sd cb uyen de Xay di/ng Dii an Bg luat Hinb siisia ddi Ctf sol thifc tign cua viec quy dinh TIUCH NHllM HiNH SIT COA PHi&P NHJiN I PGS.TS TRAN VAN DO * Cor sd thyc tien cua vi$c quy djnh trdeh trach nhipm phap ly, ke ea TNHS deu thudc ve ca nhan Tuy nhien, eiing vdi sy phat trien kinh tl - xa nhi^m hinh sy cua to chirc, phdp nhdn Van de trach nhiem hinh sy (TNHS) eua t l chue, hli, nhit la hoat dpng kinh tl thdi ky cdng phap nhan vin dang la chu de giy tranh cai khdng nghiep hda, cac cdng ty - mpt nhiing dang dau chi d cae nude chua coi to chde, phap nhan la ehu tien cua phap nhan dugc hinh thanh, phat trien the TNHS, ma d ca nhung nudc phap luat da quy cang phong phu va ed vai tro quan trpng xa dinh TNHS cua tl chiic, phap nhan Ve m^t ly luan, hOi Dac bipt, su phat trien cua cac cdng ty vdi quy cac tranh lusin thudng xoay quanh cac che dinh md, cau true va hoat dpng cang phuc tap da t^o quan trpng ma Iau nay, dudng nhu da dugc chap nhung thach thde eang Idn eho phap luat nhan nhu la nhiing ly thuyet co ban cua phap luat Hoat dpng cua cac cdng ty khdng ehi mang den hinh sir: Tinh hpp ly, tinh can thiet ciia viec truy ciiu nhirng lgi ich to Idn cho sy phat trien cua xa hpi, ma TNHS cua tl chiic, phap nhan; ly giai eg sd TNHS cdn gay nhung hau qua tieu cue cho xa hpi Nham cda to chirc, phap nhan; van de phu hgp eua viee truy dat duge lgi nhuan cao, vi lgi ich ciia cdng ty hay ciiu TNHS ciia to chde, phap nhan vdi cac nguyen cua mpt nhdm ngudi nhat dinh ma nhieu cdng ly, t^c ciia luat hinh sy (nhu: Nguyen tic lli, nguyen tic nhieu doanh nghiep, nhieu tap doan kinh te da co TNHS ca nhan) eiing nhu cac che dinh khac eua luat nhiing hoat dpng san xuat, kinh doanh phi phap gay hinh sy (nhu: Khai nipm tdi pham, cac dieu kien vl thiet hai khong chi ve mat vat chat, ma edn thiet hai chu the cua tpi pham, van de loi luat hinh su, eho tinh msing, sue khde cua ngudi van de TNHS va hinh phat ap dyng doi vdi phap Td gdc dp quan ly, thay cho vai trd cai tri ciia ca nhan) v.v ' nhan xa hpi nd le va phong kien, ehe dp quan Ve mat thuc tien, cac y kien tranh luan dua ly t^p thi da hinh thdi dai cdng nghiep, tren co sd tinh hinh vi pham ciia t l chiic, phap nhan; Y ehi cua ca nhan quan ly nha nudc, quan ly nhu cau bao ve cua phap luat hinh sy; tinh hgp ly va xa hpi dugc thay the bing quan ly tap the; kha thi cua viec quy dinh TNHS cua phap nhan trudng hpp nay, ca nhan chi thay mat tap the, nhan phong, chdng tpi pham, bao vp quyln, lgi ich ciia t l danh tap the de hoat d^ng, dieu hanh Trong xa hpi chde, cong dan hipn dai, vai trd quan ly, dieu hanh eua tap the Trong ehe dp chilm hiru nd le va ehe dp phong hoat dpng kinh t l cua cac t l chiie, phap nhan kien, hanh vi eua ngudi ed tinh ehat rieng re, vi cang ddng vai trd quan trpng Vai tro quan ly cua cac lgi ich ciia m|t hay nhilu ea nhan Vi vay, mpi loai ca nhan trudng hgp dupe thyc hien chii I Q Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t * Pho Chanh dn Toa dn nhdn ddn toi cao Ciidnh dn Toa dn Qudn su Trung umg So chuyen deXay diing Dii an Bg luat Hinh siisvta ddi yeu la nhan danh phap nhan, t l chue; thay mat phap nhan, td chue hoac vi lgi ich eiia phap nhan, td ehdc chu khdng hoan toan vi lgi ich ea nhan, ma ehu yeu mang lai lgi ieh cho phap nhan, t l ehdc Tuy nhien, eung khdng it trudng hgp, ngoai lgi ieh mang lai cho td ehdc, phap nhan, cac ea nhan dugc giao quyen quan ly eiing gay thiet hai cho xa hOi d cac mue dp khac Theo tmyen thong, de phdng ngiia va chlng lai tmh dang nay, phap luat cae nude quy dinh trach nhiem dan sy, traeh nhipm hanh chinh ddi vdi phap nhan, td ehuc va TNHS ddi vdi ca nhan (khdng ehi trudng hgp thyc hipn hanh vi vi d|ng cd ca nhan, ma ca trudng hgp vi lgi ieh cua to chirc, phap nhan) Tuy nhien, thyc tien eho thay ring: sau dd la cae nude thupc he thing chau Au luc dia nua sau the ky XX^ Sy can thiet cua vi^c quy djnh trach nhifm hinh sy cua to chde, phdp nhan Luat binh sycua VietNam Q Viet Nam van dl TNHS ciia td chue, phap nhan da dugc dat chinh thue qua trinh xay dyng Bp luat Hmh sy nam 1999 Trong nhung du thao ban dau eua qua trinh xay dung Bd luat Hinh sy, nhung ngudi soan thao da xay dyng mpt s6 quy pham cho phep truy cuu TNHS ddi vdi phap nhan, to chde Tuy nhien, qua trinh thuyet trinh va thao luan, van de chua dugc nghien euu sau, nen du thao de xuat quy dinh TNHS cua td ehuc, phap nhan da khdng duge chap nhan Tuy nhien, van de TNHS eua t l ehuc, phap nhan vin dugc tranh luan nhilu khoa hpc luat hinh su va trd mdt nhiing van de cap thiet khoa hpe eiing nhu thuc tien lap phap hinh sy nudc ta^ Thir nhdt, viec buy cuu TNHS ea nhan trudng hgp khdng dam bao tinh phdng ngua; khdng the ngan chan phap nhan, t l ehdc tilp t^c c6 nhung hanh vi gay thipt h^i Phap nhan khdng bi xu phat, thi ca nhan bj truy cuu TNHS, se cd ca Qua nghien edu eae edng trinh da dugc cdng bd, nhan khac thay the de thyc hien eae hanh vi tuong ty thuc tiln tinh hinh kinh te - xa hpi va thye trang he vi myc dich cua phap nhan, to ehdc; thing phap luat nudc ta; dong thdi tham khao phap Thir hai, vipe truy ciiu TNHS doi vdi ca nhan vi luat cua nhieu nudc cung nhu cac cdng udc quoc tl hanh vi nhan danh, thay mat hoac vi lgi ich cua t l ve van de nay, chung tdi thay, tir goe dp thyc tien, tinh cap thiet cua viec quy dinh TNHS cua td chue, ehiic hoac phap nhan la khdng cdng bang; Thir ba, viee truy cuu TNHS cae to ehuc, phap phap nhan dugc luan giai bing eae ylu t l sau day: nhan td hipu qua han vipc thi hanh hinh phat va bdi thudng thipt hgi cho ngudi bj hgi Chu the la phap nhan, td chue se ed kha nang tdt hon de thi hanh cac hinh phat dac trung cho hinh thdc TNHS doi vdi th ehuc, phap nhan nhu phat tien, tjch thu tai san hoae de thi hanh quyet dinh ve cac bipn phap tu phap nhu bli thudng thiet hai, sda chiia, khac phuc h^u qua tpi pham gay Chinh vi nhung Iy do ma da xuat hipn yeu cau khach quan phai truy eii:u TNHS eiia t l chde, phap nhan Yeu cau nay, da dugc thi che hda he thong phap luat thi gidi, d mdt so nudc theo hp thing an lp hen 150 nam trudc; va JAH* nhat, su hinh va phat trien cua co che kinh te thi trudng vdi sy tham gia binh dang cua cac phan kinh tl Phap luat lien quan din dSu tu, kinh doanh thuang mai cang thong thoang tao dieu kipn cho cac phan Idnh tl phat triln Thay cho kmh \k ca the nhd le, nhieu t l chue kinh t i duge hmh thanh; cac doanh nghiep tu nhan, cac doanh nghiep diu tu nudc ngoai dugc lap cang nhieu; boat dpng kinh doanh cang tip nap Kinh te thi truong da mang lai nhung nhihig lgi ich vd Cling to Idn cho sy phat trien kinh te - xa hpi d nudc ta Nhung cung vdi nhung lgi ich do, chung ta Ddn chCi & Phdp lu$t I Q sdcbuyen di Xay diing Dii an Bg luit Hinh siisvea doi tap trung dan chu, nguyen tie tap the lanh dao, ca nhan phy trach Theo cae nguyen tic nay, cac quyet djnh quan trpng ve phuang hudng hogt dOng, ve hoat dOng cy thi nao lien quan den lgi ieh tl ehiec, doanh nghipp diu dugc thdng qua bdi tap the theo eae hinh thuc khac (Hpi dong quan trj, t^p the Ban giam doc, tap the lanh dao ca quan, thSm chi la cua cap uy ) Cac ca nhan dugc giao nhiem vy, iiy quyen dieu hanh, quan ly t l chiic, phap nhan chi su dyng cac bipn phap dieu hanh cy the dettiuchi?n ma Ididng dugc lam trai cac quyet dinh dd Thuc tien xet xd cho thay, xet xd cac tpi pham, nhat la tpi pham ve kinh te, tpi pham ve chde vy nhieu bj cao cho ring, hp thyc bipn hinh vi pham tOi la thuc hipn quyet dinh cua tap the, nen hp khdng pham t^i hoac cin duge giam nhp TNHS Vi vay, nhimg trudng hgp nay, viec chi truy cuu TNHS ddi voi ca nhan nao dd la hoan toan thieu hgp ly, tiiieu cdng bang, va vi vay hieu qua cua viec xd ly khdng cao Thir ba, vipe khong tray cuu TNHS ddi voi tl ehdc, phap nhdn anh hudng rat Idn din den hipu qua eua vipc xu ly vi pham phap luat, den viee giai quyet vipc bli thudng Ihiet hai, khic phuc hau qua v?t chat Cae hoat d|ng trai phap luat, gay thipt hai neu cung nhu tinh than tpi pham gay dli vcri tl tren bit nguIn tu nhiing quyet dinh cua tap thi Hpi chue, ca nhan Theo quy dinh cua phap luat hipn dong quan trj Ban lanh dao dilu hanh cac tap doan, hanh, to ehuc, phap nhan vi pham phap luat ed the bi tong cdng ty, doanh nghipp Vi vay, nhimg xu phat hanh chinh, bi huge phai cham dut hanh vi trudng hgp nay, vipc khdng xd ly vi pham bing phap vi pham va bli thudng thipt hai gay Can bO, cdng luat dan su, phap luat hanh chinh dli vdi t l ehirc ma chiic pham tpi thi hanh edng vy hoac lien ehi tray edu TNHS mdt so ea nhan dugc giao quyln quan den cdng vy dugc giao thi co quan, t l chiic cd dieu hanh, t l chde, phap nhan la chua dii D I dat traeh nhipm boi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi hi hai; dugc muc dich ran de, phdng ngira, ngan chan tai cdn ngudi pham tpi chi cd traeh nhipm hoan id mpt pham; dam bao vipc xu ly cdng bang, nghiem minh phan hoac toan bO s6 tien bdi thudng dd"* Theo do, ciia luat phap, thi ngoai vipc truy cdu TNHS cua ea t l ehiic, phip nhan ehi la bi dan dan su ma khong nhin, phai b l sung ca quy dinh truy ciru TNHS eiia thi la bi cao, nen ngoai trach nhiem bli thuong ngoai hgp dong; t l chde, phap nhan dd khdng chiu t l chue, phap nhan bat ky bipn phap cuong ch£ phap ly nao khac Tuy Thir hai, d nudc ta, vipc dilu hanh, quan ly tai nhien, bipn phap xd phat hinh chinh khdng bao gicf cac Cd quan, t l chue, dugc thyc hien theo nguyen tic cung phai dli mat vdi nhieu hien tupng tieu cue duge coi la mat trai ciia kinh te Ihi trudng nhu cac hanh vi vi ph^m quy dinh ve dpc quyen, canh tranh khdng lanh manh, budn Iau, xam pham sd hiiu tri tup, gian lan thuang mai, d nhiem mdi trudng gay nen nhiing hau qua rat nghiem trpng, dac bipt nghiem trpng cho xa hpi Nhung hau qua dd khdng phai mOt hoac mdt sd ca nhan nao dd gay ra, ma chii ylu la mpt si tap doan kinh tl, mpt si doanh nghidp va t l chue kinh te khac thuOc mpi phan gay Cd le, khdng chi cac nha hinh su hpc, ma mli cdng dan deu biet den eae su ki$n nhu: Vipc gay d nhilm mdi trudng cua Cdng ty Vedan Vipt Nam lam thipt hai hang tram ^ ding; sy cl tran dau eua tau Neptune Aries (Smgapore) 03/10/1994 tai eang Cat Lai gay thipt hai udc tinh 20.000.000 USD; van de d|e quyen eua Nganh Dipn gay nhieu thipt hai cho xa h§i; vin de gim gia vi myc dich lgi nhuan eua Tong cdng ty Xi mang d nhiing nam cuoi the ky XX va gan day la hoat dOng dau tu, kinh doanh trai phap luat cua Tap doan Vinashin gay thipt hai dac bipt Idn cho nen kinh te eiing nhu ddi sing xa hdi eua nudc ta I Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t Su vauyen ae Ji.ay diing Pit an Bg luat Hinh sii svta ddi tuong xdng vdi hanh vi vi pham va nhung thiet hai hanh vi vi pham gay Vi dy: Thipt hai edng ^ Vedan gay la hang ngan ^ ding, nhung Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng chi xu phat cdng ty 267 tripu ding, tray thu phi bao vp mdi tradng tren 100 ty ding, viSe bli thudng thipt h(ii chua dugc giai quylt; Thipt h^i sy cl tran dAu eiia tau Neptune Aries (Singapore) 03/10/1994 tai cang Cat Lai gay thiet hai udc tinh 20.000.000 USD, nhung Tda an chi bupc cdng ty sd hiru tau bli thuong hon ty ddng (khoang trieu USD) va xir phat hanh chinh khdng qui 70 hieu ding; eie hanh vi vi pham p h ^ luat cua Tap doan Than- Khoing san Vipt Nam, cua \%ashin chua dugc xu ly vl mat phap luat Nhu vay, cd the thay nhung hau qua p h ^ ly hanh chinh, dan su ma phip nhan phii ganh chju khdng du nghiem khic de phdng ngua tai pham, bit d ^ nhiing thipt hai gay ma nhung lgi ich trai phap luat ma cac phip nhin cd dugc td nhung hanh vi trai phap lugt lai Idn hon rit nhilu edn dang luong ly chua dim quyet dinh khdi kipn yeu eau Vedan bdi thudng thi$t hai Ro rang, nhiing tradng hgp nay, vipe ap dyng thu tgc td tiing hinh sy dh xu ly vi pham la hpp ly nhat, nhanh chdng, kip thdi va hieu qua, bio ve quyen, lgi ich hpp phap eua xa hOi, ciia ngudi bi thipt hai Thir ndm, can dim bio tinh thing nhat eua phap luat va sy binh dang ciia ca nhan va t l ehdc xu ly tpi pham Viec khdng quy dinh TNHS eua tl chde, phip nhan dang tao sy thilu thing nhat ciia he thdng phap luat va sy bat binh ding, thieu cdng bang xd ly t^i pham va vi pham phap luat d nudc ta Ciing mpt hinh vi pham tOi, nhung vdi eie chu the khae nhau, thi duge xu ly khac nhau, td gdc dp dinh tpi danh, cung nhu bipn phap TNHS Vi dy, cung mgt hanh vi lim gii giiy td dl chilm dogt tiln hoan thue gia tri gia tang, nhung nhiing ngudi lam tai eie doanh nghipp tu nhan phai ehiu TNHS ve tdi liia dio chiem doat tai san; cdn nhiing ngudi lam Thu- tir, vipc khdng tray cuu TNHS ddi vdi t l cie doanh nghiep nha nude, thi ed the bi tmy chde, p h ^ nhan nhieu tradng hpp da gay nen cuu TNHS ve ^ i lgi dung chiic vu, quyen han hoae nhung kho khan vipc xu Iy vi pham Vi dy, neu tpi cd y Iam trai cac quy dinh ciia nha nudc ve quan truy cuu TNHS, thi co quan tien hinh to t^ng ed ly kinh tl gay hau qua nghiem trpng Hay hanh vi quyen chu dpng khdi to vy an hinh sy, chdng minh trln Ihue cua ca nhan lam tai cac doanh nghiep tu va tray ciru TNHS doi vdi chii the TNHS; edn theo nhan, thi ed the bi truy cuu TNHS ve tOi trdn thue; pMp luat t l tgng dan sy, cho din van chua xac cdn ca nhan lam tai doanh nghiep nha nude trdn dinh duge Ii ngudi chiu traeh nhiem khdi kipn yeu thue, thi ed the chi bi xu phat hanh chinh vdi tinh cau cdng ty Vedan bdi thudng thipt hai v i neu khdi chat va muc dp cudng che thap hon nhieu kipn thi nhiing ngudi ndng dan lipu ed du nang Han niia, hanh vi pham t|i cua tl chirc, phap de chiing minh dugc thipt hai giy theo quy dinh nhan duge thye hipn thdng qua hanh vi cua mpt hay cua phip luat to tung dan sy hay Ididng? Hon nua, nhieu ca nhan li thinh vien eua to ehdc, phap nhan viec khdi kipn yeu cau boi thudng thipt hai ludn di Cae ca nhan thyc hipn hanh vi pham tpi nhan danh, kem theo khoin in phi dan sy khong nhd, khdng thay mat, vi lgi ich cua td chiic, phap nhan hoac it phai nguoi bi thipt hai nio eiing Io dugc va chmh nhat la hanh vi d6 duge t l chue, phap nhan chip ngudi khdi kipn phai ty minh ehung minh thipt hai nhan va ehiu sy kiem soat cua to chde, phip nhan ma phii ganh chiu Chinh vi nhiing ly ve mat thu tgc ngudi la &anh vien The nhung, hien phap nay, m i nhung ngudi ndng dan tinh Dong Nai van (Xem liep trang 19} Ddn chd & Phdp lu$t ... nhan, cac ea nhan dugc giao quyen quan ly eiing gay thiet hai cho xa hOi d cac mue dp khac Theo tmyen thong, de phdng ngiia va chlng lai tmh dang nay, phap luat cae nude quy dinh trach nhiem dan... xay dyng mpt s6 quy pham cho phep truy cuu TNHS ddi vdi phap nhan, to chde Tuy nhien, qua trinh thuyet trinh va thao luan, van de chua dugc nghien euu sau, nen du thao de xuat quy dinh TNHS cua... ca nhan dugc giao nhiem vy, iiy quyen dieu hanh, quan ly t l chiic, phap nhan chi su dyng cac bipn phap dieu hanh cy the dettiuchi?n ma Ididng dugc lam trai cac quyet dinh dd Thuc tien xet xd