^"^W' 58 (19) - 2015: Dl SAN, DU LjCH VA PHAT TRifeN NGUdl CHAM VA VAN HdA CHAM NINH THUAN NguySn Ngpc San' Tdm tit: Ninh Thuan li mdt vung dit die tnrng vi dia If Biy li nai ca ngg liu ddi cua ngudi Chim Die ddm cda vimg ding t^ng hgp kho dn, gid cat vi thai Hit khic nghiSt da hinh thinh d ngudi din nai diy ddc Hnh can cu nhan ngi kan kmn wran len cuic sing Vi viy, qui trmh phit »iin vin hda cila oii^ dong ngoai Cham d inh Ninh Thuin, n^ duSipxucva chiu sg chi phii aCia nhiiu nin vin hda rtung din nffjdi Cham vSn conUu ga in lfnh vi dim net mdt kho ting van hda da dgng, 1^ sic vdi nhiiu gii Hi tmyin ttiong ciia ldc ngudi Clam Hudc day Tir khda: Ngudi Chim d fnh Nhh Thuin, vin hoa Chim Ninh Thuin, ngadi chim AhOr, ngodi Chim Av/^ Ngudi Chdm dtinh Ninh Thuan Ninh Thuan, noi cd sd ngudi Cham ddng nhat ca nude, la mpt tinh tfiupc Nam Trung Bp, nim rir l l " l ' din 12"02' vT Bic vd 108"35' den 109°15' kinfa Ddng, Todn tinh cd dign tt'ch khoang 3.360km^ vdi cdc mat pfafa bic gidp tinh Khdnh Hda, phfa nam gidp tinh Binh Thufin, phfa tSy gidp tinh LSm Ddng vd phi'a ddng gidp vdi biln Ddng, Vl mat dia hinh, Ninfa Thuan cd hai dang dia hinh chinh Id ndi vd ddng bdng, Trong dd, ndi vdi dp cao ttung binh Id dang dia hinh chilm phin ldn dign tfch, tao nfin mpt vanh dai bao bpc bdn mat cua tinh Ddng bing Ninh Thuan rit nhd fa?p (cd dign tfch nhd nhit miln Trung) vd nim Ipt gida cdc ngpn ndi, Dilu ndy Idm cho Ninh Thuan ttd tfidnh mpt "ldng chdo" ndm ben bd biln Ddng, ddng tfidi gdp pfain khdng nhd tao nfin cdc dilu fagn khf hau did nhudng sdng ngdi, mong ddi dac trung cho vdng dat ndy Vdi dia binh bdn mat ndi bao bpc, "Idng chio" Ninh Thuan phai gdnh cfaiu nhCrng dilu fagn khf hau rat khic nghigt Noi day da dupc kfaing dinfa Id diim kfad, ndng vd ft mua nhit ca nude vdi lupng mua hdng nam chi khodng 700mm (tfiip hon muc tnmg binh cua Ths, Tn/dng Cao ding Su pham Ninh Thudn, cd nude rit nhilu) vd nhigt dp ttung binh Id 29 - 33 C, Sy che chin cda cdc ngpn ndi da ldm cho mda khd Ninh Thuan kfio ddi hon nhvng noi khdc (tu: thdng 12 nam trvdc din thdng nam sau), dong thdi ldm cho thdi gian mua ft di, chi vdi khoang 60 ngdy ttong didng (dldng din tfldng 11) Dilu fagn did nhudng Ninh Thuan cung khdng cd nhilu tfiuan lpi Phan Idn dign tfch cda tinh Id cdc loai dit Ferarit, dit xdm, dat cdt vdi tinh trang sdi dd, khd ban vd nghfio chat dinh dudng, dd chi phd hpp cho sy tdn tai vd phdt ttiln cua cdc loai ru-ng cSy byi khd han (xuong rdng), cdc loai cSy ttdng vat nudi dac tnrng chiu dupc kfad han (nho, dilu, bdng vdi, bd, dfi, cim.,.) Mang Ivdi sdng ngdi d dSy khd thva didt vdi cdc dac dilm nhd, ngin vd ddc Vi vay, chdng tfivdng gSy nfaung dpt 10 lyt manh vd dSng cao vdo mda mua, cung nhv thudng hay can fagt nude ttong nhirng tfidng mda khd, Dilu ndy gSy rit nhilu kfad kfadn cho vigc mdi tifiu ttong sdn xuit ndng nghigp vd vong ddi sdng cda ngudi dfin Mjt khdc, hg tfidng sdng ngdi d Ninh Thufin (sdng Dinh, sdng Cdi, sdng Q u a e ) khd nghfio ndn vl ngudn lpi tfiuy sdn nfin it cd gid vi vl fanh tl, ngoai trii mpt sd tilm ndng vl thuy dign ^ ^ " ^ Cham va van hoa Cham 59 Ngupc lai vdi sdng ngdi, Ninfa Tfauan lai cd mpt dign tiefa mat biln ldm va cd nfailu tiem nang Vdi tinfa chat la mdt vung biln am vd ddi dao didy hai san, biln d dfiy da dupe fJinfa gid la mpt ttong nhung ngu ttudng danh bat vpng dilm cua ea nude Ngodi ra, dfiy cdn Id mpt dia dilm du hch IJ mdng vdi nhilu bai tim ttong xanh, nfailu fadn dao dep nfau Ninh Chii, Cd Nd, Vinfa Hy, Hdn Dd Hdn Kfai Nhu vay, nhin chung Ninh Thuan Id mpt vdng dit cd dilu fagn dia IJ m nfaifin khdng diuan lpi vd cd nhilu kfaic nghigt Tuy nhifin, chfnfa tai^ dfiy, noi md mdng chi cd nfaung eSy xvang rdng Id phat ttiln dvpc, dii cpng ddng ngudi Cham da cd mpt qud vinh sinh sdng ISu ddi Khdng nhihig tfil, vupt qua khd khan, cpng ddng ndy cdn sdng tao nfin nhilu gid vi van hda dac sic mang dam djc ttung cua vdng dat Ninfa Thuan Cpng ddng ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Thuan ttudc hit Id mpt bp phan khdng till tdeh rdi cua cpng ddng ngudi Cham Vigt Nam Cfafnfa vi vay, hcfa sii ngudn gdc tpc ngudi cua ngudi Cfaam Ninfa Tfauan ciing Id mpt phan vong hch su ngudn gdc tpc ngudi cda ca dfin tpc Cham ^ Ngudi Cham Id mpt ttong 54 dSn tpc sinh song ttfin Idnh did Viet Nam Tpc ngudi diupc dai cfaung dxttaldft vd nim ttong ngii h? MS U i - Da Dao (Malayo - Polynfisien) DSy Id tpc ngudi cd ngudn gdc ban dia, cd qud trinh fainfa tfidnfa vd pfadt ttiln m hang ngdn ndm ttudc vd la mpt ttong nhihig bp phan ciu tfidnh cu dfin didi Hdng Vuong Theo nfau mpt sd tdi Ugu hign vdo tfldi dai Dd Mdi, mpt ldp ngudi cd ten Id Deuterco Malais da cd mfit tai vdng dit diupc faiu vvc Tmng vd Nam Tmng Bp ngdy Vd dSy dupc coi 14 lop n g ^ ^ „ ^^ cua cdc din tpc Md Lai - Da Dao hign vong dd cd ngudi Cham Trong qud vinh sinh sdng cua minfa, ldp ngudi Deuterco - Malais da pfaan chia dianfa nhilu nhdm vd diing chfin trfin nlBhig vdng dat kfaac nfaau, vdi nfaihig dfic diem rifing vl dilu fagn m nhien vd mdi tnrdng sinh diai Trai qua mdt qud ttinfa Hcfa su rat ISu dai vd pfaiic tap, nfaimg nfadm ngudi da tia dianfa cdc tdc ngudi rifing bigt Trong dd, ngudi Oiam la tpc ngudi dupc hinh dianh mpt nhdm ngudi dimg chSn ttfin vdng Aing bing nhd hep ven biln Ddng, noi cd nhieu dilu fagn tfiufin lpi cho vigc san xuit ndng nghigp vd giao luu vdi bfin ngoai Tu day, ngudi Cham bit diu viit nfin qud ttinh lich sir cda minh Ban diu, dia bdn cv vu cua nfaihig cu dSn Cfaam diu tign la vdng dit nim giiia dfio Ngang (Quang Binh) vd deo Hai Vfin (Dd Nang) Sau dd, tii khu vyc nay, ngudi Chdm da din di chuyin vd din dinh cu Ven sudt dai dong bing nfad h?p ven biln Tmng Bd, kfio ddi tir nam dfio Ngang cho din tan vdng dit Ninh Thuan Binh Tfauan ngdy Tuy nfaifin, ttai qua tiidi gian, nhihig biln chuyen cua Ijefa su, lanfa did cua ngudi Chdm lai din bi (My lui vd md rpng vl phfa nam Hign nay, ngudi Cham dang sinh sdng tai cdc tinh Binh Dinh, Phd Yen, Kfadnfa Hda, Ninh Thufin, Bmh Thufin, Ddng Nai, Tfiy Ninh, An Giang vd didnh pfad Ho Chf Minh ^ Trong qud vinfa chuyin cv din cde vdng dat mdi kfade nfaau nfau vfiy, ede nfadm ngudi Cfafim da timg budc tfiay doi vd tfifch nghi vdi cdc dilu fagn m nhifin sinh tfidi cua timg vdng Ddng tfidi, tai day, qud ttinfa cpng cu vd can cv giua ngudi Cham vd cdc tpc ngudi khdc xung quanfa cung diln ngdy cdng manh me Do dd, bfin canh nfaimg ylu td tniyin tfidng chung cua tpc ngvdi vd J tfnic tpc ngudi vin cdn dupc luu giu tfii cdc nhdm ngudi t3iam d mdi vdng khdc nfaau mng budc da cd sv biln ddi vd khdc bigt ngdy cdng ldn, dan tao didnh cdc nhdm dia phuong cua tpc 60 (19) - 2015: Dl SAN, DU L|CH VA PHAT TRifeN ngudi DSy chfnh Id qud ttinfa pfaSn ly tpc ngudi cda ngudi Cfafim Mat khdc, theo quan nigm cda ngudi Cham, tdc ngudi gdm cd hai thi tdc ldn Id thi tdc Dira (Li-u-Narikela Vams) vd thi tdc Cau (Pinang - Kramukha Vams) Thi tpc Diia la nhiing ngudi Idm bd chd vdng dit phfa bfic vdng Amaravati, cdn tfai tdc (2au Id nfaiing ngvdi ldm ba cfau viing dat pfafa nam - vdng Panduranga Dfiy cfafnh Id faai tilu qudc Idn va pfadt Vien nhat so tieu qudc cua vuang quoc Cham Pa (Indrapura, Amaravati, Vijaya, Kautfiara vd Panduranga) vong Uch sv cda dSn tpc Chfim Nfav vay, cd till tfiay ring cpng ddng ngudi Cfafim d tinh Ninh Thuan Id mpt nhdm dia phupng dupc hinh tfaanh ttong qud trtnh Uch su tpc ngvdi cda ngvdi Chdm Hp cd tfal Id nfaiing cv dSn tfiupc tfu tpc Cau vd sinh song lfiu ddi, dn dinh tai vdng dit Panduranga xua - mc Ninh Tfauan ngdy v l dia bdn, ngudi Cham tap ttvng chu ylu d vdng phfa ddng vd pfafa nam cda tinh Hau het, hp sinh sdng quy m 22 thdn ldng (Palei) tiiupc 13 xa, thi tiin eua huygn, thdnh phd tinh (Ninh I%udc, Ninh Hai, Ninfa Son vd tfidnfa pfad Phan Rang - Thdp Chdm) Trong dd gdm 16 lang Cham Ahifir vd lang Cham Awal (cd mpt ldng Id noi sinh sdng chung cda ca nhdm) Cy till: Ngu&i Chdm Afiier: - Huygn Ninh Phudc: tfadn Phudc Ddng, Hieu Ll, Chat Thudng (xd Phudc Hau), Hodi Tmng, Nhu Binh (x3 Phudc Thdi), Huu Diic, Hau Sanh (xa Phudc Huu), VTnh Thuan, Chung My, My Nghigp (tfii van Phudc DSn), Phudc Lap, Phvdc Thign, Vy Bon (xa Phudc Nam), Phd Nhuan (Phudc Thuan) - Huygn Ninh Hai: tfidn Binh NghTa (xd Phuang Hdi) -Thdnh phd Phan Rang tiidn Thdnh Y (xa Thdnh Hdi) Thdp Chdm: Ngudi Cham d tinh Ninh Thuan Id cpng Ngudi Chdm Awal: ddng ngudi Chdm ddng nhit vdi 57.137 ngudi, chilm gin 50% ttong tdng sd 132.873 - Huygn Ninh Phvdc; didn Thdnh Tfn (xd ngudi Chdm d Vigt Nam (1) Cpng ddng ndy Phvdc Hdi), Tuin Td (An Hai), Vdn Lam bao gdm hai nfadm Idn la Cham Afaier (Phvdc Nam), Pfad Nfauan (Phudc Thuan) (ngudi Chdm chiu dnh hudng Bdlamdn gido, - Huygn Ninh Hai; thdn An Nhan, Phudc cdn gpi Id Chdm Bdlamdn) vd Cham Awal Nhan (xa XuSn Hdi) (ngudi Cham chiu anh hudng cda Hdi gido - Huygn Ninh Son: tfidn Luang Tri (xd cu, thudng dvpc gpi la Chdm Ba Ni) Ngodi hai nhdm nay, ttong cpng ddng ngvdi Cham Nhan Son) d tinfa Ninh Thuan cdn cd mpt nhdm khdc Ngu&i Chdm Asulam: ma ngudi Chdm gpi la Cham Asulam (ngudi - Huygn Ninh Phvdc: tfidn Vdn Lfim (xd Cham chiu anh faudng cua Hoi gido hign Phvdc Nam) dai, thudng dupc gpi Id Cham Islam) (2) Din thdng - 2005, tfieo thdng kfi cda Ban - Huygn Ninh Hai; tfidn An Nhon, Pfaude DSn van tinh Ninh Thuan, dSn sd ngudi Nhan (xd XuSn Hai) Cham cda tinh Id 62.646 ngudi, chilm ti lg Ngodi ra, ngudi Cham d dSy cdn cd mpt 11,29% dfin sd loan tinh Trong dd, ngudi sd ngudi tfieo cde tdn gido khdc (Cdng gido cfaam Bdlamdn cd 37.737 ngudi, ngudi Tin Ldnh ) vd sinfa sdng xen cdi, rai rdc tai Cham Bd Ni cd 23.059 ngudi vd ngudi nfailu dia bdn Vong tinfa Tuy nhifin bp pfaan Cham Islam cd 1.850 ngudi (3) ndy cd sd lupng kfadng ddng kl (4) > Ngu^i Cham va van hoa Cham 61 Vin hda Chim Ninh Thnan Doi vdi van hda vat die, cpng ddng ngudi Oiam d tinh Ninh Thuan la chu nfaan cda mdt kho tdng dac sic vdi rat nfailu loai hmh khac nfaau Moi loaifamfanfav nhd d, y pbac, Vang sue, faen vuc i^u tfil faign cadi nfain, caefa ung xu eua hp ddi vdi tfiien nfaien vd ngudi xung quanfa cfau ylu mac nhfing ddi nginfaon(qua gdi) vdi man sm^ tnoL Tnmg kfai dd ngudi dan dng Cfaam tfnidng mac vang phuc ttuyin diong ciia mmh la xd rdng Yd ao likei Xd rang la mdt tim vai kfad rpng tten dudi Im, dai g ^ 1.5 lin vdng bung, ^ c quan tv didt tang ttd xudng va budc lai bang mpt spi day vai lam bdng cfai mau Cdn Tnidc fait, nfad d cua ngudi Cfaam d tinfa i o Ukei la loai ao ngin din mdng tay ddi, cd Ninfa Tfauan Aipc xem Id mpt loai famh fain trdn, phia ttudc xe finh khuy, hai benfadnged vdc khd dac tnmg vdi nhieu sv kit hpp da dudng xe ngin, vat ttudc cd faai mi va dang giiia ttuyin tiidng vd faign dai Vl mat diudng daac may bfing vai cd mau sam, dam Unh dnie, cdc ngdi nfaa cfau yln Id nfad kfadng cd hoa van Ngoai ra, ngudi dan dng trgt, cd dang cfaii nfaatfaoacvudng vdi mdi Cham Ninh Thuan ciing cd khan dpi diu dl (faai mdi chinh vd faai mdi nfad faai bfin) vd kitfappvdi cic y pfayc tten dupc xSy dyng tten nfaihig kfau dat bing Rifing ddi vdi cic chuc sic tdn gido dii lai phing Ddng didi cfadng tfiudng dupc Ufin kit ed nfaimg y pfayc rifing vi khdc giiia t ^ tmng ttong mpt khudn vifin dieo don vi Cham Afaier va Cfaam Awal day chuc sic gia (finh gpi la nfad Tyc Trong dd, moi ngdi dao Bd Ni ttong nhdm Cham Awal pfafii mfic nhd cd vi ttf vd tfin gpi khdc nfaau nfau Sang loai tfiiy Chang hay cdn dupc gpi Id ao ye Sang mayau Sang gan Sang gin Sang pirn Dfiy Id loai ddi mau ning rpng cfadng tuey Bao bpc xung quanfa kfaudn vifin qud mit ca cfafin vat ttudc cd xe (finh khuy, thudng Id hdng ido bing cfiy khd faay xuong rat gidng vdi i o ddi cua phy nCr Khdng nhJ rong, ed cdng vdo quay ve hudng Nam vay, cdc chiic sic Bdlamdn cua nfadm Cham hodc TSy Nam Ahifir lai mac mpt loai i o ddi mau ving cd xe ta hai ben, &n vira tfifin ngudi vd dupc mjc Trong y phuc - ttang siic, cac dac ttung cda cpng ddng ngudi Cham d tinh Nmfa chung vdi xd rang Loai ndy mfic tiieo faiu Tfauan dupc phan dnh mpt cdch cy dil, rd nfit chui d ^ (poncho) vd