NGHIEN CUU - TRAO ElOl Van hoa cu tru cua nguoi Cham PHU V A N H A N Van Ii6a cir tru la kel qua cua sir sap Sat khong gian sinh song ciia nginri, la nhirng gia trj ngirdi cua cong ddng cir tru sang t^o qua trinh lao dong tinmg jac vol mol truong Nghien cihi van hoa cir tru ciia ngiroi Cham, tim hieu nhung gia tn duvc tao qua trinh hinh cu Iru giup lam rd dof song c$ng ddng phat trien va hgi nh|p Den da cd nhieu cong trinh nghien ciru d va ngoii mroc ve tgc ngiroi Cham Tuy nhien $6 hai viet ve van hda cu tru thi qua khiem ton va mol chi mang tinh chat gidl thieu Bai viei gdp phan lam sang to nhung dae diem van hoa cu tru cua cpng ddng ngudi Cham d Nam Trung Bd va Nam BQ Vai n^t ve dia ban cirtru cua ngudi Ch^m Ngudi Cham la chau cua cu dan Champa co Hien ngudi Cham cu trii tgp trung cic palei (ho^c puk-idng) thupc cac tinh Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Binh Phudc, Binh Duong, Ddng Nai, Tay Ninh, An Giang va phd Hd Chf Minh Ngudi Cham sinh sdng d cac dnh Tay Nguyen va mpt sd tinh khac nhung khdng nhilu Theo ket qua cupc tdng dilu tra dan sd 1/4/2009, tdng dan s6 ngudi Cham a Vi?t Nam vao nam 2009 co 161.729 ngudi, phan bd cy the d cac tinh nhu sau: Ninh Thugn 67.274 ngudi; Binh Thuan -34.690 ngudi; Phii Yen -19.945 ngudi; An Giang -14.209 ngudi; Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh -7.819 ngudi; Binh Dinh - 5.336 ngudi; Ddng Nai - 3.887 ngudi; Tay Ninh - 3.250 ngudi; Binh Duong - 837 ngudi; Gia Lai -659 ngudi; Binh Phudc -568 ngudi; Lam Ddng - 473 ngudi; Kien Giang 400 ngudi; Dak Lak -290 ngudi; Khanh Hoa 271 nguOT;LongAn-218ngudi;BaRia-Vung Tau - 198 ngudi; Cin Tha -173 ngudi; Tra Vinh -163 ngudi; Soc Trang - 106 ngudi; Ca Mau -106 ngudi; VTnh Long -91 ngudi; Ddng Thap -90 ngudi; cac tinh khac -676 ngudi Ngudi Cham la mot nhihig tpc ngudi sinh sdng lau ddi tren manh dit Viet Nam V l nguon goc tpc ngudi, cac nha khoa hpc xlp ngudi Cham vao tieu chiing Mongoloid phuang Nam, nhdm logi hinh Nam A Vl ngdn ngii, tieng Cham thudc ngij he Austronesian (Nam Dao), tidu nhom chamic Ciing chung tieu nhom nay, d Viet Nam cdn co cac tgc ngudi E De, Gia Rai, Chu Ru va Ra Glai Co thuyet cho rang cae tdc ngudi la cliau cua cu dan den tu The gidi dao Ciing c6 y kien khac cho dd la cu dan d phia Nam Tmng Qudc di chuydn vao Nhiing phat hien vl khao cd hpc gan day da ggi ien mdt gia thilt ring, chii nhan ciia nen van hoa Sa Huynh co the' la td tien ciia ngudi Cham va cac tdc ngudi M -P khac d Viet Nam Do dae die'm cir tni va ban sac van hoa mang tinh dia phucmg, ngudi Cham dugc phan ba nhom cdng d d n g : Cham Hroi, ChSm Panduranga va Cham Nam Bp Ngudi Cham cu tru tu Phii Yen trd thudng dupc gpi la Chdm Hroi Hien ngudi Cham Hroi sdng tgp tmng d cac huyen Van Canh (tinh Binh Dinh) va Ddng Xuan, San Hoa, Song Hinh (tinh Phii Yen), dudi chan day Trudng San, hai bd thugng luu sdng Da Rang va tren cao nguyen Van Hoa Ngudi Cham Hroi sdng chu yeu bang nghe lam rupng va ray Cham Hroi d vung thap bilt Iam thuy lgi d l trdn| lua nudc, biet nudi trau bo va dung trau bd dt keo cay O viing cao, van nhidu gia dlnh Cham Hroi lam ray Ngudi Cham Hroi ndi tilng Cham nhung TAP CHI VHDG SO 2/2015 khdng luu truyin chir Thrah nhu ngudi Cham d Ninh Thuan, Binh Thugn, va cung khdng dung ddn chii Arab, Jawi nhu ngudi Cham d Nam Bd Cham Hroi tri xa hdi miu he tniyen thdng, song khdng theo dao Balamdn cung nhu dgo Islam Ngudi Cham Hroi khdng cd ttic hoa tang nhu mdt bp phan ngudi Cham d Ninh Thugn, Binh Thuan ma chi theo tin ngudng da thin va bao luu cac tap tyc tmyln thdng dia phuang Ngudi Cham Hroi tri mpt nen im nhac dan gian Cham cung vdi cac nhgc cu cd truyen nhu bd chidng, bp (nhgc go) phong phii ve the logi va mang am dieu ddc dao rieng Van hoa cua ngudi Cham Hroi gSn vdi phong tuc tap quan cd truyin va cd quan he gan gui vdi van hoa ciia mdt sd tdc ngudi d Trudng San - Tay Nguyen va van hoa cu dSn Trung Bd Ngudi Cham cu trii d hai tinh Ninh Thugn va Binh Thuan cdn dugc gpi la Chdm Panduranga Mdt nhimg If khien cdng ddng dugc nhieu ngudi biet den la sir gan bd cua hp vdi nhimg ngdi thap Champa cd ndi tieng viing Cac nhdm thap Champa nhu Po Yang Pakrang (Ba Thap), Po Klaung Girai, PoRome, Po Dam, Po Sah lnu(Phu Hai) diu CO ldi kidn true va nghe thugt dpc dao Do su tan pha cua thdi gian va chien tranh, hau het cac thap deu hu hgi va mpt sd thap da sup dd hoan toan Sau nam 1975, nhilu thap da dugc sua chiia, trung tu Cac thap Champa hien diu la nilm tu hao cua ngudi Cham va cua nhan dan Viet Nam va la noi thu hut du khach lir phuang din chiem ngudng Ngudi Cham d Ninh Thugn - Binh Thugn chilm tl le ddng so vdi sd ngudi Cham tren ca nudc Dap Nha Trinh va Ma Ren la cdng trinh thuy Igi nd'i tilng ciia td tien ngudi Cham, vln tilp tyc tudi nudc cho mpt canh ddng rdng ldn d viing Phan Rang (Ninh Thuan) Ngudi Ch3m nudi trSu, bo cang nhilu d l keo cay, dang ll va trao ddi Mdt bp phgn ngudi Cham khdng theo dao Islam da nudi heo va cd thu nhap cao tu vi?c chan nudi logi gia sue Palei Hamu Chrauk (Biu True, Ninh Thugn) va Palei Gauk (Binh Thugn) cdn luu tmyen nghd lam gdm thu cdng Cac san pham gdm Cham lam bing dit nung dung cho sinh hogt gia dinh rat thinh hanh tai vung ngudi Cham va mdt sd dan tdc khac d cac dnh Tay Nguyen va Ddng Nam Bd Palei Chaklaing (My Nghiep, Ninh Thugn) van giu gin va dang phat huy nghe del thd cam cd truydn Cac san pham thd cim vdi gin tram loai hoa van khdng chi la nhting mat hang diing may m ^ cho cac chiic sic tdn giao va phuc vu tfn ngudng cua ngudi Cham, ma cang phd bien trdn thi trudng Hau het cac y kiln cho ring ngudi Cham Ninh Thugn, Binh Thuan theo hai tdn giao chfnh la Balamdn (Brahmanism) va Hdi giao (Islam) Thuc te, hidn ngudi Cham biet rat it ve giao li Balamdn Khoang mdt nua sd ngudi Cham d day theo tyc hoa tang (gpi la Cham Jat hoac Cham Chub) va mdt bd phan khac it han gdm ngudi Cham d Palei la La-u, Palei Ta Banguk (Ninh Thuan) va Kinh cuu (Binh Thugn) chi thd phyng thin linh va td den ciia minh Sd lai theo dao Islam bao gdm Cham Islam va Cham Ban! (con gpi Bini) Ngudi Chdm Nam Bq cu tru quay quan ben canh nhung dudn^ Islam (Masjid, hoac Surau) thudc cac dnh Ddng Nai, Binh Phudc, Tay Ninh, An Giang va phd Ho Chf Minh Trudc day, nguydn nhan Hch sir, mot bp phgn ngudi Cham da di cu sang Campuchia, Malaysia, Thai Lan, Indonesia, Vao giiia the ki XVni va diu thl ki XDC, mdt bd phan ngudi Cham d Campuchia da tim vl cu trii d An Giang va Tay Ninh cung vdi mpt bp phan ngudi Cham da an cu trudc Sau nhiing nam 30, 40 cua thl ki XX, chiln tranh d vung bidn gidi Tay Nam nen mdt bd phan ngudi Cham d day da di cu vao Sai Gon - Gia Dinh - Chg Ldn (Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh) Sau do, mpt sd khac di lap nghiep d Xuan Lpc (Ddng Nai) va Phii Rieng (Binh Phudc) Hiu hit ngudi Cham Nam Bd diu theo dao Islam va lay kinh Qur'an lam kim chi nam cho hogt dpng dn ngudng cua minh Ngudi Cham Nam Bd d nha san Nhilu lang Cham dugc hinh ven bd sdng, rach, kenh, muang, O day khong co nhiing ngdi thap Champa hiing NGHIEN cuu - TRAO D6| vT nhu d midn Trung, song tgi cac khu cu tru cua ngudi Cham diu cd cac Masjid (thanh dudng) ldn vdi ldi kiln true ddc dao rieng Cd dudng da dugc Bp Van hoa Thdng tin cdng nhan la di (ich Iden triic Hien van cdn mdt sd ngudi Cham Nam Bp hanh nghe danh ca tren sdng Sd khac lam mpng va budn ban Nhilu phii nir Cham An Giang bidt d?t sarong (xa-rdng), kama (khan tam, khan ran), thdu khan, dan ludi phuc vu nhu cau Sn mgc theo truyin thdng dan tdc Cham va diing di trao dd'i viing Palei -Dan vi tu cucua ngudi Cham Trong dau tranh sinh tdn va phat trien, ngudi biet dm cho minh mdt khdng gian cu trii thich hgp Ngudi Viet quan niem "sdng cai nha, gia cai md" Theo Phan I^c Tuyen, "khdng gian cu trii chfnh cua ngudi Cham chu ylu la d ndng thdn Hp sdng chii ylu bins nghd ndng, tri nghe d?t thd cim cd tmydn, lam gdm thu cdng, va nghi chan nuoi gia siie" (1999: 148) Khdng gian cu tru ciia cpng ddng Cham la cac palei (nhu "lang" ciia ngudi Vi^t) Lang la noi cu trii cua nhidu gia dinh, dong hp, lang gieng, la noi sinh san, nudi dudng, bao tdn va phat huy van hda dan tdc Theo Ngd Due Thinh, "Van hda lang tuong ling vdi cdng ddng lang, mpt ca ciu dan cu kinh tl, xa hdi va van hoa ca ban ciia xa hpi cac tpc ngudi ciia nudc ta hang ngan nam Ban diu, lang {ban, budn, play, bon ) la mpt noi cu trii cua mOt sd gia ^nh, gia tdc (liic diu phin ldn la cac gia dinh ciang huylt thdng, sau trd quan h? lang gilng) din din lang dugc ciing cd" (2006: 26) Mdi lang diu cd mdt ten gpi rieng Lang bao ham gia dinh, dong hp, gia tpc, nhiing sic thai gia phong, la noi td chuc gia dinh theo phu h? hay miu he, nghi nghiep, quan he, each thuc giao dye, cac chuin myc ung xu vdi mdi trudng tu nhidn va xa hpi Tu lau, ngudi Cham da xac lap cho minh mOt he thdng khudn mau ling xu tuang ddi hoan hao qua Bq ludt Chdm (do Duong Tin Phat sogn thao nam 1950) Palei (Lang) la dan vi cutrii deu bilu ciia xa hdi tmyln thdng Cham khdng phai chi la nhiing cdng xa huyet tpc, bdi nd bao gdm nhieu ddng hp va mdi ddng hp cu trii tren mdt khudn vidn nhit dinh, co hang rao (kaga) bao quanh Palei cua nguoi Cham dupc xac dinh bing cac dudng ranh gioi tu nhien cd dnh quy udc, dugc cac vien palei ciing nhu lang gieng cdng nhan Theo truyin thdng, cac vien palei diu CO quyln khai thac dit pham vi lanh thd palei ciaa minh; nhimg ngudi cung palei cung ddng thdi cd nhidm vy trdng coi, bao V? dat, riing thudc lanh thd (bhum palei) ma minh sd hihi Quyln su dyng dit canh tac ciia mdi gia dinh cac palei Cham da duoc xac lap tii trudc, theo dd truyin lai cho gai theo mau h? Nhiing ngudi ciing mot palei, mdt dong hp co thd chuye'n nhupng, mua ban dat dai ciia minh theo each thoa thugn do! ben CO sii ddng y cua dong hp hogc truong tpc Tuy nhien, neu ngudi nao tu y rdi bo palei se mit quyen sd hiiu dit dai ciia minh Nguoi nao xam phgm dat dai cua ngudi khac bi xii theo luat tyc Palei Cham co the nim tren sudn ddi, duoi thung lung, d ddng bing, hay ven bd bie'n Palei Cham d Ninh Thugn va Binh Thuan thudng xac lap tren nhiing viing gd dit cao, xung quanh la rupng lua hogc nuong rly M6i palei cd khoang tii 300 din 400 hp gia dinh cua mpt dong tdc hay tgp hgp bdi nhilu tpc ho (gaup) ciing sinh sdng Cac khuon vien nhao dugc bd tri theo hudng Bic - Nam Palei Cham cd nhieu ddng hp song chung nhung mdi dong hp cd mdt nghia dja rieng (kut ddi vdi Cham Chuh - theo tuc hoa tang; ghur ddi vdi Cham Bani) Mdi palei thudng cd nha cpng ddng hoac sang palei Mdt sd palei Cham c6 den thd thSn (sang Pd Yang) Ben cgnh td chuc hanh chinh dja phuong, mdi palei Cham co Hpi ddng chuc sac, gia lang cham lo viec ciing tl va giai quyet nhung van dl ciia palei lien quan ddn phong tyc, tap quan (adat cambat) Palei Cham la don vj cu tru cd tmyln mang tan du cua cdng xa ndng thdn Gia dinh palei Cham theo hinh thai mau he Thanh vien gia dinh TAP CHI VHDG SO 2/2015 dugc tfnh theo huyet thdng ben me Ngudi dan ba ldn tudi nhit gia ^ n h gpi la po sang (tuc la chii nha) Cac gia dinh cd cung chung mpt ba me sinh thudng bd tri nha cua chung mpt khuon vien (sa kaga) Tuang tu nhu vay, cac gia dinh chung mpt ddng hp theo huyet thdng ben phia me ihudng bd tri nha cua cung day vdi Mdi ddng hp co mpt tdc trudng dung dau gpi la "akaok gaup" (la ngudi dan dng) Nhiem vu cua tmdng tpc la cham lo, to chiic nhiing le nghi khudn khd dong tpc palei Mdi ddng hp palei la nhiing ngudi ciing chung huylt thdng ben mp dugc xac dinh chdt se ciing chung noi an nghi cudi ciang chung mdt nghTa dia ciia ddng hp (kut hogc ghur) va thd phung chung "ciat atau" (mpt loai gid dan bang ire hinh hop vudng cd nip day, diing d l bo y trang, dd ciing Id cua td tien tpc hp) Ngudi Cham Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan phan cac nhom Ahier (chiu anh hudng Balamdn), Awal (chiu anh hudng Hdi giao) va Islam Mdi cpng ddng dn ngudng tdn giao cd nhiing sinh hogt rieng nhim thl hipn dgc thii nhom cua minh palei va ciing bao luu nhidu lap luc truyin thdng Cham O Nam Bd, gia dinh dugc xac lgp bdi vg chdng va cac chau rupt Gia dinh co the gdm hai hogc ba ihl he ciing chung sdng, song huyet thdng dong hp d day khdng xac dinh rd theo huyet thdng ben me hay theo nghTa dia chung nhu d viing ngudi Cham Ninh Thugn va Binh Thugn Ngudi Cham d Nam Bp theo Islam Hp cu lni theo hinh thiic cac jammaah gin vdi ten dudng gin noi hp sinh sdng Mdi jammaah thudng c6 mot masjid (thanh dudng) va co the cd mpt h o ^ nhidu surau (tieu dudng) Cgng ddng Cham Nam Bp thudng cu ngy theo tirng nhdm gia dinh cd quan he rupt than thich vdi nhau, ciing sinh hogt van hoa dn ngudng ton giao mot masjid hay surau vdi Jammaah d Nam Bp khdng gidi hgn bon nhung hang rao bing cay xuang rdng hoac bing tre, gd nhu d Ninh Thuan, Binh Thugn ma lap trung trdn cac cia lao rieng biet, liy ranh gidi bing nhiing sdng hogc kenh rgeh d noi cu tru Diing dau jammaah la mdt ngudi am hieu giao If Islam va tap tyc, dugc tap the cung jammaah bau chpn lam Hakem (giao ca) de dieu hanh sinh hoat cong ddng ciia minh Mpi hogt dpng cfia cac vidn jammaah deu chiu su chi phdi ciaa vi Hakem Trong qua irinh ciang cae tpc ngudi khai pha vung dat Nam Bp, ngudi Cham den dinh cu dong nhat d An Giang Koh Taboong (nay thupc xa Khanh Hoa, huyen Chau Phu, An Giang) la mdt bay lang Cham dnh An Giang da hinh tii mdt cdn cat nhd len dpc theo mdt ben bd Hgu Giang, dugc phii sa mau md ciia sdng bdi dap lan hdi mgt £u lao, ngan each vdi dit liln bang mdt rgeh Ngoai Koh Taboong c6 sau lang Cham khac la Mouchnat, Koh Kabuak, Koh Kenh, I>ulao Ba, Koh Goi, Koh Gia, Sabau, vdi dia danh Viet tucmg iing la Chau Giang, Da Phirdc, Chau Phong, La Ma (hoac VTnh Trudng), Biing ldn (hogc Biing Binh Thien) va Ddng Cd Ky Ngoai Mouchrut c6 nghTa la mom heo (theo ding Kha Me) cdn lai cac tdn lang Cham deu gan vdi tii "koh" (hoac pulau) deu c6 nghla la "cu lao" Dia the cac lang Cham d ddng bing sdng Cuu Long luy khdng lien nhung cung nam dpc theo hai bdn bd sdng hogc tren bd de gan dudng Ddi sdng cu tni cua cdng ddng Cham noi day chiu nhieu anh hudng bdi thuy tridu ldn xudng cua he thdng sdng ngdi, kdnh rach ching chit Ngudi Cham sdng tren nhiing cu lao giiia sdng nhu cu lao Tan Phong, Cli Iao Nam Thdn d Tidn Giang, cii lao Tay, cii lao Cai Viing d Bin Tre, cu lao Chau Giang, eii lao Da Phudc d An Giang v.v Palei Cham phan bd quanh ria cia lao dd thuan den di lai bang dudng thiiy, bang tau "sa4iip" chay bang hoi nudc hogc keo nhiing chiec ghe chai (ja!) day ap hang hoa tu Sai gdn ve, re qua rach tgm tranh nhung ddng nudc ngugc chay xiet ben ngoai sdng cai Sinh sdng d viang ciia hai hogc ba dudng nudc giao nen ngudi Cham de kiem sdng bang nghd budn ban, md quan hang cho cac ghe thuydn, tau be dung lgi an udng nghi ngoi chd ddi nudc Do NGHIEN cuu-TRAO fidi dja li, mdi sinh thdi dit, hgu ciia viang dat thip, ngudi Cham co each xay nha san cao vdi kT thugt kit ciu vgi lieu xay dung khac vdi loai nha san truyin thdng cua hp d nai quanh nam khd rao Ninh Thugn, Binh Thuan Trong lich su, Thogi Ngpc Hiu khdi cdng dao kinh VTnh T I chay dai dpc theo bien gidl tii Chau Ddc din Ha Tien thi ngudi Cham dugc huy ddng vao luc lugng bao ve an ninh, cd cdng an viec lam "an cu lac nghiep", dan dan loa sinh sdng d cac tinh phfa Nam nhu Tay Ninh, Kidn Giang, Binh Duong, Binh Phudc va Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh VSn hoa Cham qua trinh phat trien da giao luu, chuyin ddi, nhieu ting ldp van hda cd truydn ciing vdi van hoa mdi hdi nhgp, chuyen hoa lan Cac quan niem tap quan, phong tyc an sau vao y thiic va td chiic palei, chi phdi ndp sdng, tu ciia ngudi Cham Trong hon nhin, ngudi Cham Islam vln cdn luu net mau he nhu sau dam cudi chii re sdng chung bdn nha cha m? vg Tfnh binh ding va thdng nhat ciia ngirdi Cham thl hipn viec cac ca nhan cpng ddng cung bau nhiing ngudi dai di?n cho minh didu hanh jammaah Ngogi trii Allah va thien sii Muhammad thupc ve mdt cip dp tdn kfnh, mpi dn dd deu binh ding Cac chuc sac lu Imam trd xudng thudng khdng phai la chiic vy co djnh ma duoc luan phien giiia nhiing ngudi cd kha nang va dao hanh ThSnh dudng ludn tpa lac d trung tam cac jammaah, la manh dat cd dia the dep, cao rao sgch se, ddn di lgi Tgi cac khu cu trii jammaah cua n^udi Cham ddu co cac masjid hoac surau (noi cau nguyen) vdi ldi kiln true ddc dao rieng Nhiing ngdi nha danh cho viec cau nguyen khdng chi la bie'u tnmg tdn giao ma cdn la noi hdi ty ciia cac vidn cua cdng ddng Dd la noi dien cac le hdi, le ciu nguyen hang ngay, hpi hpp la noi hp nhic nhd dimg xao nhang giao lugt Islam, la trung tSm sinh hoat cpng ddng (Phu Van Han 2008: 69) v a n hoa tan dung moi trudng cir tru ciia ngudi Chdm Ngudi Cham luu truyen mgt kho tang tri thuc vl nhiing he thdng dan thuy nhap diln Ihdng qua nghi Id cau mua, cau mua, mang dam van hoa ban dia Vung Panduranga co cac day niii cao bao bpc da tgo nen nhung buc binh phong chin nhimg ludng gio miia Dong -Bac va Tay -Nam mang may va mua tdi Ddng rudng cua ngudi Cham a vung chii ygu nim ldng chao, dugc bao bgc bdi cac day niii ndn miia khd thi khd ban, nhung vao mua mua lgi hay bi lii quel va nggp ung Phat trie'n ndng nghiep tren mpt viing dSi khdng hi thuan lgi, cac thl he ngudi Cham da • tiln hanh xay dimg cac cdng trinh thuy lgi He thdng dap Nha Trinh dugc xay dung bao gdm mpt dap ngan nudc trdn ngudn sdng Cai, bon dap nho va hai muang, muang Cai va muang Dye c6 thl tudi cho trdn mpt van hecta dil trdng Dap Ma Ren dugc xay dung tren sdng Bieu, gdm cd dap nho va mdt he thdng cac muang Mdi lang Cham c6 mot nguoi chuyen trach ve thuy lgi gpi la "cai dap" (ong Binek) cd nhiem vu trdng coi, tu siia muong dap Tuy theo thl dit va chit dit, ngudi Cham chia mdng rupng hamu dhaong (ruong d ddng sau, dugc coi la loai tdt nhit), hamu aia (rupng nggp nudc quanh nam) va hamu ia talon (rudng khd ven niii) De chinh phuc sy khac nghiet ciia thdi det, ngudi Cham da biet khai muan^, dap dap dan nudc vao radng voi mpt hp Ihdng thuy lgi kha hoan chinh: dap (binek), kenh (bara), muang (rabaong), hd chiia (can), muang ldn (rabaong ine), muong din (rabaong naih), muang tieu (rabaong lah) v.v vdi phuang thiic dua din nudc phu hgp cho tiing logi dia hinh Lpi the tii cac day nui cao an lan tan bien, cd nhiing ngpn niii sat bien cao tdi hang nghin met hinh nen nhiing sudi nudc ngpt chay lu tren xudng, tu niii ra, tao nhiing mach nudc ngpt ngam bd bien Chfnh nhd vgy ngudi Cham xua da tiing cung cip nudc ngpt cho cac thuyin be qua lai vung bd bien Ddng ciia duyen hai midn Trung xua La vung dat thieu mua, thiia nang d cyc Nam Trung Bp, tu xa xua, ngudi Cham da thiy tam quan trpng cua ngudn nudc ddi sdng san xuit ndng nghiep Ben cgnh vide xay dung TAP CHI VHDG S6 2/2015 h^ thdng thuy lgi din thuy nhgp dien hieu qua, ngudi Cham da cd thai dp flian thien vdi tu nhien nhat la vdi ngudn nudc Ngoai he thdng nhan than, ngudi Cham than hoa nhiing nhan vat lich su da c6 cdng viec dan thuy nhap diln nhu Po Klaong Girai, Po Rame Quan niem cua ngudi Cham ve viec iing xu vdi mdi trudng nudc dugc the hien qua he thdng nghi Id ndng nghipp kha hoan chinh ma deu bieu la cac Id ciu mua, le tl thin lua dd cau mua, le khai muong dip dap va ll chgn ngudn nudc Nhirng nghi Id ay the' hien thai dp ung xu vai mdi trudng nudc tu cau mua xudng, khai muang cho nudc vao dong raong rdi dap d^p ngan khdng cho nudc lii gay ngap ling Nhirng nghi le ay Ihd hien quan niem ciia ngudi Cham: Con ngudi la thyc the dugc hinh tu via try bao la Su tdn lai cua cac dn ngudng, ton giao cdng ddng ngudi Cham ciing chinh la mdi irudng bao tdn van hoa Cham truyin thdng Ld hdi la noi gin giii va phat huy nhiing ylu td van hoa cd truyin, cd thai dp iing xu viia hoa minh than thidn, viia cai tgo va tran trpng, siang bai thien nhien Theo tap quan, mdi dong hp, mdi nhdm gia dinh than thupc hay cd chi mdt dgi ^ia dinh ngudi Cham thudng cu tni quay quin khdng gian co hinh tir giac Phan ldn palei Cham co dan sd khoang tii 1.000 den 2.000 ngudi Nha d Irudc day cua ngudi Cham la mpt quin thd' mot khudn vien (gpi la kaga) Hien viec quy hogch phan Id dit Iheo kilu nha lien kl hep ndn viec phat trie'n nha theo kie'u palei Cham xua khdng cdn niia Mdi quan he ciia cac nha quan the da the hien sy thay dd'i hinh thai gia ifinh ldn miu he Uianh cac gia dinh hat nhan Nha san cua ngudi Cham Hroi thudng c6 kfch thudc nho, co hinh dang vudng, can ddf va dn djnh Hai mai co dp ddc ldn dd chdng mua gid va nha thudng trd cira sd d hai phfa diu hdi nha Tren ciu thang la mdt khoang san hep lp thien trdng gidng nhu mpt cai hanh lang Khoang san lam cho ngdi nha them rpng rai Ngay nay, mai nha san cua ngudi Cham Hroi dugc thay bing nguydn lieu mdi ket cau khung nha cung ddi thay dang k l Ngoai nha d thudng ngay, mdi lang Cham Hroi CO rapt ngdi nha sinh hogt cpng ddng (nha rong) Ngoai nha d ngudi Cham Hroi c6 dang nha chdi va kho thoc Kho thoc va nha choi ddu thudc nha san cdt nho, ket cau dan gian Kho !a nai chuyen cat giu luong thuc (chii yen la thdc) thudng kho thoc dupc cat xa ncri cu tru d l de phdng hoa hoan Nha choi la nai de trdng coi nuong ray, la chd nghi ngoi cho cac vidn thdi gian lam ray (an com, tranh ning, mua ) vao mua thu hogch, nhat la nhung ban rdn cd the nghi dem lai choi Ngoai ra, choi la ncri cit giir luang thuc tgm thdi mdi thu hoach Trudc day, cung nhu hien chiic nang cua nha kho va nha chdi khdng thay ddi Cdn nha rdng van la nai sinh boat cpng ddng, lgi them mdt chiic nang mdi, la nha van hda hay gpi la nha rdng van hda Nha cua ngudi Cham d Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan kidn true theo kieu cay ddn ddng gac theo tryc Dong -Tay ddn khach chii khdng gac theo true than dgo Bac -Nam nhu nha ngudi Viet Mat trudc nha cd the quay vl hudng Nam hogc hudng Tay Bd khung nha ciia ngudi Cham kha don gian Vi ba cpt (keo dugc lien kit vdi cpt hoac khdng cd vi keo thi diing tudng thay thl keo) Neu la vi nam cdt thi co thdm xa ngang dau gac len cay ddn lay cai noi hai dau cdt Tu cac kilu vi dan xuat hien cay keo va trd vi keo Theo tap quan cu tru, gian giua la trang lam (ngudi Cham gpi la sangya), phia phai la phong ngu cua bd me, ben trai la kho, sau la phdng ngu ciia cai Mat trudc CO mpt hien d giiia nha Nha bep dugc xay dung rieng biet vdi nha chfnh va d phia Tay nha chfnh, nha bep ngoai dyng cu nau nudng cdn c6 thdm khu vuc chira nudc udng va kho chit ddt (cui, than, v.v ) Ngudi Cham d huyen Ninh Phudc, tinh Ninh Thuan sdng tiing palei, mdi palei co khoang 100 gia dinh sdng quan ty theo ddng tdc Nhirng gia dinh ngudi Cham cd nhieu the he sdng chung mpt khudn vien ldn, dd c6 nhieu gia dinh nho Xung quanh khudn vien cd tudng bao bpc, cdng quay ve hudng NGHIEN CUU - TRAO E)6| Nam hay Tay Nam Nha d dugc xay cat theo mdt trgt tu nhit dinh gdm: Nha khach, nha cua cha me, nha cua nhiing ngudi chua lap gia dinh, nha cua nhung ngudi gai da lap gia (finh, nha bip va nha tuc Nha chfnh la nha cudi ciing danh cho cd lit cudi chdng va thua ke N I U ngudi Cham d Ninh Thuan biet tan dyng mdi trudng tu nhidn tren gd dat eao nhieu tang da to ldn, de xay dung nhiing ngdi thap viing chic thi ngudi Cham vung ddng bang sdng Cuu Long bidt tan dung vung dat thap triing nudc ma dung len nhiing ngdi nha san thfch nghi vdi lu De chdng lai sue nudc, nha san thudng co he thdng cpt ket lien bang nhirng da de tang dp bin, cd la be xi-mang edt thep Ngoai ra, nha san cao thoang mat c6 tac dung chdng lgi cai nang, chdng lai am thap, khac phyc nhiing hgn che nhu nen nha khdng bing phing, gap ghenh Noi cu tru cua ngudi Cham ddng bang sdng Cih] Long la nai cat lidn cat, sdng lien sdng, mdi c6 hai nudc la nude ldn, nudc rdng, mdi thang cd hai nudc la nudc rong, nudc kem va mdi nam cd mpt miia nudc ndi tran ngap cac canh ddng Ngudi Cham phai bilt xem nudc de tan dyng lgi ich cua nd sinh boat hang Ngudi Cham bidl bing long vdi cac can nha san cao thd so bang gd vi vat lieu xay dung kien cd d ddng bang sdng Cuu Long rat hilm Nha thd ben ngoai la vach la, mai nha la, chu yeu la lgp nha bing la dira nudc Bd sudn nha d ciia ngudi Cham cung dugc sii dyng bit ki logi cay lgp nao co san viing sinh thai gan noi cu tni, vf du cay dua, cay tram, cay dude, Viec tan dyng cac logi cay cd sSn rirng, tren dim lay, da cho thiy kha nang irng xu linh hogt cua ngudi Cham ddi vdi mdi trudng tu nhien Ngudi Cham bilt tan dung tung the mgnh rieng cua riing logi cay de biln vat lieu phyc vu cho nhu ciu ve xay dung nha d Ngoai ra, ngudi Cham cdn nhanh chdng thfch ung vdi viec tan dyng nhiing vat lieu xay dung mdi trudng tu nhidn mang lgi Net ndi bat d nha san ciia ngudi Cham d Nam Bd la ciu thang chfnh dat d dau hdi huong mat lp, diu ddn ddng va cau thang phu phia sau nha Ciu thang phu danh cho phy nii nha di lai dd dang phii hgp vdi van hda Islam, van hda trpng nam Sd lugng cac bac thang xlp theo sd ie, co thl hieu tu dae thii cua van boa ndng nghiep trpng tTnh Phuong den giao thdng chia yeu trudc day cua nguoi Cham la ghe, xudng N I U di chai ludi bit tdm, ca thi c6 ghe chai, ghe ludi; cdn neu di tirbcr sdng bdn sang ben thi co ghe Hien nay, phuong lien danh bit theo each thu cdng khdng dam bao cho viec danh ca xa bd nen dan din mdt sd chuyen sang nghd ndng va budn ban Nghd ddng thuyen vi vay cung it CO dieu kien phat triln nhu trudc day Nha cua cua ngudi Cham d Nam Bd la loai nha san lam bing gd, mai lgp ngdi Gam san cao de tranh miia nudc ndi Nha thudng quay xudng sdng, kinh, rach hogc quay Id ducmg cai, nha lam mai, cd hien trudc, hien sau va c6 hai cau thang ldn xudng hien thudng rpng tu - 3m va dai tii 11- 12 m, chilu ngang nha la - 6m Nha c6 cau thang, cau thang a phia trudc nha, rdng Im, c6 - 11 bac thudc vao chidu cao cua gam nha san Cau thang phfa sau nha danh cho phu nir di lai Nha ngudi Cham Islam thudng khdng co ban thd td tien, khdng trang tri hinh tupng tho Thupng de cung nhu cac thin khac Mpi su trang tri vd hinh anh ddng vat nha khdng duge khuyen khich theo quy dinh ciia Islam ma c6 the thay vao dd la nhiing biic tranh hpa ve diuc vat each dieu hay hinh ki Trong nha it cd ban ghd hay giudng ngu, vi vay rat trdng trai, thoang mat va sgch se Ve van hda td chirc ddi sdng tap thl cu trii, ngudi Cham hinh mdt cdng ddng viing chae dua tren mdi quan he vl cu trii Ngudi Cham Nam Bp cu tru tap trung quanh cac dudng chu khdng quan tam den gia tdc nhu cdng ddng Cham gdc d midn Trung Quan he edng ddng lang cua ngirdi Cham thuc su dugc tang cudng thdng qua cac boat dpng tdn giao tin ngudng va phong tyc ^ ^ " ^ • ^ ^ I' :; I TAP CHI VHDG s 2/2015 Hinh thai cu trii ndi bat cua ngudi Cham la theo cac Palei Palei cua ngudi Cham viia mang dnh cpng ddng xa hpi, viia mang tfnh cdng ddng tdn giao tfn ngudng Trong palei ciia ngudi Cham, cac td chiic ton giao, td chuc tfn ngudng, td chiic phong tyc tap quan, id chiic xa hpi va td chuc chinh quyen ciing tdn tai, ciing hogt ddng Cac td chuc co ca cau, vai tro, dia vi, pham vi va lanh vuc hoat ddng rieng, song nd dugc lidn ket vdi di ciang giai quylt nhung vin dl lien quan cpng ddng cua ngudi Cham Cac vi dgi dien cac td chiic trdn thudng dan chung bau chpn nhirng ngudi uy tfn, cd hiiu biet nen ludn dugc kfnh trpng va co vai tro nhat djnh cdng ddng palei Cham Ngudi Cham da hinh mdt gia tri van hoa cu tru phong phii, dae thu Trong qua trinh phat triln dd, hinh thai to chiic cpng cu tmyen thdng theo palei dugc xem nhu la dae trung van hda cua tpc ngudi Cham Day la dan vi ca sd td chiic xa hpi chiu tac ddng cija kha nhilu ydu td khac nhu dia If tu nhidn, hinh thai sinh hoat kinh te, mdi trudng lich sii - xa hpi, dgc diem sinh hoat van hoa va quan he giao luu van hda cua ngudi Cham Trong qua trinh xay dung va cai lien ca che r, quan H xa hpi, nen chang can co su quan tSm I thfch dang din nhiing ylu td hgp If cua td chiic ', xa hdi truyin thdng va id chiic tdn giao tin ngudng, tir dd kit hgp va van dung nhimg yeu td deh cue phong lyc, lap quan, ',' truyin thdng van hda cu tru ciia hp Phat huy ' nhiing hid'u bilt vl van hoa cu trii ching nhirng gdp phin nang cao hieu qua cdng tac quan If nha nudc ma cdn gdp phin giai quylt tdt vin •: dl dan tdc, tori giao hien • '' (*) Bai vilt duoc thuc hifin khuon kho de tai f NCKH "Nha d trayen thong ciia cac cong (long ngudi ;: thupc ngir he Nam Dao d Viet Nam tii goc nhin v3n \r> hoa h^c" ma s6 VIII 1.99-2012.02 Quy phdi triin ,G khua hoc vd cdng nghi qudc gia (NAFOSTED) tai tro Bai vilt co su dong gop tu lipu ciia ThS Nguyin Thj Nga T a i lieu tham khao A.A B e l * (2000) "Van hoa hoc - Nhung li thuyet nhan hoc v a n hoa", Tap chi Van hoa nghe thu&t, Ha Noi Binh Nguyen Lpc (1971), Nguon gdc Ma Lai cua dan tgc VietNam, Bach boc, Saj G o n Chl thj 121/CP Hoi dong Bo t m o n g 12/5/1982: Chi thj ve cong tac dSf vdl dong tiao Cham, H a Ndi Chl thj 121 CT/TW- Ban chap hanh tmng uong Oang Cong s a n Viet Nam 26/10/1981: Chi thj ve cong tac ddi vai dong t>ao Ctiam, Ha Noi Diep Dinh Hoa (1990), Tim hieu lang Viet, Nxb, Khoa hpc xahoi Dohamide, Dorohiem(1965), Ddn tdc Cham luoc sur H\ep hoi Cham Hoi giao Viet Nam E.B.Tylor (2000) "Van hoa nguyen thiiy", T ^ p chi Van hoa nghe thuat Ha Noi Grant Evans chu bien (2001), Buc khim vdn hoa Chdu A - Tiep can nhdn hgc (ngircn djch: Cao XuSn Pho), Nxb VSn hoa dan toc^ J ; ^ Noi Mad Mot (1978), 'Nguoi Chavaku cong dong ngucn Cham mien TSy Nam Bo", NhOng vd'n dedan tgc hgc dmren Warn l/Kf Warn, tap Vien KHXH tai TP Ho Chi iwlinh 10 Mai Ngoc ChCr (1999), Vdn hoa Dong Nam A, Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia, H a Npi 1 Mai Ngoc ChCr (2009), Van hoa va ngon ngu phuang Dong, Nxb Phucaig06ng 12 Mai Van Hai, Mai Kiem (2003), Xahgi hgc vdn hoa Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi 13 Ngo Dire Thjnh (2006), Vdn hoa tgc ngudi va van hoa VietNam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi 14 N g u y ^ Quoc Lpc, Vu Thi Viet (1990), Cac e/5n (oc t/)/et/ so'dPhu Yen, Nxb v a n hoa - T h d n g tin tlnh Phii Yen 15 Phan L4C TuySn (1999) Tti* Tdy Nguyen den Dong Nai, N ) * Thanh Ho C h i Minh 16 Phan Thj Y e n Tuyet (1993), Nha d, trang phi^c - an udng, Nxb Khoa hpc xa h ^ 17 Phu v a n HSn chu bien (2005), Ddi sdng van hoa xa hgi cdng dong Chdm Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, Nxb v a n hoa dan tpc 18 Phil Van HSn chu nhipm de tai (2006), Hign trang nghien cuu ngudi ChSm Nam Bg linh vixl^oa hgc xah6i,Tp Ho Chi Minh 19 Phil Van h l n (1995), B a n sSc van hoa ChSm o Nam B p ' , Bao cao l