Phát triển con người việt nam hiện nay thực trạng và giải pháp

Trao ddi hpc thugt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe PHAT TRIEN CON NGl/Ofl VIET NAM HIEN NAY - THlTC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP ThS NGUYEN TRUNG THANH B^ mdn Nhung NLCB cua CNMLN Trudng Bgi hgc Giao tlidng VSn tdi Tdm tdt: Viec phdt triin ngudi a Vigt Nam nhiing ndm vira qua, ben cgnh nhiing thdnh tgu da dgt dugc cUng cdn nhiiu hgn chi vi cd mgt nhdn thdc vd hdnh ddng Bdi cdnh phdt trien ngtt&i & nude ta giai dogn hien vira cd nhirng ca hoi mdi, vira dung Iru&c nhiiu thdch thuc Dieu ddi hdi phdi xem xet mpt cdch loan di$n thuc trang phdt trien ngudi a Vi^t Nam hiin nay, de tir Tim nhirng gidi phdp hieu qud cho phdt trien ngudi, ddm bdo cho suphdt triin nhanh vd bin virng ciia ddt nu&c phii hgp v&i yeu cdu cua thai ky cdng nghiip hda, hiin dgi hda diiu ki^n hpi nhdp v&i nen kinh te khu vgc vd trin thi gidi hien Summary: The human development in Vietnam in recent years, besides the achievements have been achieved, there is limited awareness of the presence and action Context of human development in our country tn the current period both have new opportunities and face many challenges This requires a comprehensive review of human development situation in Vietnam al present, so thatfindingeffective solutions for human development, ensuring the rapid and sustainable development of country, matching the requirements of industrialization and modernization in the context of economic integration with the region and the world I D:^T VAN DE Nam 1990, nam ban ll chuyen tiep lu thgp nien 80 sang thap nien 90 cua thi ky XX, danh dau thdi dilm ddi cua mgt khai nifm cong cy rat quan trgng cho vifc quan ly kinh te - xa hf i cua cac qudc gia, cgng ddng Dd Id khai nifm "phSt trien ngudi"."Phai trien ngudi" de cap den nhiing vSn de phSl trien nSng lyc the chSt va ndng lyc xa hdi ciia ngudi, mdi trudng phdt triln ngudi, nhan manh den viec ddng thdi nang cao ndng lyc lya chgn va md rgng ca hdi lua chgn nham thda mSn nhiing nhu cSu ciia ngudi theo ba tieu chi co ban: mdt cudc sdng cd hgc van cao, mgt cugc sdng vat chdt day dii va mgt cugc sdng khde mgnh, trudng thg (3 Viet Nam, quan diem coi ngudi la v6n qui nhat dugc khang djnh tir Dai hdi Dang lan thir III Dgi hdi Dang ISn thu VI (1986) dugc coi ia budc ngoSt quan trgng md thdi ky phSt triln mdi cho dSt nude Tgi Dai hdi nhSn Id ngudi da dugc khdng djnh yong liin trinh phSt triln kinh ll - xa hdi Sy ddi bdo cao phdt triln ngudi nam 1990 cua Chuong trinh Phdt triln Lien hgp quIc (UNDP) da giiip cho Viet Nam cd mgl each nhin thdu dSo ban vl vj tri, vai trd ciia ngudi tiln trinh phat triln Ke lir sau Dai hdi Dang lan thii VI, ciing vdi quan dilm phSl triln ngudi cua UNDP, cac ky Dgi hdi tilp theo cua Dang ta ludn nhdn mgnh dfn vai trd ciia ngudi vS phdt trien ngudi qud trinh phat triln kinh tl - xa hdi Vifc phdt triln ngudi d Vift Nam nhiing nam vua qua, ben canh nhiing tyu da dgt dugc, cung cdn nhieu hgn che vl cd mat nhan thiic vS hanh dgng Bdi cdnh Tgp chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG V^N TAI S6 44 - 12/2013 195 Trao ddi hpc thugt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe phai trien ngudi d nude ta giai doan hien vira cd nhu'ng co hdi mdi, vira dung trudc nhieu thdch Ihirc Dieu dd ddi hdi phSi xem xet mgt each todn difn thyc trgng phat Irien ngudi d Vift Nam hien nay, de tir dd lim nhiing giSi phdp hieu qua cho phdt trien ngudi, dSm bao cho su phat triln nhanh vS bin viing cua ddt nude, phii hgp vdi yeu cau cua thdi ky cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda dieu kifn hgi nhgp vdi nen kinh te khu vyc vd tren the gidi hifn trien d nhilu ITnh vyc nhu kinh le, xa hdi, giao dye, ytl binh vd gido due (ty If ngudi Idn biet chO' va ty If nhdp hgc chung) TCr ndm 1992 din 1999, Vift Nam da dgt dugc nhiing tyu dang kl cS vl tSng hirdng kinh te va ludi thg trung binh Trong nhiing nam vua qua, muc dp tdng chi sd HDI d nude ta IS nhd vao sy khdng ngirng phdt Tudi tlig ngudi dan Vift Nam ciing da dugc nSng len ddng ke, dd cung la mgt lyu quan trgng chiln luge phdt triln loan difn ngudi ciia Dang vd Nha nude ta Bdo cdo vl Phdt trien ngudi nam 2011 cho thdy, Vift Nam dd dgt dugc sy chuyin biin an Thir hai ve gido due ddo tgo Cd thi ndi 20 nSm ddi mdi vira qua va ddc biet nhirng nSm gSn ddy, vdi sy nhdn thuc ve vj tri, vai trd cua giao dye - dao tgo viec nang cao dSn tri, dao tgo nhan lyc, bdi dudng nhdn tai cho ddt nude da cd nhirng budc lien bd ddng ke Coi giao dye va ddo tao Idm qudc sach hang dSu, DSng va Nhd nude ta da quan tam dSu tu, uu lien cho giao dye - dSo tao Kel qud cua nhCrng vifc lam IL N O I DUNG la: da dua nude ta trd nude cd chi sd Thanh tu-u phat trien giao due khd cao khu vyc Vdi nhgn thuc: ngudi vua Id muc lieu, Viet Nam da gSn dat, tiep can phd cap giao vira la dgng lyc cua sy phdt trien kinh te, xa dye tieu hpc va trung hgc co sd, ty If ngudi hdi, ciia qua trinh xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi; Idn biel chCr loan qudc Id 93% ndm 2008 S6 xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi la vi sy phat trien ty ndm di hgc ky vgng tang lii 7,8 nam vao nam do, loan difn cua iSt ca mgi ngudi; vdi sy tham 1990 len 10,4 nam vao nam 2011, Irong sd gia ddy du, cd hieu qua vSo UNDP; thdi nSm di hgc trung binh tang lir len 5,5 nam gian vira qua Vift Nam da dat dugc mgt sd Thu ba, ve ITnh vice cong tdc y te chdm tyu ve phat triln ngudi nhu sau: sdc sire khde cho nhdn ddn Thir nhdt chi sd phdt trien ngudi Den cdng iSc cham sdc sue khde cho (HDI) a nude ta ngdy cdng dugc ndng cao: nhan dSn cd nhifu tien bg, the hifn, ty If tu Bao cao Phdt triln ngudi nam 2013 cua vong d tre so sinh dugc thap, ty If tre suy UNDP da xIp Vift Nam nSm sd hon 40 dinh dudng dudi ludi ngdy cang giSm Cy qudc gia dang phai trien dat dugc nhiing tien thi la, nam 1990 tre suy dinh dudng la 50%, bg hon cd mong dgi vf phSt triln ngudi den nam 2002 giam xudng cdn 30% va din nhu'ng thap ky gan dSy Theo bao cao, ndm 2012 cdn 16,5% Vifc Nha nude mien Chi sd phat trien ngudi (HDI) ciia Viet phi kham chQ-a bfnh cho tre em dudi ludi Id Nam dd lang 41% hai thdp ky qua NSm mgl tuu quan trgng viec dau tu 2012, Viet Nam dirng thir 127 tren long sd vao the he tre CSc bfnh vifn da cd nhieu cd 187 qudc gia - nSm nhdm xep loai trung gSng, tgo dieu kifn thuan Igi cho nhSn dSn binh vl HDI khSm chua bfnh Ty If tii vong bd m? HDI dugc tinh loan dya tren chi sd thSnh vS tre em dudi I tudi da gidm, hau hit tre em phSn la: thu nhdp (GDP binh quan ddu ngudi da dugc tiem phdng va da sd cac ca sinh dugc tinh theo ngang gid sue mua), tudi thg trung nhSn vien y te dS qua ddo tgo hd trg 196 Tgp chi KHOA HQC GIAO T H N G VAN TAI S6 44 - 12/2013 irao aoi npc thuat dk Ihong tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe tugng vl tudi thg trung binh, tang lir 65,6 tudi vao nSm 1990 len 75,2 tudi vao nam 2011 Thu tu, phdt triin kinh te, xda doi gidm ngheo la mgt thdnh tuu ldn nhdt phdt trien ngudi a nude ta Thanh lich ciia Vift Nam vl tang trudng kinh te vS gidm ngheo hai thap nien qua la rdt Idn Bdi chi vdng 25 nSm, ke tu ndm 1986, Vift Nam tii mgt nhiing qudc gia ngheo nhSt the gidi vdi thu nhgp binh qudn dau ngudi dudi 100 dd la My da trd qudc gia cd thu nhap trung binh thdp, vdi thu nhgp dSu ngudi 1.200 dd la My nhu hifn Tii ndm 1990 din ndm 2011, thu nhap binh quan dSu ngudi tgi Viet Nam da tang dang kinh nggc vdi mire 228% Trong vong 20 nSm (1990 - 2010), ty If ngheo d V if i Nam da giam tir gdn 60% xudng cdn 20,7% vdi khoang hon 30 trifu ngudi thodt ngheo Hgn chi M^c dii nhung nSm vira qua, nude ta da dat dugc nhieu thdnh tuu kha cao vl phat triln ngudi Tuy nhifn, cho din nay, sy nghiep xSy dyng va phdt triln ngudi cd mgt so hgn chf sau day: Thirnhdl chua cd syphdt trien nhanh cdn chgm han sycphdt triin trung binh cua khu vgc Den nay, nude la dang dung d nhdm cSc nude cd chi so HDI trung binh Nhin vSo vj tri xep hang la thSy, chi sd phat trien ngudi d nude ta la chua cd sy tang trudng nhanh Ndm 1990 nude ta dirng d vj Iri 112 bdng xIp hgng chi sd HDI, din nam 2003, chiing ta mdi vuon len diing d vj tri thir 108, nam 2013 chiing ta ddng d vj tri 127 Nlu chia trung binh ve chi so ciia nhdm eac nude phat trien trung binh ve HDI thi din Vift Nam vdn thap hon miic trung binh cua nhdm nSy Thu hai, chdl lugng gido due thdp, dgc bigt lad cdc tinh miin nui Ve mat giao dye, nSng cao trinh dg dan tri cho ngudi hifn d nude ta cdn nhieu bSt cap dd la su phSt triln khdng cdn bSng vl ly If ngudi bilt chu va ty If nhdp hgc ciia tre em giiia cac tinh, thdnh phd, gifta cSc vung, cac dan tdc Hien nay, mac dii nude la dgt ty If cao vl sd ngudi bilt chii vS sd hgc sinh phd thdng, nhung chdt lugng giao due vd dao lao chua cao, dac bift Id d cac tinh miln nui, cac vimg dSn tdc it ngudi cdn kha thap Tinh trgng "lai mil chu" dang cd xu hudng gia tdng Chi cd 40%) tre em dan tgc thieu sd tiep can giao due mdm non, so vdi S\% d ddn tgc Kinh Thu ba, cdc dich vu y te, chdm sdc sue khde cho nhdn ddn cdn nhiiu bdt cap, ty li tir vong d tre so sinh mgt sd tinh cdn kha cao Trong ITnh vyc y le, cdng tdc chdm sdc sue khde cho ngudi cdn nhieu hgn che, nhiing nam gan day gia thudc vd gid cdc dich vu y le len cao nen nhdn dSn gap rSt nhieu khd khan viec kham, chiia bfnh O cac tinh mien niii, cdc djch vu y le cdn lac hau, xa khu dan cu Ty If tre cdi xuong vd suy dinh dudng d cac vimg ndng thdn vd mien niii cao han gap hai den ba lan so vdi thdnh thj Ty If tir vong bd me d ndng thdn cao gdp hai ISn so vdi thi Thie tu: ve Imh vuc xda doi, giam ngheo Ben canh nhiing kel qud dat dugc, viec thyc hifn Chuang trinh giam ngheo ben viing vdn cdn nhiing hgn chi, cdn tap trung khdc phuc: Ty If giam ngheo nhanh nhung chua ben vung, khoang cdch giau - ngheo giiia cde viing, nhdm ddn cu chua dugc thu hep, nhdt la khu vyc mien nui phia Bdc vS Tay Nguyen Tai mdt sd noi, ty If ngheo vdn cdn tren 50%, cd biet cdn tren 60-70%; thu nhgp binh quan ciia hd ddn ipc thieu so chi bdng 1/6 miic thu nhgp binh quan ciia ca nude Nguyen nhan cua nhirng han che Ve nguyin nhdn khdch quan Chimg ta qud dp len chu nghTa xa hdi tir mdt nude ndng nghiep lac hgu, chju hau qua nang nl ciia nhilu nam chien tranh Co sd vdl Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 44 - 12/2013 197 Trao ddi hpc thugt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng ngi chat ky thuat ban dSu rSt thdp, trudc C:ach mang ThSng Tam 1945 nude ta cd Iren '.'0% dan sd mil chii, trgn ddi nam 1945 cudp di sinh mgng hon trieu ngudi Sau dSl nude Ihdng nhSt, mac dii chiing la dd xay dyng dugc CO sd vat chat ban dau cho chCi nghTa xa hdi, song ve co ban cdn d tinh trang kem phSt trien, chua cd dii dieu kifn de nSng cao ddi sdng vdt chSt, van hda va linh IhSn cho nhSn dSn Dilu kifn khach quan dd chi phdi su phdt triln kinh If, xa hdi, tdi tien trinh phSt triln ngudi d nude la Ve nguyin nhdn chit quan chdt vd inh thdn cho nhdn ddn, ddc bi?t Id d vimg ndhg thdn, mien ndi: Day mgnh sy nghi?p cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda d thdnh phd, gdn vdi cdng nghifp hda hifn dgi hda d ndng thdn va miln mii, trudc hit la mat Iran ndng nghifp, nhSm phat trien kinh tl d ndng thdn, mien nui, giai quylt vifc lam cho nhdn dan Tiep tyc hoan thien chinh sSch xda ddi, giam nghfo Day manh xd hgi hda edng tac xda ddi, giSm ngheo nham huy ddng cac ngudn lyc Irong cac tang ldp dSn cu, cSc co quan, xi nghifp Ddng thdi, tang cudng dSn chu hda, cdng khai hda cdng tdc xda ddi, giam ngheo, de cao tinh thdn trdch nhiem, linh chu dgng sdng tgo ciia cac cap chinh quyen, xir phat nghiem minh doi vdi nhiing trudng hgp ISm that thoat kinh phi cdng lac xda ddi, gidm ngheo Trong nhiing nam qua, nin kinh te cd sy tang trudng nhanh, nhung chii ylu la d cSc tinh cdng nghiep, cdc phd ldn, cdn d mdt so tinh ddng bang, mifn niii la rat cham Hai Id, day mgnh sir nghiip gido dgc va chap DSu tu cua Nha nude vao tiln trinh cdng nghiep hda, hifn dgi hda d ndng thdn dao tgo, ndng cao ddn tri, dao tgo nhdn l\rc, chua cd hifu qud cao Dieu ISm cho nen xdy dung ngudi Viet Nam xd hgi chu kinh le d cac tinh chgm phdt trien thi khd cd nghTa: Thyc hifn xda mu chii, phd cap giao the thyc hifn dugc myc tieu xda ddi ngheo, dye tilu hgc va tien tdi la trung hgc co sd nguy CO tai ngheo xuSt hien, khd dSm bao sy cS nude NSng cao chSt lugng giao due thSnh cdng va su ben vimg ITnh vuc xda nha trudng, nSng cao trinh dp ddi, giam ngheo, dieu lam Snh hudng den giSo vien cd y nghTa quyet djnh Thyc hien cSi vifc thyc hifn cac myc tieu ve giao dye, y le each chuong trinh giao dye, dao tao \k ddi cho nhan dan Chinh phu va cSc co quan ban mdi each day va hgc TSng cudng giSo dye ngSnh mdi chu y din vifc hodn muc theo hinh thiic thudng xuyen nham bdi dudng lieu ciia chuong trinh phd cap giao due tieu irinh dg cho cdc tang Idp nhan ddn Uu tien hgc chii chua thyc sy quan tam den chat ddu lu xdy dyng ca sd vgt chdt ky thugt lugng giao dye d cSc tinh mien niii Chat cac nha trudng, d^c bift cSn trang bj may vi lugng y te vd cham sdc sue khde ciia nhdn ddn linh vd cdc thiet bi giao dye hifn dgi, de hgc cdn thap, cdng tSc kham chu'a bfnh chua dugc sinh tiep can vdi tri thirc khoa hgc hien dgi, td chuc thudng xuyen Chinh sach dan sd gan hgc vdi hSnh, gan ly lugn vdi thyc lien chua dugc thyc hien mot each trift de, ty If Ba Id hodn thien hi thdng y ti chuang tdng dSn sd d khu vuc ndng thdn vd dac biet IS trinh ddn sd: Nha nude phdi tang mire chi d mien mii, tgp trung d cac vimg dan tgc thieu ngSn sSch dau lu cho ITnh vyc y te, chdm sdc sd vdn cao siic khde cho nhSn ddn, dd uu tien dau Mot so giai phap co ban de phat trien tu cho cSc vung mien niii, hdi dSo, dau tu cho cac chuong trinh phdng vd chiia bfnh cho ngudi d Vift Nam hien nhdn dSn nhu: sdt ret, bai Met lao dong thdi Mat Id, tdng cudng thuc hien chinh sdch ciing CO mgng ludi y te d cac thdn, Sp Tang xda ddi gidm ngheo ndng cao ddi sdng vgt cudng xdy dyng bd may y le cdng viing 198 Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG V^N TAI So 44 - 12/2013 Trao ddi hpc thugt & Thdng tin Khoa hpc Cdng nghe manh Ihdng qua vifc dao tgo, nSng cao trinh dp cho d$i ngu y, bdc sT, ddng thdi giao due dgo diix; nghe nghifp cho dgi ngii Md rgng thdng tin, tuyen truyln va giSo dye nhdm nang cao nhan thiic cho ngudi dSn ve dan sd, gidi linh, cung cSp mifn phi cac dung cy y te phyc vu cho chuang trinh dan sd, ke hogch hda gia dinh Nang cao chdt lugng hogt dgng ciia bao hiem y le bang cac quy che rd rang de mdi ngudi thdy r5 gid trj ciia bao hiem va tham tham gia tich cyc vao ITnh vyc III KET LUAN Trong hon 20 nam ddi mdi vua qua, dudi su lanh dgo ciia Dang, chiing ta da dgt dugc nhieu tuu quan trgng phdt triln ngudi, thi hifn sy quan tam ciia DSng va Nhd nude vdi phat trien ngudi Mac dii, nen kinh te nude ta cdn d trinh phat triln thSp, song chiing ta dS dat dugc nhirng kit qua dang Iran trgng ve chi sd phat triln ngudi (HDI), dac bift dugc the hifn d chi sd tudi thg vd giao dye ludn cao hon cac nude khu Bdn Id, day mgnh cdc hogt dgng van hda, vuc cd chi sd phSt trien ngudi logi imng nghg thugt, the thao de ndng cao ddi song vdn binh Chdt lugng ngudi ddn Viet Nam dugc hda, tinh thdn cho nhdn ddn, dgc biet a cdc nSng cao se tao sire mgnh cho dSn tdc budc vung nong thdn, mien ndi: Chinh quyen dja vSo thdi ky day manh cdng nghifp hda, hifn phuang phai kit hgp vdi nhan ddn dau tu xay dgi hda dat nude, budc vao tien trinh hgi nhap dyng va nang cdp cac cdng trinh van hda, nhS kinh te thi gidi, tgo dieu kien cho sy phdt triln vdn hoa, thu vien d thdn, xdm, bSn Cac doan nhanh va bin viing ve kinh tl, xa (idi the cdn ket hgp day mgnh cac hogt ddng van Tuy nhien, nhirng nguyen nhdn khdch hoa, van nghf theo hudng phat huy cdc gid trj vdn hoa dSn tgc vS tilp thu tinh hoa van hda quan va chu quan, nhiing nam qua, nhdn logi Nha nude cSn dSy mgnh hoat dgng tien trinh phdt trien ngudi d nude ta qudn ly vdn hda, kien quylt dSu tranh chdng cdn cd nhieu ban che, anh hudng den sy phat mpi tu tudng phSn dgng, tieu cyc, dap tan am triln kinh ll, xa hdi, tdi su nghifp cdng muu diln bien hda binh tren ITnh vyc tu tudng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda ddl nude va tdi sy vSn hda, dau Iranh chong cac logi lieu cyc va phat Irien ben viing ciia ca cpng ddng ndi chung De khac phyc nhiing hgn che dd, ddi tf ngn xd hf i hdi Dang, NhS nude va cac Id chii'c chinh trj, Ndm la, ddy mgnh cong tdc diiu tra, bdo xa hpi vS toan the nhdn dan thyc hien tdt cdo thudng xuyen tinh hinh kinh ti, van hda, nhimg giSi phap ve phdt triln ngudi Cd xa hdi, gido due ytS di ddnh gid thuc trgng nhu vgy, sy phdt trien kinh te, xa hdi d nude ctia vi^c phdt trien ngirdi a nude ta, ddng ta mdi dat dugc muc tieu tang trudng kinh tl thdi dua nhihig du bdo kip thdi ldm eg sd gdn vdi tien bd vd cdng bang xd hdi, phSt trien cho Ddng vd Nhd nude irong viec de vd loan dien ngudi th\rc hi^n cdc muc tieu phdt trien kinh ti, xd hgi vi dinh hudng phdt trien ngudi, tiin bg xd hgi: Cdc nganh phdi cd bSo cao thudng xuyen, hang thang, hang nSm vl thyc trgng Tai lifu tham khao ciia sy phat triln kinh ll, x3 hdi, giao dye, y [I] Bdo cao phdt triln ngudi ciia UNDP nSm: te mgt each chinh xac, khach quan Ciing cd 2008, 2009,2010 2011, 2012, 2013 lo chiic, hogt dgng cua co quan dilu tra, ddnh [2] Bao cao phat triln ngudi Viet Nam nSm 2011 gid cac van dl kinh tl, xa hgi, van hda, giSo [3], Vien khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam Vien nghien Cliu ngudi (2011), Bao cdo long hop de tai cap dye, y tl Ddng thdi, khdng ngimg dao bp: Mot so vdn dl ca ban ve phat Irien ngudi tgo,boi dudng trinh chuyen mdn, nghiep vu Viet Nam giai doan 2011 - 2020, Ha Npi* cho cac can bg dieu tra Phan bifn: ThS Ngo Thi Loan Tgp chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG V ^ N TAI S6 44 - 12/2013 199 ... lii 7,8 nam vao nam do, loan difn cua iSt ca mgi ngudi; vdi sy tham 1990 len 10,4 nam vao nam 2011, Irong sd gia ddy du, cd hieu qua vSo UNDP; thdi nSm di hgc trung binh tang lir len 5,5 nam gian... Vift Nam ciing da dugc nSng len ddng ke, dd cung la mgt lyu quan trgng chiln luge phdt triln loan difn ngudi ciia Dang vd Nha nude ta Bdo cdo vl Phdt trien ngudi nam 2011 cho thdy, Vift Nam dd... ngudi nam 2013 cua vong d tre so sinh dugc thap, ty If tre suy UNDP da xIp Vift Nam nSm sd hon 40 dinh dudng dudi ludi ngdy cang giSm Cy qudc gia dang phai trien dat dugc nhiing tien thi la, nam