nguyen nhan de nhan thay cua bat binh dang co hoi tiep can gido due, nhu: thieu trudng Idp, trang thiet hi gido due d vung sau, viing xa; trinh dp gido vien khdng ddng deu giua ndng thdn va thi vd viec khd thu hut gido vien d vung kho khan; cac rao can xuat phdt td ngdn ngu va djnh kien xd hpi, thi chi tieu cao cua hp gia dinh cho giao due vd tang len theo cap hpc Id nguyen nhdn quan trpng cua bat binh dang CO hpi tiep can gido due va su khac biet hpc van va trinh dp chuyen mon cua ngudi lao dong ' Vi?t Nam co ti 1? biit chO cao, gin dat mirc cap tilu hoc va hau nhu khong khoang each ve gioi a c^p tiiu hoc va trung hoc co so Tuy nhiln, nhirng chi so giao due chinh khac co rat it cai thiln tir dau nam 2000 Vi dy nhu ti l§ bilt ch& a nguoi lon tiip tuc tang giai doan tii nam 2000 - 2008 thi ti 1? nhap hgc chung vin khong thay doi Trong thap ky qua, so nam di hoc chi t3ng nhe va mac du so nam di hpc trung binh tang lln, t6c dp tang van ihdp hon mot so nuac khac a khu vyc Dong Nam A Nghien ciiu Con ngu& s6 2(77J 2015 Phdt trien ngirai Viet Nam He thdng gido due ngdy cang md rdng vh pham vi vd chuang frinh dao tao cung vdi chinh sdeh ho trp gido dye da Iam gidm su bdt binh ddng vd co hdi tiep can giao due ciing nhu kdi qud gido due d Viet Nam, nhung vdn cdn cd su khac bift ldn gida cdc dan tpc, nhdm kinh Id xa hdi vd cac vung midn khac khd nang tilp can gido dye d tdt cd cdc cdp Khoang each chenh lech cang md rdng ban d cdc cdp hpc cao ban (Bang 2) Su khac biel ndy Id rdt quan trpng, cd dnh hudng true tidp den phdt trien ngudi mdi quan he chat che giira gido due bdc cao vdi cdc ky ndng edn thiet vd co hpi vifc lam cting nhu thu nhap Ci cdp qudc gia ti If nhap hpc tidu hpc dung tudi gdn nhu Id phd cap thi cho den nam 2009 vdn cdn nhidu dja phucmg co ti If nhap hpc ti6u hpc dung tudi thap vd ti If hoan thdnh bdc tidu hpc chi dat dudi 70%, di8u cd thS Id nhidu tre em phdi hpc lai hoae ngdng hpc rat sdm (TCTK, 2011 a) Gido dye ldi thiSu (trung hpc co sd) da dat dupc d cdp qudc gia, song tai nhieu huyen mien nui, dan tdc thieu sd, ket qud cdn thdp, mpt bp phdn em hd ngheo, hd ddng bao dan tdc chua cd dieu kifn den trudng (Bdng 2) Hay nhu nam 2010, li If hpc sinh di hpc tidu hpc Id ngudi dan tpc thieu sd chi dat 80,4% {frong cd nudc dgt tren 97%) trung hpc co sd chi dal 61,7% (cd nudc dat 83%) vd trung hpc phd thdng dat 37,3% (cd nudc dat 50%>) Mpt sd vung ddn ldc thieu sd cd ti If ngudi tu 15 ludi frd len mu chu khd cao, len den 42% So sdnh ti If di hpc ehung cua cdp Irung hpc co sd va trung hpc phd thdng theo cdc nhdm thu nhdp cho thdy ti If di hpc cua tre em thupc nhdm hd ngheo han thi thap hon so vdi cac nhdm hp cd thu nhdp cao hon Tuong tu, ti If di hpc d ndng thdn thdp hon so vdi d thdnh Ihi [ILSSA, 2012, Tr 63] Trong dd tre em ddn tdc thieu sd cd li le bd hpc cao hon ddng ke, vdi hdu het cac trudng hap bd hpc xdy qua trinh chuyen tiep tu tieu hpc Ien trimg hpc ca sd, vd tu trung hpc ca sd Ien trung hpc phd thdng Dieu ndy dac bift dung vdi fre em gdi ddn ldc thieu sd phdi ddi mdt vdi dinh kien ve phdn bift gidi, quy dinh ve chuc nang phy nu frong gia dinh Ti If bd hpc cao, ti Ie nhdp hpc thap d cac cap trung hpc phd thdng va mpt sd bgc hpc cao hon d cdc nhdm ndng thdn, nhdm dan tdc thieu sd vd nhdm ngudi ngheo, nhirng nhdm md ndng nghifp truydn thdng gan nhu giu vai trd chu dao thu nhdp hp gia dinh O do, md hinh lieu bieu Id cd tuang ddi nhieu vd ddu tu rdt it cho moi dua Li Id bd me cd thu nhap thdp, vd lgi gido due vd cac loai ddu tu khde cho vdn ngudi deu td khdng mdy hieu qua nhimg mdi trudng nhu vdy, tre em CO the ddng gdp vao kinh te gia dinh tu cdn chua trudng thdng qua vifc tim kiem cdng vifc don gidn, khdng ddi hdi ky nang, kien thuc cdc Imh vuc san xuat va dich vu tgi cdc vd ihi Irdn Idn can Cd mdt sd nguyen nhdn eua bat binh dang co hpi tidp can gido dye rdt de nhdn thdy, nhu: thieu trudng Idp, trang thiet hi gido dye tgi cdc vung sdu, vung xa; trinh dp gido vien khdng ddng deu giiia ndng thdn vd thdnh thi vd viec khd thu hut gido vien d vung khd khan; cdc rdo can xudt phdt Id ngdn ngir vd dinh ki§n xd hdi nhu vifc cdc chuang trinh hpc da dupc chudn hda tren todn qudc vdi vifc sd dyng tidng Vift ldm ngdn ngQ- chinh nen nhdm ddn ldc thieu sd bi bdi Ipi vd khd khan tidp can cdc chuong trinh gido dye g Nghien ciiu Con ngudi s62(77) 2015 Ddo Thi Minh Huang (Yoimg Lives, 2005) Tgi cdc khu vyc vung cao, dac biet Id mien nui phia Bac, Irudng trung hpc phd thdng Ihudng cdch xa khu vuc sinh sdng cua cpng ddng ndng thdn, hpc sinh thudng phdi d ndi tru chu khdng di ve hdng ngdy dupc Ben canh dd, cd nguyen nhan khdng kem phdn quan trpng khien cho vifc tiep can gido due cda cac nhdm dan sd yeu the ngdy cdng trd nen thieu tinh khd thi la gdnh nang chi tieu cho giao due, dac bift Id d cac cdp sau tidu hpc Thdng ke cho thdy nam 2010, chenh lech vh ti If nhap hpc cdp trung hpc phd thdng tiep tyc cao, ve hodn cdnh kinh le vd trinh dp hpc vdn cua phu huynh (WB, 2011) la yeu td quyet dinh lifu cdc em cd dupc hpc d bdc cao hon hay khdng Tuong tu, hoan canh gia dinh giup Iy gidi mdc dp chenh lech gdn 140 ldn frong giao dye rd dai hpc frd len giua nhdm gidu nhat vd ngheo nhdl^ (Bdng 4) Nhimg nhdm vdi cac gia dinh nhd thudng chi tieu rat nhieu cho vifc gido due vd dao tao mdl dda eon, nhdng nhdm vdi cac gia dinh ldn chi lieu it han rdt nhi8u Do khdng cd gi nggc nhien nhung dua fre thudc nhdm Ihi, kha gid vdi md hinh cdc gia dinh nhd vd nhiing khodn ddu tu idn vdo ngudi phdt trien dac bifl nhanh hon hpc vdn vd lidn xa hon hf thdng thu bac cdng vifc - thu nhgp so vdi nhimg dua tre thudc nhdm khde Theo sd lieu lhdng ke, ngudi ddn Vifl Nam dang phdi frd lien tm cho giao dye d mdc cao nhdi so vdi cdc nudc khac irong khu vuc Chi lieu tu hd gia dinh da lang manh ddi vdi tdt ed cdc vung, cdc nhdm kinh te xa hdi va udc tinh chiem ldi 37% chi lieu chimg cho gido due Mac du lang manh ve gia tri tuyet ddi (lang 44%, tu 1.280.300 ddng nam 2004 len 1.844.000 ddng ndm 2008 - theo mdc gid 2008), nhung ti If chi lieu tu khu vuc tu nhan dd giam d tdt cd cdc bdc hpc chi tieu cdng cho gido due ciing tang Ien (UNDP, 2011) Ti If chi tieu tu hp gia dinh chi tieu chung cho giao due ldng Ien d cdc bdc hpc cao hon Chinh sach Nhd nudc Viet Nam mien hpc phi vdi cdp lieu hpc nhimg sd lien chi cho cap hpc tu lien tui ngudi ddn chiem den 17,5% va tang Ien 50% gido due dgi hpc Ddu tu hp gia dinh cho gido dye tiep luc tdng d cdp hpc cao ban, phan dnh mpl hinh thai bat binh dang md se Idm gia tang bdt binh dang ve ket qua luong Iai Co su khac bift ldn chi lieu eho giao due giua thi va ndng thdn giiia cdc vung, nhdm ddn tpc vd nhom kinh te xa hpi Su khac biet ndy the hifn ca d gid tri tuyft ddi CLia chi tieu thuc cua hd gia dinh cho gido due ti trpng chi tieu binh quan ddu ngudi vd muc dich chi Ngudi dan khu vuc thi chi tieu cao hon ngudi ddn khu vyc ndng thdn 2,3 Idn; ngudi ddn Ddng Nam Bp chi tieu cao hon 4,3 Ian so vdi ngudi ddn * Luu y rSng thu nhap cung c6 liln quan din cdc yiu to kho quan sat nhu- suit sinh Igi tai dja phuong ciia giio dye mpt yeu to cung c6 anh huong tich cue den eac quyit dinh vl giao due Hon nOa, thu nhap Ichdng phan anh han chl thyc sy ve khoan bdi vi cac hp c6 thl c6 tien tiet kiem hoae tiep can cac to chirc tin dyng chinh thong va kh6ng ehinh thong, ' Mac dil cac gia dinh trung luu Vi|t Nam dlu sin sang dau tir nhieu cho giao dye cai, khoang each v i kha nang tiip can giao due dai hpc giffa ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo s l tang len hpc phi tSng chi phi cho an, d tai noi hpc tap cung tdng lln * Diiu niy dupc ly giai bang thue tl 1^ cac tnrdng dai hpc va eao dang d Viet Nam tap trung chii yiu d khu vyx thi nin nhihig sinh vien xuat than d nong thon hoae cac viing khac phai chi tieu rat nhieu cho an udng di l^i, nha d, (Irung binh sinh viln d ndng thdn phai chi den 42,4% tdng ehi tilu eho giao due, sinh viln d thj chi chi 28,9%) Nghi6n ciiu Con ngudl s62(77) 2015 g Phdi trien ngu&i Viet Nam vung Tdy Bdc; nhdm gidu nhdt chi lieu cao ban 5.4 ldn so vdi nhdm ngheo nhat O ndng thdn, chi tieu cho sdch gido khoa vd cac thiet bi hpc tap chiem ti trpng Idn, d thdnh thj thi chi tieu cho vifc hpc them chiem ti trpng ldn' Su khde bift irong tdng chi lieu eho gido due vd muc dich chi (ngudi gidu ddnh 30% chi tieu cho gido dye cho hpc them, nhdm ngheo nhdt chi ddnh 12%) phdn dnh mot thuc ih Id ngudi ngheo it cd ca hdi tihp can vdi chuong trinh cd chat lupng cao (trong phdi ke den viee il cd khd nang theo cdc Idp hpc ihem cac Idp hpc ngoai ngii tin hpc) vd dT nhien dnh hudng dhn kdt qud hpc tap vd tihp can gido due d cdc bdc cao Theo nhin nhdn chung thi sy chenh lfch frong kha nang chi frd cua hp gia dinh cho gido due da ddn den chdt Iupng gido dye khdng binh ddng bdt dau tu nhiing nam ddu ddi, tre em nhd ngheo vd cdc vung khd khan khdng dupc den nha fre, mdu giao hodc dupc gdi d cdc nhd ire cd chdt Iupng thap hon ea ve gido due vd ca ve cham sdc" Su khde bift ndy van ldn tai vd nd c6 khd nang dnh hudng den cudc sdng tre em budc vao ludi trudng Nhieu nghien cuu da chung minh rang, nhung khde bift Idn giua tre nhd tang len qua thdi gian theo tudi vd the hifn frong ket qud hpc tap lai trudng, bdi vi Ire em hpc de dang han chung dupc chudn hi tdt hon td nhd Do do, cd nhung khac bifl nlid gida tre em ve su chudn hi ma gia dinh cung nhu xa hdi thuc hien cho chung se dupc nhan len theo thdi gian thdnh nhung khac bifl Idn tre trudng Ihanh Nhirng ngudi Iao dpng khdng nhan dupc su giao due can thiet khdng co dii tri thuc, ky ndng se khd de kiem dupc viec Idm tdt frong tuong Iai, nen kinh te tang trudng va hien dai hoa Dieu giai thich tai thi trudng lao dpng khdng Idm gi dupc nhieu cho nhung ngudi bd hpc giiia chimg vdn dl khd ed the hpc vd khdng bao gid phat Irien dupc thdi quen Idm viec tdt, vd tai rdt khd de nhimg chinh sach giup nhdm ngudi Cd the ndi, cdc khodn ddng gdp cao tu hp gia dinh cho giao dye cd xu hudng Iam sdu sac them nhimg bdt cdng hien cd ve kha nang tiep can gido due khac bift vh dja ly, ngdn ngir, chdi Iupng giao vien Idp hpc, trudng hoc, dd Idm irdm trpng Ihem bdt binh ddng ve cac thdnh qud gido duc^ Nhirng khac biet dd chinh Id cdc didu kifn hodn O ndng thdn, chi tieu cho sach giao khoa va cac thiet b\ hoc tap chiim ti trpng Idn (tu-ong ung 37.5% vi 32,3% long chl tieu giao due bac tiiu hpe va trung hoc co sd), d thi thi chi tieu cho viec hpe them chiim ti trpng Ion (tuong img la 22,4%, 33,2% va 36.7%, tdng ehi tilu giao due b§c tiiu hpc, trung hpe CO sd va tiung hpc phd thong) So sanh nhdm ngheo nhat va nhdm giau nhat ed thi th^y ro ganh nang chi tieu eho sach giao khoa va thiit bj hpc tap ddn len vai ngudi ngheo nhiiu hon Ben canh do, ngudi ngheo cung chi tilu mpt ti Ie ldn hon chi tieu cho giao due cho cac khoan dong gop va ddng phuc ngudi giau lai cd ti II chi tieu it hon cho cac khoan {Diiu tra miic sdng hp gia dinh 2008, theo Vu Hoang Linh, 2010) Nam 2006 cd 57% tre em di hpc nha tie va mau giao d Viet Nam - mpt hinh ihirc dao tao d3e biet quan trpng ddi vdi su phat oien eua tre, Ihi ti le na>' d n^rdi Kinh va Hoa la 61%, tre em dan lpe thiiu sd la 40%; Ire em d ihj 1^ 75% cdn &« em o ndng ihdn la 51 % 80% d Ddng bang sdng Hdng va 40% o Ddng bang sdng Cuu Long (TCTK 2011 a) Chi tieu binh quan dau ngudi cua hp gia dinh danh cho giao due da iSng cao giai doan tir n3m 2004 - 2008 d tat ca cac bae hpc trd trung hpc co sd Tren toan quoc chi tieu cho giao dye chiim ti trpng 6,4% chi tieu binh quan dlu ngudi cua ho gia dinh Tuy nhien, nam 2008 ti l | (trir tit ca cdc khoan trp cip va hpc bdng) d tilu hpc la 9,8%, bac trung hpc ca sd la 13,2%, bgc trung hpc phd thdng la 22,2% va 51,4% la cho giao due dai hpc va cao dang [Q Nghien ciiU Con ngu& s6 2(77) 2015 Dao Thi Minh Huang cdnh nam ngodi tdm kiem sodt cua mdt cd nhdn va la nhan td chinh gdy bat binh dang ve tiep can co hdi Chi tu tien tui cao cho gido due mau thuan vdi each tiep can phdt trien ngudi vdi myc lieu binh dang co hpi tiep can de tang nang Iuc, tang khd ndng lya chpn va co hpi tham gia vao qud Irinh phdt frien Cde chi phi cao ndy gdy gdnh nang ddng ke cho cdc hd gia dinh ngheo, dac biet la d cdc bdc hpc cao Tre em sinh d cdc gia dinh ngheo hem cd kha nang phdi bd hpe sdm hon so vdi tre em sinh nhiing gia dinh giau cd ban, vd lam nhiing edng vifc ddi hdi ky nang thap hem, di6u ndy dan den bdt binh dang Irong tuong Iai Trinh dp hpc van cua ngudi Viet Nam thdp ky qua cd tign bd vupt bgc nhimg bdt binh dang co hdi liep can gido due Id mdt nhiing nguyen nhdn quanfrpngddn den su khde bift ldn ve ket qud giao due giua cdc vung khu vue, nhdm ddn tdc vd nhdm thu nhap qua cdc chi sd nhu ti If biel chii, ti le hodn thdnh bde hpc cdc edp hay ndi cdch kbdc Id trinh dp hpc vdn, trinh dp chuyen mdn ky thudt (Bang 4) Bang 4: Trinh hpc van cao nhat va trinh dp chuyen mdn cao nhat da dat dupe cua dan sd theo dgc trung kinh te xa hoi, nam 2Q09 Dac tnmg kinhte xahpi Chung Thanh thi Nonglhon Dan toe Kinh Cac dan toe khac Tnmgdu vamien nui phia Bac Dong bang song Hong BacTnmg Bpva Diiyaihai mien Tnmg Trinh hoc van cao nhat da dat duoc CUE dan so tu tuoi tra len Chua Tot Tot Tot tot nghiep nghiep nghiep nghiep Tieu Trung Tmng Tieu hoc hoc CO hgc hoc sa thong 22,7 27,6 23,7 20,8 23,0 20,4 37,4 16,7 25,3 29,6 25,1 13,8 22,7 21,5 27,6 25,1 Trinh chuyen mon cao nhat da dat duoc ciia dan so tir 15 tuoi tro len Sa Trung Dai Tren Cao cap cap dang hoc dai hoe 2,6 4,4 1,8 2,8 4,7 7,6 3,5 5,0 1,6 2,5 1,2 1,8 4,2 10,2 1,5 4,6 0,2 0,6 0,0 0,2 30,2 28,0 15,2 9,0 1,1 2,8 0,7 1,1 0,03 22,7 25,6 23,2 18,2 2,4 6,4 1,8 2,7 0,1 15,8 18,9 33,0 30,1 3,5 6,8 2,3 6,3 0,3 22,2 28.6 25,9 19,1 2,1 4,8 1,7 3,4 0,1 Nghiin ciiu Can ngu& s6 2(77) 2015 Phdt trien nguai Viet Nam Tay Nguyen Dong Nam Bo Dong bang song Cuu Long Ngheo nhit Ngheo Trung binh Giau Giau nhat 25,7 30,9 20,8 13,7 1,9 3,8 1,3 2,8 0,1 19.7 29,1 21.0 27,2 3,6 3,8 1.6 6,3 0,3 32,8 35,6 14,3 10,7 1,4 2.2 0,9 2,0 0,1 36,2 30.8 12,9 3,9 0,5 0.9 0,2 29,3 22,1 32,9 30,2 23,0 29,7 8,1 14,7 1,0 1,8 0,5 0,9 1,9 3,1 0,1 0,3 0,7 2,2 14,2 18,7 27,8 28,7 22,6 3,2 5,3 1,8 14,3 19,9 21,4 43,0 4,7 9,4 3,6 Ngudn TCTK (2010), Tdng diiu Ira Dan sd va Nha a Viel Nam ndm 2009: Cdc kel qud chu yeu, Nxb Thong ke Ha Npi MLTC dp chenh lech ve hpe van gitra vung mien, nhom dan tpc, cac nhom thu nhap cdc cap hpc eang cao cang sau sac han, the hien qua viec cang co nhi^u nguoi tre t6t nghiep tiin hpc, thi lai t6n tai bit binh dSng ca hpi hpc tjp va trinh dp hpc van a bae trung hpc ca sa va trung hpc thong, cao ding va dai hpe, dac biet la thap doi vai eon em cac gia dinh dan tpc thieu so hoae tre em s6ng a vOng sau, vimg xa Cu the, CO den 30,3% ngucri dan tpc thieu s6 chua t6t nghiep ti^u hpc va chi e6 5,73% nguoi dan tpc thieu so c6 trinh dp chuyen mpn nghiep vu, ti le ngucri Kinh la 15,4%; Khoang 36% nhom ngheo nhat khong hoan tiSu hpc, 27% nhom giau nhit co trinh dp dai hpe, cao ding hoae ky thuat Nam 2009, chi co dual 0,1% dan so thupc nhom nguoi ngheo nhit theo hpc dai hpe, so voi 14,2% a ngu ph&i vi giau nhat (TCTK, 201 la) Dan s6 eae vimg co diSu kien kinh ti xa hpi tot nhit co ti le hoan bac thong trung hpe eao gip nhieu lin so vcri cac viing co diiu kien xa hpi kem nhat Cu the, D6ng bang song Hong co ti le dan s6 da tit nghiep trung hpc phi thong va CO chuyen mon nghiep vu la 30,1% va 18,2%, Ding bing song Ciiu Long ti le la 10,7% va 5,6% Su khae biet keo dai nhiiu nam va khoang each khong duoc thu hep se la rao can va thach thiic rit lan d i nang cao chit lupng nguin nhan lire va thiic day phat trien kinh te va xa hpi a eac viing v i n dt da rit kho khan Tuy vay, mpt xu huong dang khich le la bit binh ding giao due cua Viet Nam da giam TCr nam 1993 den nam 2006, he s i Gini v i s i nam din trucmg da giam tii 0,34 xuong 2,67 Sir bat binh dang thi hien ro hem o eac viing nong thon va miin Nam hon la thi va mien Bic (Mc Caig, Benjiamin va Brandt, 2009) Viec giam bit binh dang ve giao due co the giup giai thich tai su bit binh ding ve luang cr Viet Nam da giam xuong, dac biet la viec lam tra luong dang cang tro nguon tao thu nhap quan trpng Nghign cOu Con ngudl s6 2(77) 2015 Ddo Thi Minh Huang Bat binh dang co hdi tiep can gido due va khoang cdch ve trinh dp hpc van cd lien quan trtrc tiep den bat binh ddng thu nhap trudng hpp cda Viet Nam Cd the thdy mdi lien ket giua bdt binh dang gido due vd bat binh dang ve thu nhdp qua vifc xem xet khodng cdch ve thu nhap cua ede hp cd trinh dp hpc vdn thdp vd cao Khodng each ndy da gia lang thap ky 2000, ddng nghTa vdi ti suat sinh Idi giao dye da tang'° Trong giai doan nay, thu nhap cua hd cd trinh dp hpc vdn cao nhdt da tdng nhanh ban hd d cdc trinh dp khde tai cd hai khu vuc thi vd ndng thdn, vd tang cao hon rat nhieu ddi vdi Iao ddng d thi dge biet Id Iao dpng hudng Iuong, Idm gia tang khoang cdch giiia lien edng vd thu nhgp cua cdc cd nhdn cd trinh dp hpc van thap va cao (WB, 2012)" Trinh dp hpc van cua ca nhan cdn anh hudng quan trpng den thu nhdp binh qudn ddu ngudi cua hp Hinh I cho thay nhiing hd gia dinh cd vien hpc cao hem thi thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi hdng nam cung cao hon cdc hd gia dinh cd hpc vdn thap hon Hinh Thu nhap theo dau ngudi hang nam theo hoc van cua thdnh vien hpc cao nhat hp thi va ndng thon, nam 2004 va nam 2010 i f ã I 'ãôằ' ilnllllllll Ngudn: TCTK(20llb) Khdo sal mite sdng ddn cic 2010 '" Nam 2004, hp cd it nhat mpt ngudi dp tudi lao ddng tdt nghiep d^i hpc cd thu nhap cao gap 1,3 I5n hp chi cd mpt ngudi tdt nghiep trung hpc phd thdng va cao gSp 2,5 liin so vdi hp khdng c6 trinh dp hpc vin Nam 2010, mirc dd chenh lech nAy ISn luot la 1,7 va ISn " o a cd s\f gia tang dang k£ ti suii sinh Idi ciia giao dgc qua thdi gian m^e du sir gia tang chii yeu la gia tang ti suat sinh Idi ciia giao due d khu vuc Ihj Theo cac ddnh gia ve tien cdng binh quan cua cic cA nhSn cd trinh dp hpc van khac nhau, ti suit sinh Idi cua giao dye nh&ng nam 1990 1^ thip Nam 1993, suit sinh Idi cua gido due theo phuong trinh thu nhap Mineerian chi dmirc x a p x i % (Glewe vi Patrios, 1998; Gallup 2002) Ti suit smh Idi nhihig nam 1990 la thip theo chuin qudc tk, m^c dil cQng urong ducmg vdi ti suit sinh Idi t^ii Trung Qudc thdi diem diu th^p ky 90 cua th6 ky 20 (Psacharopoulos, 1994) (trieh theo WB, 2012) Nghiin ciiU Con ngu& s6 2(77) 2015 J3 Phdi trien nguai Viel Nam Thu nhdp cua ngudi dan tdng len iren todn quy md qudc gia nhung giai dogn tu nam 1993 - 2006, muc chenh lech vh lidn luong su kbdc biet vd ddo tao dd tang manh Luong cho Iao ddng cd trinh dp ddo tao cao nhdt da tang 300%, gap gdn ldn so vdi luong cho lao ddng cd trinh dp thdp nhdt (Bdo cdo kinh ll Vift Nam 2008, CIEM, 2009) Theo udc tinh thi d thdi diem nam 2010, cu them mot nam di hpc thi ngudi Iao dpng cd thd tang them dupc thu nhap d muc 9,7%, dd d thdi diem ndm 2004 thi muc tang them la 8.9% Cd khoang each dd ve thu nhdp Id Irlnh dp hpc vdn Id yeu td quan trpng quyel dinh ngudi Iao ddng se Idm gi Sd lifu thdng ke cho thay nhdng ngudi cd trinh dp bdc tieu hpc, d ndng thd,n Ihi cd den 90% Iam cdng vifc lao dpng chdn tay, chi cd mdt sd it la Iam cong vifc don gian Trong dd nhung ngudi cd trinh dp trung hpc co sd (cap 2) vd eao hon lai khu vue Ihdnh thi chi cd khoang 7% Iao dpng chdn tay va co den khodng 60% ldm viee ky nang cao (Hinh 2) Hinh 2: Ngudi lao dpng d tudi t d 25 - 30 theo trinh dp hpc vdn va loai nghe nghiep JOOH 90* ^ BOX ;o* I 60*SOH 40% 30X 20H U:-: fe C4ô-j ã * Ut T.in Xgiidn m' TCTK (201 lb) Khdo sal mirc sdng ddn cu 2010 Trong nhimg nam gan day sd viec lam khu vuc phi ndng nghiep lang nhanh Nhung ngudi lao dpng cd trinh dp gido due cao thi tan dung dupc nhidu co hdi mdi khu vuc kinh le phi ndng nghiep (nhd nudc, dau lu nudc ngodi, lu nhdn, ), ddc bift la d khu vuc dd Ihi Cdn nhiing ngudi lao dpng cd trinh dp thdp ban, dac bift d ndng thdn lai dang gap phdi nhieu khd khan hon dong viec tim kidm vifc ldm cd thu nhap idt vd dn dinh khd khan \ e trinh dp chuyen mdn vd ky nang lao ddng kbi chuydn ddi sang khu vuc kinh te lu nhdn, ddu nr nudc ngoai dang md rdng, vd thudng bi rdt lai ngdnh ndng nghifp hodc khu vyc kinh te phi chinh ihuc vdi mdc thu nhdp thdp Cdn phai nhdn manh rang, ed ddi vdi trudng hpp lao dpng ITnh vyc ndng nghifp thi trinh dp hpc vdn vd trinh dp chuyen mdn phu hpp cung quan trpng viec tang thu nhdp Gido dye it cd lpi ich vdi ndng nghifp truyen lhdng bdi vi cac phuang phdp vd tri thuc ndng 14 Nghien cOu Con nguHi so 2(77) 201S Ddo Thi Minh Huang nghiep dupc truyen thy mdt cdch dd dang tu bd me eho cdi Ngupc Iai, ndng ddn hifn dai phdi cd kien ihuc ve van de cdi tao gidng cdc phuong phdp gay gidng, cdc loai phdn bdn, cdc cdng cu lao ddng phuc tap va cdc thi trudng hdng hda (sdn xudt vd lieu thy) mang tinh loan cau Tri thuc ed gid tri Idn vi nd giup ngudi ndng dan thich dng nhanh hon vdi cac loai gidng mdi vd cdc cdng nghf mdi (Gary S Becker, 2010) So sdnh muc thu nhdp dau ngudi hang nam theo hpc vdn cua ngudi cd hpc vdn cao nhdt hp giua nam 2004 va nam 2010 (Hinh 1) cho thdy ti sudt sinh Idi gido due phu thupc nhieu vao tang trudng viec lam Irong khu vuc phi ndng nghiep, chinh vi the mpt sd ngudi se hudng Ipi tu tang trudng phi ndng nghifp vd cd ti sudt sinh ldi gido due eao ban nhung ngudi khdng ed co hdi viee lam khu vuc ndy Hon niia, ti suat sinh ldi gido due cua ngudi lao ddng khdng ddng nhdt giGa ndng thdn, thj, giua cac ddn tdc cd nguyen nhdn tu co hpi viec Iam thj, ti sudt sinh ldi gido due cao ban so vdi ngudi lao ddng d ndng thdn va ti sual cung tang nhanh hon theo thdi gian so vol vung ndng thdn, d cdc khu vuc ihdnh thi cu ihem mpt nam di hpc Ihi muc Iuong gid lai tang them 7.6%, dd d khu vyc ndng thdn thi mdc lang Id 4,1% Npi khu vuc ndng thdn, ti sudt sinh Idi gido dye cua ngudi dan tdc thieu sd thap hon so vdi ngudi ddn tdc da sd vd cd ve nhu cdn gidm di giai doan tu nam 2004 - 2010 (WB, 2012) Ti suat sinh ldi giao dye ciia ngudi lao ddng ddn ldc thieu sd thdp ban phdn dnh thuc te rang ngudi ddn tdc thieu sd cd xu hudng Iam cac nghe dupe trd Iuong thdp ban, bao gdm cdng viec ldm cdng an lucmg ITnh vuc ndng nghiep Cd the ndi, su gia tang nhu cdu ve Iao ddng cd trinh dp cung nhu gia tdng ti sudt sinh Idi gido due phan dnh rang gido due dang trd thdnh mot ldi sdn ngdy cdng quan trpng vd cd tac ddng chia each muc thu nhdp d Viet Nam Ly gidi ve mdi quan hf giua trinh dp hpc vdn, trinh dp chuyen mdn ky thudt vd muc dp thu nhdp cua ngudi Iao ddng, phan lich cua cac chuyen gia tu cdch tiep can vdn ngudi, dya tren cdc kdt qua thuc chung cho thdy rdng dao tgo lai trudng (giao due trung hpe vd dai hpc, gido due ngh6) ldm tang thu nhap td vifc lam vd nang sudt chu yeu bang cdch cung cdp tri thuc ky nang vd cdch thuc phdn lich van de, nhung nen tdng co bdn cua ngudi Iao dpng ndn kinh te tien tien vd edng nghf hifn dai Nhiing ngudi hpc cao ban (dgc bift Id dgi hpc) Id nhiing ngudi cd nhieu nang luc hon, cd nhieu eo hdi tim dupc viec Idm cd nang suat Iao dpng cao hon va thu nhdp Id vifc Idm cua hp ciing cao ban nhiing ngudi chi hpc cdc edp thap hon Tham chi, cd nhiing ngudi tdt nghiep tgi edc trudng hpc chua dupc chudn bi tdt cho thi trudng lao ddng rdi nhd trudng thi hp cung d l ddng thich nghi vdi cdng vifc cua hp thdng qua nhung chuang trinh ddo tao chinh thuc vd phi chinh thuc (Gary S Becker, 2010) Tai lieu tham khao ASEAN - Statistical Yearbook, (2008) Bare, Robert J 'Tang tru'dng kinh te mat cat ngang cua cac qudc gia" Tai lieu lam viec s6 3120 Cambridge, Mass: NBER, thang 9/1989 Nghiin ciiU Con ngudi so 2(77) 2015 Phdt trien ngudi Viet Nam 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Bp Giao due va Bao tao (2010), "Thdng ke giao due va dao tao 2000 - 2009" (khong xuat ban), Bp Giao due va Dao tao Ha Npi Bp Lao dong Thuong binh va Xa hoi (2011), ILO va EU, Xu hircmg viic ldm tgi Viit Nam 2070, Nxb Lao dpng Bd Tai chinh (2010), "Thdng ke s6 lieu cac ngudn tai chinh cho giao due 2000 - 2009" (khdng xuit ban) HaNdi: Bp Tai chinh Chinh phu Viet Nam (2010), "Bao cao qudc gia vh cac Muc tieu phat tri6n Thien nien ky 2010; Viet Nam 2/3 chang dudng thuc hien cac Muc tieu phat trien Thien nien ky hudng tdi 2015", Bo Ke hoach va dau lu Ha Npi CIEM (Vien Nghien cdu Quan ly Kinh ih trung ucmg), Kinh ti Viet Nam 2008 Gallup, J (2002), The wage labour market and inequality in Vietnam in 1990 UNDP Gary S Becker (2010), V6n ngudi Phdn tich ly thuyit vd kinh nghiem lien quan dac biit den gido due Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi Glevi'we, P and Patrinos (1999) "H the role ofthe private sector in education in Vietnam; evidence from the Vietnam Living Standart Survey" Tap chi Phdt triin the gidi, S6 27 (5) ILSSA (Vien Khoa hpc Lao dpng & Xa hpi) (2012), Xu hu&ng lao dongxa hoi vd vi0c ldm 2012, Nxb Lao dpng ILSSA (Vien Khoa hpc Lao dpng va Xahpi) {2Q\3), Xu huang lao dong vd xa hoi VietNam 201 i boi cdnh suy gidm tdng Iruong kinh te, Nxb Lao ddng Ha Npi Mc Caig, Brian, Dwayne Benjiamin va Loren Brandt (2009), The Evolution of Income Inequality in Vietnam between 1993 and 2006, Dai hpc Toronto Nguyin Thi Tam (2015), "Dam bao an sinh xa hpi gan vdi tang trudng kinh tS", Luan an Tien sy Ha Npi TCTK (2010), Tdng diiu tra Ddn s6 vd Nhd a Vi0t Nam ndm 2009: Cdc kit qud chu yiu Nxb Thdng ke Ha Npi TCTK (2011 a), Tdng diiu tra Ddn s6 vd Nhd a Viet Nam 2009 Gido due d Viet Nam phdn tich cdc chi so chd yeu, Nxb Thdng ke Ha Noi TCTK (201 lb), Ket qud khdo sdt miic song ddn cundm 2010, Nxb Thong ke, Ha Npi UNDP (2011), "Dich vu xa hpi phuc vu phat triSn ngtrdi", UNDP, Ha Noi World Bank (2011), "Vietnam -High-quality Education for All by 2020", World Bank, Washington DC World Bank (2014), "Vietnam development report 2014: preparing the work force for a modem market economy" World Bank, Ha Npi World bank (2012), "Khdi dau tot nhung chura phai da hoan Thanh tuu an tuong cua Viet Nam giam ngheo va nhiJng thach Ihirc mdi" World Bank, Ha Npi Vu Hoang Linh (2010), "Education Issues in Vietnam in the New Millennium: Access, Disparities and Financing", Background paper for the Vietnam Human Development Report 2010 (draft), Hanoi: UNDP Young Lives (2005), "Education for All in Vietnam: High Enrolment, but Problems, of Quality Remain", Young Lives Policy Brief No Oxford: Young Lives Ngliien ciiu Con ngudl sS2(77) 2015 ... cung va cau , Nghien ctiu Con nguai s62(77) 2015 Dao Thi Minh Hucm^ nhap hpc hang nam giai doan td nam 2001 - 2010 cua cdc cap giao due phd thdng tang len vd dgt muc cao Nam 2009 ti le nhap hpc... cao vao nam 1992, tang vai mtic dp cao vao cac nam sau va c6 xu huang giam dSn N8u suot giai doan tir nam 1999 - 2012 chi s6 tang 4,8%, thi giai doan tir nam 1999 - 2004 tang khoang 3% va giai doan... cua Viet Nam bang x8p hang chi so phat trien nguoi (HDI) the giai va khu vuc qua cac nam Tuy vay tang truang ve chi so giao due duong nhu da cham lai thap ky qua, dac biet giai doan ttr nam 2004