Thiết chế lưỡng diện trong mối quan hệ gia đình xã hội của người chăm ở miền trung việt nam

Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 I 39 VAN HOA - LICH Sd-BlfiVi- MOI TRUONG THIET CHE LUdNG DIEN TRONG MOI QUAN HE GIA DiNH - XA H | COA NGUCJI C H A M d MIEN TRUNG VIET NAM DQNG THANH DANH* Tom tdt: Theo nhieu nhd nghien cdu, ngddi Chdm cd che dp mdu hi, mdu cu nhinig phu quyen, tdc Id chi dp md ngddi phu nd cd todn quyen trin tdi sdn, cdi vd cdch thdc dinh cutheond, nhUng ngUdi ddn dng Igi c6 quyen lUc ve chfnh trj, xd hpi, gia dinh Tuy nhien, bdi vii't ndy, chdng tdi muon ddnh sUchd y den chieu sdu cda che dp mdu hi-phu quyen, hdu "bde tdch"mpt thiet chi ludng diin dpc ddo cda ngUdi Chdm d mien frung Viit Nam Dd Id diin mgo bin ngodi cua mgt thiit chi md d dd vai trd cua ngUdi ddn dng vd ngUdi phu nd gia dtnh vd xd hpi Id ngang nhau, noi hg cung kit hgp deduy th sutdn tgi vd hogt dpng cua todn bp thdc thexd hpi Tdt nhiin, vai trd gida hai gidi Id khdc nhau: ngddi dan bd Id npi gidi, dgi diin cho tfnh tfnh, ngddi dan dng Id ngogi gidi, dng ta dgi dien cho tfnh dpng TUkhoa: mdu hi, mdu cd, phu quyen, Iddng dien, ngddi Chdm, mien Trung Viit Nam Abstract: In numerous research projects, Cham people have practiced both mathlineai an patrilineal descent In the matrilineal society, children, properties and types of residence are seen belonging to the women and their decisions while men are given the power to determine political social and family issues in the patrilineal society In the article, the author analyzes deeply anoth side ofthe Cham's descent to Illuminate its unique features in Central Viet Nam In those societi roles of men and women are equal despite their differences namely women are in charge of the family affair and represent the immobile side while men are responsible for a social affair and symbolize the mobile dimension However, both of them operate and maintain their societies performances together for a better life Key words: matrilineal descent, patrilineal descent, bilateral descent, Cham people Central V Nam Ngaynhgnbai: 17/7/2017; Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/8/2017 Oat van de at cuf mdt x i hdi nao eung dUPc eau B thinh tCr nhCfng c i nhan, nhUng bin thin cic ca nhin rieng I I thi khdng the ca^u thinh xa hdi SUtUdng tic hay mdi quan he giC^a ngUdi vdi mdi^chfnh la ddnglUccdatdntaixahoi.Trongsocacmoi " ,' - V • V f v^^ V quan he xa hoi ay, moi quan he huyet thong •Email: Trang danh(iong93@gmail tam Nghien cmi Vancom hoa Cham, Ninh Thu^n hay moi quan he gia dinh, tde hp ehinh l i moi quan he edt yiu nhat dupe xem nhu la hat nhan eua toan t h i xa hdi Bin chat eda quan he gia anh, tdc hp quy dinh bin ehat ^^^ ^^^^ t h i xa hdi Oilu nghTa la: mdt ^^ hdi dUde goi la miu he ehi nao nd dua - • ' • * u »- u ' - L ' tren cac gia dinh, toe ho ve phia ngUai me , , , , , , (mau he) va ngUpe lai mpt xa hdi dUde gpi l i P^^ "^o eha nd dUa tren tpc hp^^ v l "^^i phia^^^ ngUdi (phu he).cae gia dinh 40 I NhUng ehe dp phu he hay mau he lai la mdt pham tru lieh sU, tUc la hau hit cac xa hdi chuyen biln tU nguyen thuy din hiln dai tat yiu dan din budc chuyen tU c h l dp mau he sang phu he, tru" mpt vai trUdng hdp die biet m i cac din tde thude ngU he Nam Oio d nUde ta ndi ehung, ngUdi Cham d mien Trung Viet Nam ndi rieng la mot vi du Theo sU van ddng tat yiu cua Ijch sU, du van tri chl mau he, nhUng ehe dd mau he d cac dan tdc van ft nhilu inh hudng cic yeu td phu he Oilu lim pha vd edng thUc truyin thdng: miu he = mau cu + mau quyen (BCfu Lieh, 1970).Va rang, cae dan tde che dp theo mau he ngiy nay, die bilt d nude ta d i cd phan inh hUdng yeu td phu quyin Viy thi die tinh eda chl dd mau he - phu quyen dd bilu hien nhU t h i nao? Bin chat eda thiet ehe dd cd gi die biet? Bai vilt se ly giii mdt phan nhCfng eau hdi ay trUdng hdp eu the eua ngUdi Cham d miln Trung Viet Nam Vai net ve che m^u he cua ngu'di Cham Khi ndi din cic mdi quan he gia dinh va xa hdi cda ngUdi Cham d miln Trung Vilt Nam ngudi ta thudng ndi den chl dp mau he nhu la mdt yeu to hang dau chi phdi cac mdi quan he edng ddng That vay, c h l dp mau he da trd mdt nhCfng nhan to cdt Idi quy djnh mpi mat cda ddi sdng vin hda Cham tCr phong tuc, tap quan eho den eae quan he v i dng xd thudng nhat eda xa hdi Chinh vi vay, nhac din ngudi Cham l i ngudi ta ndi din chl dp mau he, din mdi quan he huylt thdng phu thupe ddng me v i nhac din vai trd then chdt eda ngudi phu nCf ddi sdng gia dinh va quan he xa hdi Oay cung l i mdt nhufng chu de, dupe nhieu nha khoa hpe quan tim va tim hieu, sd lUpng cie cdng trinh chuyen biet ve che dp mau he Cham khdng nhieu, nhUng nlu xet cie cdng trinh nghien eUu ve van hda, x i hdi hay eu the la hdn nhan va gia fifiNGTHANH DANH dinh cda ngudi Cham thi tCf khda"mau he" ludn ehilm vj tri chd dao TU nhUng nam giUa t h i ky XX trd di, nhCfng ehuyen luan v l c h l dp mau he Cham da bat dau xuat hien, dang chd y la cong trinh Mau hi Chdm cda Nguyen Khae NgQ an hanh nam 1967.Trong cdng trinh nay,tacgrS da trinh bay v l ngudn gde eda chl mau he Chim dudi eie gde dp nhU lich sd, nhan ehdng, kinh t l - ehinh tri va tinh cam, sau dd Nguyen Khac NgCf khii quit v l cic noi dung cda chl dd mau he Cham thdng qua c h l dp hdn nhan, sU phan chia t i l sin, nhan nudi hay giam hd, qua dd tae gii phan nao khac hpa dupe cie dae trUng cd bin cua chl dp mau he Cham Cudi eung, tie gii da rdt nhUng nhan xet eda minh v l ehe mau he Cham Cho den day van ia mot nhUng edng trinh nghien cUu liu nhat va toan dien nhat v l chl dp miu he Cham mac du cdng trinh nay, ngoii vile lam rd ve che dp mau he, Nguyen Khae Ngif van ehUa nlu nhilu v l cie dac trUng cda yeu to phu quyin c h l dp mau he Gan day, chl dp mau he eua ngUcfl" Cham tiep tuc la mdt chd de giy dddc sd chu y gidi nghiin cdli, dang k l nhat so eic nghien cdli v l chu d l cd the ke den nhdng bai vilt cda tie gii Bd Xuan Ho (2001), Phd Vin H5n (2014) va inrasara (2003) Neu nhu, hai tie gii trUde tilp can ve nhdng thay ddi, chuyen biln cua che dp mau h i thcii dai mdi, thi Inrasara lai tilp can cae die trirng eda chl dd mau he Cham qua vin chuong (ke ci truyen mieng va van viet), sau mdi khii quit v l nhu'ng bieu hien chinh cda che dp mau he Cham thUc t l xa hdi Gan day nhit, dUa theo tU lieu hoang gia Cham, PoDharma, cung neu len nhu'ng dac diem cua che dp mau he Cham (PoDharma, 2015) Nhin mdt cich tong quit, cac nha nghien cdli thudng danh gia chl dp mau he Cham dUa tren c h l hdn nhan, mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng hp, cich thu'c phan chia tai sin Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Tmng, So (48) - 2017 va so sinh vai trd giUa nam vdi nCf hdn phdi, ddi sdng gia dinh va c h l ddthCra k l NhUng d l rut nhdng dac trUng khii quit nhat v l c h l dp mau he Cham thi ehung tdi xin neu ba die dilm eda che dp nay; mpt la c h l dp huyet thdng theo ddng me; hai la sUthUa ke tai sin theo ddng nU; ba la chl dp cU trd theo vd, thudng dUdc gpi la chl dp mau eU TrUdc hit, c h l dp huylt thdng theo ddng me ed nghTa la cii sinh phii theo me va cda gia dinh me Khi vd ehdng ly di, bat eU trUdng hop nao eung viy, ngudi phii d lai vdi me, nlu ngudi me mat hole bd di, ngUdi cha t i i gia thi cai eua hp van thude ve ddng hp me, trudng hdp dd, ba (me cua me), dl hay bic (td'c la chj, em cda me) se cd trich nhiem eham sdc eho nhufng dUa eon eda ngUdi mei'y He qui l i , phia ben me dupc gpi l i phfa ndi; eha, me cda me lan lUdt dddc chau gpi la dng ndi, b i ndi, ma tieng Cham gpi la Ce/t; phia ben cha lai la ngoai, dd cha va me eda ngudi cha ddgc gpi l i dng, ba ngoai, tieng Cham gpi la Ong va Muk Khac vdi ngUdi Viet, viec theo huyet thdng cda me khdng ed nghla la phii theo hp eda ngUdi me, hp cda ngUdi Cham ehi la hp tren giay td, vi xUa ngudi Cham vdn khdng ed ho Hp cda ngUdi Cham chi dupe dat vao thdi Nguyen Ngay nay, ngUdl Chim mang ho Han Viet v i mang hpcha (Oong Thanh Danh, 2016) Tilp d i n , c h l dp mau he Chim bieu hiln tren mdi quan he thUa k l tai sin theo ddng nd" Theo dd, tai sin dUde ehuyin tif me sang eon gii cda minh va ehinh dac tinh quylt dinh mdi quan he hdn nhan va gia dinh cda ngUdi Cham Trong dd, ehi ed eon gai mdi dUpethCla kitai sin cua me, ngUde lai ngUdi trai Cham thi khdng h i ddgc quyen iy Trong trudng hpp gia dinh cd nhilu gai thi t i i sin cua cha me se dUde lan lUdt phan chia cho nhufng ngUdi eon gai hp lay chdng, riing ngUdi eon g i i dt se dupe ehia 41 phan Idn tai sin, dUde k l thUa dat dai v i ngdi nha tU dudng Bdi vay, ngUdi eon gai dt phai cd trich nhiem nudi dUdng cha, me va dng ba; sau hp qua ddi ed eung phil l i ngUdi ed nghla vu ehinh viee thd phung td tien (Nguyen Khae NgU, 1967) Cudi cung l i die diem mau cU sau hdn nhin, dieu niy ehi phdi toin dien mdi quan he vp ehdng Theo do, mdt cap vp chdng kit hdn, ehd r l bat bude phii sang nha vp d re, phii sinh sdng va lao ddng ben nhi vp eho den qua ddi hoic hai vd chdng ly dj Chi nao anh i y mat di thi thi hai eda anh mdi ddgc ehuyen v l bin nghla trang ddng hp me d l chdn chung vdi me, eho du trUdc dd gia dinh vp (cd the la cic eon) phai cd bon phan lam mdt le tang eho (Bd Xuin Hd, 2001) Oay eung la mpt nhCfng bieu hien eda dac diem theo huylt thdng ddng me, vl mdi ngUdi sinh thude ddng miu cda me v i mat di cung phii nam ben canh me Trong trUdng hpp hai vp chdng ly di, eon eii diu d lai vdi me, tai sin thudng chia ba phan, hai phan giao eho vp eon, mdt phan giao cho ngUdi chdng, cdng cd ngUdi chdng di vdi hai bin tay trang (Nguyen Khac NgU, 1967) Nhufng bleu hien ben ngoai cda thiet che lu'ofng dien gia dinh -xa hoi Cham Khitilpeanchidd mau he Cham, ngudi ta thudng ehu y din eae dae tinh ve mau truyin (sU truyen thUa theo ddng me), mau eU han la cae yiu tdmau quyin Khi danh gii khdng dung quyen cda ngUdi phu nU cic mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hpi Cham, ngudi ta se vd tinh lam tUdng mau he d xa hdi Chim se gan vdi mau quyin Trong thUc t l , d xa hdi Chim truyin thong, ngUdi dan dng ludn cd nhdng quyin ldi nhat dinh eda hp: quyin lam chd gia dinh, quyin dilu hanh ddng hp v i quyen tham gia, lanh dao cie hoat ddng x i hdi Oilu eung khiln ta eim tudng rang c h l dp mau he Chim da danh mat chdt gidd cic tfnh chat mau quyin 42 Trong m d t hdi thao v l c h l mau he cda ngudi M i Lai va Champa d Malaisia (1992), c i e nha nghien cUu so sanh c i c phong tue gan lien vdi mau he eda hai dan tdc C h i m - Ma va nhan t h i l t c h l phu q u y i n t d n tai Idng c h l mau he theo cdng thdc: mau he = mau eU + phu quyen O i l u n i y ed nghTa la, hai d i n tpe van tdn tai mot c h l d p mau he vdi sU t r u y i n thUa huyet t h d n g va gia s i n theo ddng nU, nhat la sU eU trd theo nd Thl nhUng, ngUdi ta cung n h i n thay vai trd ehd dao hdn ea phu nU cua ngUdi dan dng, cac hoat ddng ehinh tri - xa hdi d cap dp cdng ddng ( N h i l u t i c g i i , 1994).Tuy nhien, gidi han eda m d t hdi t h i o v l c h l dp mau he Ma Lai va Cham, nhCfng nha nghien eUu van t h u d n g ehd y den c h l d d mau he cda ngUdi M i Lai hdn la eda ngUdi Cham, va do, hp v i n ehUa neu len m d t c i i nhin toan dien v l ehe d p phu q u y i n d xa hdi Cham TU gdc dp gia dinh e i the ta thay rd dieu nay, Idc n i o eung vay, ngUdi trai p h i i d n h i vp, p h i i ehia se cdng viee vdl v d : ngUdi Vd t h u d n g lam cdng viec ndi t r p vdi t r i c h nhiem quan x u y i n v i c h i m lo bUa an, giac ngd eua eha, me, chdng va eon eai, quan ly tai s i n va chi tieu gia dinh Trong ngudi dan dng phu traeh c i c cdng viec n i n g nhpc, nhat l i viec ddng ang, lam kinh t l v i giao thiep vdi ben ngoai.Theo truyen t h d n g cho cda nhdng ngudi d i n d n g la d p h d n g khach, nai ma hp tiep k h i c h , an u d n g , nhet vdi ban be hay ngUdi ben ngoai, t r o n g ngudi phu n d p h i i d t r o n g bep hay t r o n g buong;an mam dUdi, an sau chdng va khach Day khdng han l i sU bat binh dang m i n d la b i l u hien cda tam thde truyen t h d n g v l vai trd nam - nUdUde chap nhan rpng rai t r o n g xa hdi n h u m d t tap tfnh van hda Trong eae quan he hp hang, ngUdi dan dng noi bat vdi vai trd tde trUdng (ngudi Cham gpi la akoakgep), nhUng ngUdi dan dng khdng ed q u y i n thifa k l gia s i n eda tdc hp, nhung hp la ngUdi dUng dau t r o n g e6NG THANH DANH cac eude h p p tde hp (SCf Van Ngpe, 2010) NgUdi tdc t r u d n g n i y cd t h i la anh trai hay eau, t h a m ehi la eon trai cda ngUdi dan b^ Idn nhat d d n g ho, d i l u khdng xa la vdi e a c x i hdi mau he k h i e n h u t a thay dngucj' Minangkabau d T a y Sumatra (Indonesia)tai s i n eda d n g ba van ehuyen giao cho dong nU nhung "NgUdi phu ndkhdng ddng qudn /y tdi sdn ndy md nd Igi dugc giao cho anh trai cua ngddi dy dng ta qudn ly tdi sdn ben me vd dugc truyin Igi cho cdc chdu trai Id cCia chj em gdi minh [Ihu Nhung Mid, 2000) Tren binh dien xa hdi, vai trd cua ngirdi dan d n g la chd dao Ngudi d i n dng thudng giU vai trd chd chdt t r o n g c i e ehUe danh dUng dau lang xa, t h u d n g ehd tri va quylt djnh c i e cudc h p p ban ve cac cdng vile cua cdng d d n g Ta thay d i l u trung khdp vcfi cae d d kien t r o n g qua khCr,vi hau h i t eae vua, chda Champa xua deu I i nam gidi cho duco nhdng bang ehUng eu the eho thay Champa la m d t qude gia t h e o mau he (Maspero, 1928; Lafont, 2011) Ngay c i c tdc ngUdi khac, cung theo c h l d p mau he d Viet Nam, va la than dan Champa xUa, nhUJaral, tde, Raglai eung ed each thCfc t o ehUc x i hdi tUdng tif, d o d o c i c khoayang, khoa budn (ngUdi ddng dau l i n g ) cua ngUdi Jarai hay e i c chd buon, chd plei eda ngUdi £ d l , c i c g i i l i n g , trUdng b i n Raglai d i u la nam gidi chU khdng co nCf gidi cap d p t i m linh, ngUdi dan dng khong ehi giao t h i e p vdi ben ngoai ma cdn c6 the giao thiep vdi gidi than linh, nhu'ng ngUdlda khuat va chi cd ngUdi dan d n g mdi ed quyen Do d d , t r o n g cac budi cdng t l gia d i n h , ngUdi d i n d n g t h u d n g la ngUdi mdi g p i d n g , ba t d tien hay nhdng ngUdi khuat mat, d cap d d than linh ngUdi lien k i t vdi than linh la e i e chUc sac, nhUng hau h i t cac chUc sac t d n giao Cham d i u p h i i la nam gidi Chi t r d m d t vai trUdng hdp chUe sac la nir gidi, ehang han ba Rija ( b i bdng toe ho) va ba Pajuw (ba JDdng khu vdc d i n , t h i p ) eCing cd t r i c h n h i l m giao t l vdi than linh Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 mdt vai nghi le cda ngUdi Cham, nhUng ddd hp chi giuf vai trd phu trd, ehu le ehinh van l i eae chCfe sac nam day ta eung thay rd tinh chat phan cdng va kit hdp cdng viec giufa din dng va din ba, giUa ehde sac nam (chd le) va ehCfe sac nCr (phu trd) vile thifc hanh tdn giao Vi the, cung ed the xem day la mdt khia canh cda thilt ehe ludng dien binh dien tam linh Cd the ndi rang, xa hdi Chim la mdt xa hdi mau he, mau eU nhUng phu quyin Ndi dilu niy cd nghia la x i hdi Cham dddc xay dUng dUa trin moi quan he huyet thdng, hdn nhan va thUa k l theo phia nU nhUng quyen luc xa hpi (bao gdm c i than quyin) lai thude ve ngudi din dng Ngudi dan dng khdng ed quyin thCfa k l (ngoai mdt ehdt tien cda ddng hp gCfi di lay vd nhU mdt thif cda hdi mdn), phii d re nha vp, nhUng dng ta la ngUdi chO cda gia dinh, dng ta dilu hanh eae edng vile hp hing v i chi cd dng ta mdi can dU cie cdng viee xa hdi Nhdng bieu hien niy giup chdng ta xda bd di nhUng ngd nhin rang xa hdi mau he, vai trd eua ngudi dan dng chi la thd" yiu, tham ehf cd suy nghT rang ngUdi dan ba xa hdi Chim phii vat v i lo toan va ginh vac mpi edng vile tif gia dinh raxa hpi Tuy nhien, die tinh eda c h l dp mau he phu quyen cdng eho ta thay rang x i hdi Cham (eu the la gia dinh - tde hp Cham) van hinh giUa tren sU phin chia v l vai trd, traeh nhiem gida din dng va phu nCf: phu nd ginh vac cac cdng viec gia dinh, dan dng dilu hanh cac edng viec ben ngoai xa hdi, hinh thiet c h l ludng dien x i hdi Chim BSn chat cCia thiet che lUdng dien quan he gia dinh - xa hoi Cham Theo chung tdi, thuit ngCf'thilt che"dUde sCf dung bai viet niy la mpt dang eda thilt c h l xa hdi, td'c la mdt tap hdp bin vdng eae gia trj, chuan mUc, vj the, vai trd va nhdm xung quanh nhu cau cd bin cda xa hdi Od la eie md hinh hinh vi, cac ehuan mUe, quy 43 tac ma ngUdi phii thifc hien de phu hdp vdi cic Cfng xd'xa hpi khieh quan, giup toan t h i xa hpi van hanh theo dung quy ehuan khich quan (Nguyen Oinh Tin, 2005, tr.54 55) Nhu mpi mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hdi cic cpng dong khac, moi quan he gia dinh-xi hdi eda ngUdi Cham edng van hanh theo mdt chuoi eie quy tac, chuan mUc, cich Crng xif, su phan cdng vai trd, trich nhiem va vi tri, ma moi c i nhin phii tuan theo nhU mdt tieu ehuan chung eho ci cdng ddng.Tuy nhien, mdi quan he gia dinh - xa hdi cda ngudi Chim cd sU phan edng cic vai trd, chuan mUc, hanh vi xa hdi theo gidi Oay ehinh la mot die trUng ndi bit va xuyen sudt cda ehi dp mau he nhung phu quyin cda xa hpi Cham Do dd, thuat ngCf "thiet c h l ludng dien"de chi mdt loat eae quy tac, ehuan mUe x i hdi, cdng nhU vai trd, vi t h i , hanh vi eda cac ca nhan x i hdi theo hai gidi gia dinh - xa hdi Cham d mien Trung Viet Nam "Thilt chl ludng diln" dupc tdi lien tudng va hinh dung tU mdt thilt chl xa hdi tUdng tu eda ngUdi Jarai, mdt nhUng nhdm ngUdi ed mdi quan he gan gui v l ngiJ he va nhan ehdng vdi ngUdi Cham, die biet hp cung theo c h l dp miu he Thilt chl dddc nhac di nhac lai cic tie pham ve ngudi Jarai eda J Dournes, mdt nhUng nha nhin hpc quan trpng ve Jarai v i Tay Nguyen.Trong tie pham dde dao"RCmg, ddn bd, diin logn", dng viet: "Thiit chexd hdi dudng nhd rdt du ddi ngddi ddn bd: Id ngudi chu gia dinh, bd cd mgi thU Vdy thi ngUdi ddn dng Idm gl the gidi ddn bd ndy? Id moi liin hi vdi ke khdc, vdl ngogi gidi Ngudi dan bd Id khdi dii'm hodn tdt vd kit thdc", d mdt doan khie dng viet: " chdng Id ldi ndi vd ngogi gidi, ndng la ky dc vd npi gidi '.' (Dournes, 2002) NhCfng ddng cda Jacque Dournes phii dupe hilu nhu the nio? Tdi tim dddc mdt ly giii cu the hdn td phfa nha vin Nguyen 44 I D6NGTHANH DANH Ngpe, t r o n g m d t cudc ndi chuyan vdi m d t eung p h u n g Oe h i l u duae ban chat eCia nha khoa hpc (ma tdi dan dUdi day) dng ndi: hien t u p n g nay, ta can phai d e p b d " i o inh" " Trpng tdm Id sd phdn chia gida bin v l m d t sU bat binh dang t h u d n g thay, ma vd bin ngodi, gida nam vd nd hi thdng h u d n g d i n y nghTa eda m d t sU p h i n cong mdu hi NgUdi nd ndm gid quyen lUc, nhUng vai t r d t r o n g gia d i n h : ngUdi dan ba lam viec d nai cdng cpng bd ta Igi d phia sau, dy thdc npi t r d , nhUng ngUdi dan dng t h i lam viec viec giao tiip vdi bin ngodi cho mpt ngUdi hg d d n g i n g , lo k i l m sinh k l ben n g o i i , do hdng nam " {dan t h e o Andrew Hardy, 2013) eho eda ngUdi dan b i p h i i l i d nha b l p , ndi O i n day, tdi hieu y cda Dournes, dng ndi dan m i ba ta ed t h e thUe h i l n edng viee cda minh ba Jarai, ngoai c h i m lo eon e i i , nha eUa, cdn m d t e i c h t d t nhat, t r o n g ngUdi dan ong la ngUdi ehd (that sU) eda gia d i n h , nhUng di d d n g h d n , d n g ay p h i i giao thiep vdi ben q u y i n eda ba ta dupe giao hay p h d thac cho ngoai, va d o d d p h d n g khach, nha tren la noi ngUdi d i n d n g , hay ngUdi d i n dng la ngUdi eda d n g ay, d day d n g ay cd t h e thUc hien tot phat ngdn cho ba ta, d d d i n dng la ngoai nhat vai t r d eda ngUdl " p h i t n g d n " eho gia gidi de giao thiep vdi ben ngoai, dinh minh dan ba d budng kin, ba la ndi gidi (Dournes, 2013) d cap d p tdc hp cdng v i y , ngUdi phu nfl k h d n g p h i i la ngUdi ehd cda tde hp ma la Vdi y nghTa d d , tdi nhan thay, m d t m d t ngUdi dan d n g , dng ta ed the la anh, gidi han n i o d d , ta ed the dua vao t h i l t c h l e m trai vdi ngUdi p h u nuf Idn tuoi nhat cda ngddi Jarai, ngUdi anh em vdi ngudi d d n g hp, nhUng edng edthelacon,ehiucCia Cham, de g i i i thfch ve t h i l t e h i eua hp Tat cac ba, m i l n d n g ta la ngUdi thupc dong nhien, x i hdi Cham khdng h o i n toan g i d n g hp (cho d u d n g ed lay v d t d c hp k h i c dng van n h u x i hdi eda ngUdi Jarai, d d , ta khdng t h a m gia v i o c d n g viee tde hp eda me minh) the r i p khudn mpt t h i l t c h l eda ngUdi Jarai Tuy n h i i n , d l l u d d khdng mau thuan vi eung v i o xahdi C h i m de hinh t h i n h nen m d t thiet n h u d c i c tieu gia d i n h , ngUdi dan dng ddng c h l tUdng tU NhUng vdi t h i l t c h l nay, it dau tde hp eung nhU ngUdi d i n dng chd nha, cdng phan nao cd t h i gpi y cho chung tdi nhiem v u cda hp la d i l u hanh eic cdng viec mdt vai c i c h de ly g i i i e i e c h i l u s i u cOa c h l eda tde hp, nhat la cac cdng v i l e co dp mau he - phu q u y i n d ngUdi Cham, tU d o lien quan den lang xa, edng d o n g Nhdng giup tdi xay dUng m d t ly thuyet ve thiet che d ben t r o n g gia d i n h , ngUdi phu nu" van la ludng dien x i hdi nay, tat nhien nd p h i i ngUdi cd t r i c h nhiem eao nhat viec dUa tren e a s d eae quan sat d i n tde hoe q u i n ly tai s i n , nhat la nhdng di v i t eua to Nhu nhCfng hien tUdng ben ngoai ta thay, ngudi dan b i Cham - v i c i ngUdi dan ba cda e i e dan tdc thudc n g d he Nam O i o d m i l n Trung v i Tay Nguyen (Jarai, Raglai, Rade, Churu) - nao cdng vay, cho eda hp l i d nha dudi, d b l p , ngUdi dan dng thi d phdng khach, d trUdc nha Nhin be ngoai ta t h i y ngUdi dan dng cd dia vj t i e n , dai dien eho d d n g hp nhU c i c CietAtau (tdc l i nhd'ng g i d dan bang tre chda y phuc cda t d tien) (SCrVan Ngpe, 2010, tr 108 -109) TrUdng h d p t h i hien rd nhat qua dong hp hoang tdc C h i m d Phan Ri, m d t ddng ho van cdn luu g i d n h i l u b i o vat hoang gia, t r i c h nhiem p h u n g te hang n i m va thda k^ gia s i n ludn dupe t r u y i n t h e o ddng nCf hdn gia a n h cda minh, du la che That v i y , gia d i n h , tde ho Cham truyin dp mau he, tham ehi cdn cd ngudi cho rang t h d n g dUdc hinh t h i n h tren sU p h i n cong ngUdi dan dng cdn cd q u y i n i n tren ngdi lao d d n g giUa dan d n g v i dan ba NgUdi dan trude, ngUdi dan ba p h i i hau ba cham lo cho gia d i n h , q u i n ly b l p nuc, giCf Tap chi Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 gin t i i sin cda tdc hp, phung t l td tien, dd vj tri cda b i phii f i d dudi blp; ngUdi din dng lao ddng, eung ngUdivpdaybioconcii, cham sdc cha, me, dng, ba, ddng thdi dng ta thay mat ngUdi phu nU, ngUdi vd, giao thiep vdi ben ngoai, tham gia vao cic cdng viec mang tinh xa hdi Neu ta ehia gia dinh Cham, ma hinh inh ngdi nha la mdt bieu tUdng, lim hai phan: npi gidi v i ngoai gidi, thi ngudi dan ba la npi gidi, ngUdi dan dng la ngoai gidi Cai ndi gidi v i ngoai gidi ehang qua chi la hai mat ho tUdng eua mpt mdi quan he, mdt hien tUdng xa hdi, cii tdn tai song song va ddi lap vdi eai cap dp tdc hp, vai trd cua din dng v i din b i ed khae nhUng nd eung nam bin ehat chung cda mdi quan he ho tuong, phin chia gida ndi gidi va ngoai gidi Nhdng ngudi bin ngoii thudng cd xu hudng dinh gii eao tinh mau c h l dp mau he cda ngudi Chim, dd ma ed nhieu ngd nhan Trong nhan quan dd, ta ehi thay mpt xa hdi ma ngUdi phu nUehu ddng cic van d l tinh yiu, hdn nhan, quin xuyin hau h i t mpi cdng viec cda gia dinh vixa hdi Nhuvay, ngUdi dan dng trd nhdng ke an bam, le thudc vao phu nd", day la mdt hinh anh tieu cUc va leeh lac, vi chung ta chua hieu dupc ban chat cda c h l dp mau he-phu quyin (LyTdng Hilu, 2012) Mdt sd khie, d ben hoae la nhCfng ngUdi am hieu van hda Cham, nhan dddc cac dac tinh phu quyIn c h l dp mau he Cham lai ed xu hudng dinh gia qui cao vai trd cda ngudi dan dng x i hdi va it nhieu xem thudng vai trd cda phu nCf sUvan hinh ehung cda cic mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hdi Cham (dan theo PoDharma, 1995, tr.l99-214; Dominique Nguyen, 2003, tr 23) Trong thUe t l , nhU da ehdfng minh d tren, die tinh phu quyin ehi la dien mao bin ngoai ehe lap bin chat mau h i an tang Idng thilt chl NgUdi phu nd mem deo, dai dien eho sUtTnh tai, hp ludn d I 45 gidi han, ndi gidi (di dupc phan cdng) cda minh, nhUng hp cdng cd nhUng quyen nhat djnh Nha b l p la bieu tupng cua ngUdi phu nCr, nd la ndi gidi cda ngdi nha, cda gia dinh, nhUng nd ddng thdi edng l i nai ngUtri eda nhCfng vj than bio hp c i ngdi nha, nha b l p truyin thdng eda ngUdi Cham ed Ong Juk Muk Bilang (tam gpi la dng tao) (SCf Van Ngoc, 2010) Vj tri cda phu nU la d nha blp khdng gdi nen mdt sU bat binh dang, ma nd i m chi rang phu nd la ngudi gid gin, tri cic truyen thdng eda ngdi nha, gia dinh ddng hp, bdi vl nha bep la nPi ngUtrj eua Idfa, cua than hd menh va chinh nd la nai ed kit su ben chit eda gia dinh NgUdi din dng vdi thude tinh nang dpng, manh me dUdc phd thac cac cdng viec md nhutilp khach, tham gia vao hoat ddng cda edng ddng, vi viy ma eho eua dng ta la d phdng khach va d ben ngoai d nhCfng cap dp Idn han, ea ehi cdng van hinh nhuvay, ngUdi dan ba bao gid eung la ngudi luu gidtiisin va bau vat cda ddng hp, dilu dd khdng chi ed nghTa la ba ta gld vat chat, ma ba edn giU ei tinh than, tinh than ehinh la truyen thdng, la hdn tdy din tde NgUdi phu nd tri cac thilt ehi xa hdi, eie phong tue t i p quin va day cho chau ba tri dilu dd NgUdi din dng dilu hanh cac hoat ddng ling xa, tdc hp nhat la cic hoat ddng tin ngUdng - tdn giio, nhUng dilu dd khdng cd nghTa l i ngUdi dan dng cd quyin luc, ma dan gian nd l i mdt sU phan cdng nhiem vu gida dan ba va din dng, giUa ndi gidi va ngoai gidi Bdi nlu xet cho cung ta thay, Po va Yang (than linh) la ngUdi dan dng mdi v l cung le, nhUng le, mam l l l i ngUdi dan ba chuan bj d nhi blp, d ndi gidi cda ba ta Bat ky mdt nghi le nao cdng viy, khdng the thuc hiln ma chi ed thay cung, chUc sac ma cdn phii cd vat le, sin pham cua ngUdi dan ba Khi cac ehd'e sac, thay cdng mdi gpi cac vj than hay td tien v l d u l l , dan dng la ngUdi dpe kinh, nhUng dan 46 ba d phia sau khan vii va dang l l vat, td tien la cua ba, than linh edng la cda ba! Oieu the hien rd hdn qua trUdng hdp cic chUc sac: ehUe sac la dan dng, nhUng dng ta trd mot ehUe sac eda mdt dao vl me v i vp dng ta la tin cua tdn giio ay, eha dng ay theo dao nio khdngquan trpng Khi da trd chCfc sac thi can phai ed sU hien dien eda vd dng ay tdng nghi thdc Oilu gidp ta ly giii tai vi tu sT Binima RieNakamura tilp xdc d Ninh Thuan, khoing nam 1995 - 1996, khdng the thUe hien nghi thUe tau chUe Ci sU - Oay la mdt van di trpng dai eda ling, khdng cd Ci sd, hp khdng the thUc hien cae nghi le quan trpng m i ly la vd dng ta bi dm nam vien, dilu dd l i d u l (Nakamura Rie, 2009, tr.94) NhUvay, tieu chuan, sU thing tiln eda mdt vi ehde sac khdng chi le thude vio ci nhan dng ta m i cdn phu thude vao vp dng ta Mat khae, nhudi nlu d phan trUdc, khdng phii chUc sae hoan toan la nam, cic nghi le cda ngUdi Cham vj chCfc sac ehd le la nam, nhdng dng phii thUc hien eae nghi le vdi sU hd trp eda cac chUc sac nU nhU l l Rija (le mua) cda tdc hp, chdc sac ehinh l i dng Maduen (thay vo trdng Baranang) nhUng phii ed ba Rija (ba bdng tdc hp), le tren din thip cic thay Basaih (ehC^e sac Cham Balamdn) va Kadhar (thay keo dan kanyi) phii cd ba Pajuw phu le, cic l l thay Acar (chdc sac Cham Bini) phai ed ba Buh (ddm com) phu le Tdm lai, eic hoat ddng van hda t i m linh vai trd cua dan ba, dan dng ludn quan binh: d cap dd cie nghi le thude v l gia dinh ngudi dan ba lim le cdng, ding edng; ngUdi dan dng la ngudi phat ngdn thay cho ba ta ci'p dp eic nghi le edng ddng cd sif tham gia cda ehUc sac, cie ehde sac nam la ehu le theo nguyen tac phu quyen, nhung phu nUcdng can du vao thdng qua cie nd ehUc sac giU vai trd phu 11 Tham chf, bin thin qua trinh thing chu'c cua cic ehde sac nam edng phii D6NGTHANHDANH xet din tieu chuan cda ngUdi vp minh nhula mdt nguyen tac quan trpng dim bio suh^i hdavlgidi.OdIa nhufng hinh thufc mang cau trdc ludng dien ddi sdng tin ngudng, tdn giio cua ngUdi Cham Ket luan Oay qui la mdt thilt che dde dio, nd doc dio tU cieh ma nd dUdc tao cho din each ma nd van hanh, ehinh nd gidp eho cie moi quan he Idng xa hdi Cham hoat dpng mdt each hda hpp, cic thUe the nhj nguyan (nam - nU; dan dng - dan ba) idng xa hdi Cham van ddng v i tuang tie mdt each binh dang Thilt c h l xoay quanh moi quan he ddi lap, nhUng thdng nhat giufa dan dng v i dan ba, giUa ndi gidi va ngoai gidi cie cap dp, tU gia dinh cho den xi hdi Tuy nhlln, nhu'ng cau trdc ben ngoai, nhdng ly thuylt v l mau he, v l phu quyin bao trCim da lam cho thilt c h l lUdng dien niy "chim dudi" nhUng kit eau nhap nhang, phdc tap va dan xen cic mdi quan he xa hoi hang ngiy, ma tudng chi cd nhan quan cCia nhan hpe eau trdc mdi ed t h i phan nao"phat Id"cac die tinh eda thilt chl ay! Oen diy, cau hdi d i t la, xi hoi Cham, dan dng hay dan ba, nam hay nd, ben nao quan trpng hdn? Cau t r i Idi thda dang co le l i , cic mdi quan he gia dinh - xa hdi Cham van hanh theo thilt che ludng diln, dd cd sU dim bio quan binh ve quyin lpi va nghTa vu cda din b i v i dan dng NgUdi dan ba la npi gidi, ba ta gid nhi blp, eham sdc gia dinh, quan xuyin viee blp ndc, nhUng cung chinh ba ta tri su ben chac cda moi nip nha Cham, bio tdn va lUu gid cae gia trj van hda truyen thdng cda ddng hp, dan tdc NgUdi dan dng l i ngoai gidi, dng ta dai dien eho tinh ddng, dng ta giao thiep vdi bin ngoai, dng ay cd quyen rdi khdi can nha ciia minh(di lay va,d nha khie), dng tatham gia vao eae hoat ddng xa hdi, dng ta giao kit vdi than linh (d moi mCfe nhat djnh: ngi/di thudng, thay cdng din tu sT) NhUng dng ay Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So (48)-2017 |47 khdng [am tat e i viee d o eho m i n h , dng ay lam thay cho ngudi phu nU Champa: Dja dd - Ddn cu - Lich sd, IOC - Vay t h i s u phan ehia nhj nguyen giUa c i i ndi gidi vdi c i i ngoai gidi, gida d i n d n g va dan b i ehang qua ehi la hai mat eua m d t hien t u p n g , m d t t h i l t c h l van hda Su t d n tai cua t i f n g e i t h i t r o n g t h i l t che ay k h d n g cd nghTa dpe lap m d t e i c h r i i n g biet, m i mau ehdt l i ehdng t d n tai t r o n g m d t eau true nhj nguyen tUdng t i c vdi nhau, b d t r p cho Cung n h u dan d n g phai k i t h p p vdi dan ba, ndi gidi p h i i gan lien vdi ngoai gidi, chi ay xa hdi Cham, ma rdng h d n la toan nhan loai, mdi t o n tai va van d p n g 10 Lafont, P-B (2011), Vdang quoc Champa, San Jose 1 BUu Lich (1970), Nhdn chung hgc vd Iugc khdo thdn tgc hgc, Nxb Lda t h i e n g , Saigon 12 Maspero, G (1928), Le Royoume de Champa, Les£ditions:G.Van Oest 13 Nakamura, Ahier: To Keys Rie to (2009), "Awfar Understance the CosmologyandEthnictyof the Champeople (Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam)", Champa ond Archaeology of My San (Vietnam), Hardy,Cuearzi SZolese (ehd bien), NUSPress, Singapore, p p - T A I LIEU T H A M KHAO 14 SU Van Ngpe (2010), Vdn hda Andrew, Hardy (2013), Nhd nhdn chdn trdn nghe vd dgc JacquesDournes, hgc Nxb Tri thde, Ha Ndi D o m i n i q u e Nguyen (2003), truyen thdng ngUdi Chdm tinh Ninh Idng Thugn, Nxb Dan t r i Ha Ndi 15 Nguyen Khac Ngu' (1967), Mdu he TdvUngHroi - Viit, IOC Champa, San Jose Dournes, J (2002), RUng, ddn bd, Chdm, Nxb Trinh bay, Sai Gdn 16 Phan O i n g Nhat (chd bien,2003),/.udf diin logn, Nxb Hdi N h i van Ha Ndi tucChdm vd ludt tuc Raglai, Nxb Van hda Dan tdc Ha Npi Dournes, J (2013), Potao: Mpt /y thuyet 17 Thu Nhung Mid (2000), Ngddi phu nd vi quyen lUc d ngUdi Jarai Ddng Duang, Nxb £de ddi song xd hpi tdc ngudi, Luan an Tri thUc, Ha Ndi Tien sTDan tdc hpc Ha Ndi O o n g Thanh Danh (2016), "Nhin lai van 18 Nhieu t i e gia (1994), Adat de ho v i ten cda ngUdi Cham", tap c h i Khoa Melayu-Campa, hgc Xd hpi mien Trung, sd (40), tr.40 - 44 Kuala Lumpur Phu Van Han (2014), "Vai b i l n ddi 19 Nhieu tie gii cultureetsur la vdn hda-xd indochinoise, L'Harmattan, Paris hpi ngUdi Chdm ngdy nay, f^h\eu Bd Xuan Hd (2001), Mau hi Chdm thdi religion (1995), Notesur mau h i Cham nay", Nhdng vd'n de t i e g i i , NxbTre, t h a n h p h d Hd Chi M i n h Perpatih B p V i n hda Ma Lai an hanh, de la la Peninsule 20 Po Dharma (2015), Chi dp mdu Chdm nhin qua tU lieu hodng gia hi Champa dgi mdi, H6\ Man hpe Nghe t h u a t Binh Thuan ( b i i viet dang tren Champaka.info, cap nhat: p h i t h i n h , Binh Thuan 20/02/2015) LyTung Hieu (2012), "Nam q u y i n t r o n g c h l d p mau he d V i e t Nam", tap chi Ddn tpc /7pc,sd5va6,tr.96-101 Inrasara (2003), Vdn hda - xa hpi Chdm: Nghien cdu vd Ddi thogi, ^xbMan hpe, H a N d i Sakaya (2013), Tii'p can mpt so vd'n de vdnhdaC/jompa, Nxb Tri thCfe, Ha Ndi 22 Nguyen Oinh Tan (2005), Cdcduxdhdi vaP/jdnfd'ngxdhd/, Nxb Ly luan Chinh tri Ha Ndi  ... eu the eua ngUdi Cham d miln Trung Viet Nam Vai net ve che m^u he cua ngu'di Cham Khi ndi din cic mdi quan he gia dinh va xa hdi cda ngUdi Cham d miln Trung Vilt Nam ngudi ta thudng ndi den chl... hpi khieh quan, giup toan t h i xa hpi van hanh theo dung quy ehuan khich quan (Nguyen Oinh Tin, 2005, tr.54 55) Nhu mpi mdi quan he gia dinh - x i hdi cic cpng dong khac, moi quan he gia dinh-xi... bUa an, giac ngd eua eha, me, chdng va eon eai, quan ly tai s i n va chi tieu gia dinh Trong ngudi dan dng phu traeh c i c cdng viec n i n g nhpc, nhat l i viec ddng ang, lam kinh t l v i giao thiep