DI DCn VA BO TRI DAN ClT: KINH NGHIEM CUA M Q T SO QUOC GIA CHAU A VA N H G N G G O I M d CHO VIET NAM DANG NGUYEN ANH * Tom tdt: Bai vilt la mdt sd kit qua nghien ciiu ciia dl tai "Dan sd va di dan phat trien ben vung Tay Nguyen" (ma sd X14/TN3) khudn khd Chuang trinh "Khoa hpc va cdng nghe phyc vu cho phat triln kinh tl - xa hpi vung Tay Nguyen (Chuang trinh Tay Nguyen 3) Bai viet nghien ciiu ca sd khoa hpc phan tich kinh nghiem ciia Han Qudc, Malaixia, Trung Qudc viec hoach dinh va thuc thi cac chinh sach dl ddi va bd tri dan cu mdi lien he vdi phat trien bin viing Tir kinh nghiem qudc tl, mdt sd goi md cho Viet Nam dupe dl xu§t nham giai quyet tdt cac van de quan trpng lien quan den mdi truang, dat dai, dan tdc, ton giao, van hda, dua tren nhung nguyen tac co ban ve quyen ngudi va ddng thuan xa hdi POPULATION MOVEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT: EXPERIENCE OF SOME ASIAN NATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VIETNAM Attract: This paper provides findings of the research on "Population and Mobilization in sustainable development of Highland area" (Code X14/TN3), implemented under the framework of "Science and Technology for sustainable socio-economic development of Highland area" Program (Highland Program No 3) The paper discusses scientific evidences from lessons of Korea, Malaysia and China on population movement and resettlement policy making and implementing with regard to sustainable development Implications for Vietnam have been provided in order to recommend the best solutions to important issues regarding environment, land, ethnic, religion, culture and so on, which are based on fundamental principles on human rights and social consensus M&dau Di ddi va bd tri dan cu ve ban chat la ^ua trinh thay ddi ve cau tnic mpi mat ddi sdng ca nhan, gia dinh va cdng ddng Qua trinh khdng thuan la su chuyen dich lao ddng hay di cu gan vdi chuyen dich ca cau kinh te ma quan trpng hem la sir thay ddi lien quan den mpi mat ddi sdng cua ngudi dan De dam bao su phat trien b6n viing, cdng tac di ddi va phan bd dan cu ddi hdi viec ban hanh va thi^c hi?n chinh sach phai thudng xuyen dupe ddi mdi, dam bao hieu qua cho chinh epng ddng va ngudi d&i Theo nghia rpng, di ddi bd tri dan cu la sir di ddi nai d, phan bd lai dan cu va luc luong lao ddng theo cac quy hoach, ke hoach phat trien ciia Nha nude Nha nude cd vai trd chinh, vua la chii the quyet dinh ddi tugmg, dia ban di ddi, vua td chiic thuc hien va hd tra ngudn luc cho viec dn dinh cupc sdng, thiit lap nai cu tni mdi Thdng qua cac chinh sach true tilp va gian tilp, Nha nude tac dpng din md hinh bd tri dan cu va dinh hudng qua trinh theo nhiing yeu eSu, muc tieu cua chu the quan ly xa hdi ' D^ng Nguyfin Anh, Vi$n Xa hOi hgc Ngay nay, ngudi ta da nhan thiic dupe rang ngudi la trung tam, la muc tieu eiia phat trien va qua trinh phat trien phai dam bao tinh ben vQng Do dd, cae quyet djnh chinh sach di ddi, bd tri dan cu, can het siic can nhae giiia lai ich thu dupe va cai gia phai tra cho cac quyet dinh dd, xet tii gdc dp phat trien ngudi Do ban chkt khdng tu nguyen hoac khien cudng ciia loai hinh di cu nay, cang cd it cac qudc gia tren thi gidi thuc hien viec can thiep true tiep, td chiic qua trinh di ddi, bd tri dan cu Thay vao dd la nhiing bien phap gian tiep nham thu hiit hoac khuyen khich ngudi dan tu di chuyen din noi d mdi, ddng thdi tap trung hd trp cho cac ddi tupng bi anh hudng, thua thif t sir di chuyen nai cu tni Cac chinh sach gian tilp cd tac ddng din phan bd dan cu thdng qua cac chuang trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, dn dinh ddi sdng sinh ke cua ngudi dan Thdng qua dd, vai trd cua Nha nude duac dieu chinh, tu mdt Nha nude chi huy, bao cap, dieu hanh true tiep tron| xa hdi, sang mpt Nha nude dan d4t va kien tao sir phat trien 17 Tap chl nghien ciru Bia ly nhin van, so (8)- Bm vilt nhim chia se kinh nghiem cua mdt si quic gia chau A va tir dd nit mdt sd bai hoc kinh nghiem, cd tinh chat goi md cho Viet Nam frong cac chinh sach di ddi, bd tri dan cu de phat frien ben vimg Kinh nghiem cua mot so quoc gia chau A Ngay tir nhung thap ky 70 cua the ky trude, qua trinh di cu d chau A da diln manh me dudi nhilu liinh thiic va sir tham gia cua nhieu nhdm xa hdi va tang Idp dan cu khac La mpt phuong thuc nang ddng ket ndi giiia cac vung lanh thd mpt nude cung nhu giGa cac qudc gia, di cu d chau A da trd nen mot cau quan trpng gdp phan vao sir phat trien nang ddng va tang trudng eiia khu vuc Ndi bat cd the thay kinh nghiem ciia mdt sd qudc gia Ddng A va Ddng Nam A vdi viec thuc Men di ddi, quy hoach phan bd dan cu nham phuc vu cho muc tieu cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda 2.1 Kinh nghiem ciia Han Quoc Tang trudng kinh te cua Han Qudc va tap frung dan sd d dd thi gia tang tir thap nien 60 da buoc chinh phii nude tinh din giai phap dua cac khu cdng nghiep va tru sd cac CO quan chinh phii ngoai thii dd Seoul TIC dp gia tang dansi cila Seoul tir 2,4 trieu nam I960 da len din II frieu nam 1995 va 25 frieu nam 2013, khiln cho Chinh phu buoc phai thuc hien di chuyin dan cu, giai phong mat bang, di ddi tai dinh cu Thanh cdng nhit frong cdng tac di ddi, bd fri dan cu d Han Qudc la Chinh phu nude da xay dung cac chinh sach va thu tuc thuc hien bd tri dan cu rit chi tilt, khoa hpc, vdi tinh phap ly cao dam bao cho ngudi dan cd thi fri sinh kl va tai tao lai ngudn luc san xuit sau di ddi Cd tlil ndi, kinh nghiem Idn nhat viec thuc thi chinh sach di ddi, bd fri dan cu ciia Han Qudc la hinh mpt he thing chinh sach khoa hpc, khach quan, linh hoat vdi thj trudng, dap img nhu ciu xa hpi + Han Qudc da h ^ chl tdi da viec thu hdi dat de giai phong mat bing, cQng nhu dl h£in che sd lupng ngudi bi anh hudng Nlu nliu khdng the tranh khdi viec thu hdi dit thi cin chuan bj phuong an chi tilt va cin than nhim dam bao cho ngudi dan hi di ddi hoac thu hIi 18 ThingJ^"^* dit cd thi khdi phuc hoac cai thien taiic song so vdi trude dd + Chu thi sii dung dit di ddi phai cd frach nhiem phap ly frong viec bdi thudng va phuc hdi cupc sdng cho ngudi dan bi mat dSt, sinh kl va ngudi bi anh hudng Nhung thiet hji hihi hinh va vd hinh ciia ngudi dan can dupe xem xet din bii hop ly va khach quan theo quy dinh va thda thuan vdi ngudi dan + Nang luc thuc thi chinh sach ciia chinh quyln dja phuong d Han Qudc kha m ^ va hieu qua Chinh quyln dia phuong chiu frach nhiem hoan toan frong viec thuc hien chuong frinh bdi thudng, hd tro di ddi va bd fri dSn cu Ben canh dd, cac td chirc xa hdi tu nguyen ciing gdp phan giam sat va bao ve quyen va Ipi Ich hop phap cua cac nhdm dSn cu bi anh hudng, dam bao tinh cdng khai, minh bach cdng tac di ddi, tai dinh cu va bd tri dan cu 2.2 Kinh nghiSm cila Malaixia Chuong trinh phat tridn ndng thdn - danh dat cho cac hd ngheo (cd ten gpi FELDA) bit dau tir cuoi nhiing nam 60 va tiep tuc cho din cho thay qudc gia nky da kha cdng frong cdng tac di ddi, bd fri dan cu va phan bd dat dai khu vuc ndng thdn Nha nude c6 vai trd hd tro rit Idn vl dit dai, vay vdn, chuan hi tdt ducmg giao thdng, co sd ting va thj trudng cho ngudi dan khu tai dinh cu Vdi dien tich 811.140 dit san xuit cao su va dau cp, chuong trinh da phat triln tren co sd cap dat cho cac hp gia dinh, uu tien hp ngheo va tap trung hien dai hda cac vimg ndng nghiep noi triln khai chuong frinh FELDA Vai frd cua Ban guan ly FELDA frong viec thuc diy phat triln kinh tl, xa hpi va tai dinh cu d nong thdn Malaixia la rit Idn Vi?c lap cac vimg chuydn chan nudi va san xuat ndng nghiep Idn ddi hdi trinh dp quan ly cua FELDA hoat dpng hd trp, tu vin, quan ly va diiu phdi cac hoat ddng san xuat va dan sinh fren quy md rpng Idn Co thi diic nit mot sd kinh nghiem cua Malaixia nhu sau: + Chuan bi tdt ca sd ting (dit dai nha cita, giao thdng va kit ciu ting khac) cung nhu cac ngudn lire cin thiit tiirdc ngudi D^ng Nguyen Anh • Di ddi va b6 tri dan cw: kinh nghiem dan ehuyen den Day ciing la nhimg yeu td thu hut lao dpng din vung dit mdi, sdm dn dinh noi cu tni va cupc sdng cho ngudi dan + TSng cudng hda nhap ve kinh te, xa hpi va van hda giiia ngudi di cu va cdng ddng sd tai d nai din Day la phucmg thiic nhiim giam thieu eac mau thuan cd the phat sinh vdi cdng ddng dan dia phuang, va la each tdt nhit de tang cudng lai ich ciia chuang trinh din cdng dong + Chu trpng c^c nhdm xa hpi ylu thi (hd cd thu nhap thip, ngudi gia, phu nO:, tre em, ) Ddi tugfng bi thiet hai va cd kha nang phuc hdi kem can dupe cdn nhic ky trude tiin hanh bd tri dan cu Phai cd giai doan chuan bi vS mat xa hpi d6 ling phd vdi nhimg tac dpng tieu cue cua qua trinh di ddi, bd tri dancu 2.3 Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc De thuc hien cdng nghiep hda, hi^n dai hda nhieu thap ky qua, Trung Qudc da xay dung hang v ^ dap thuy lai, thuy dien eac loai tr6n quy md toan qudc, cd nhftng cdng trinh phai di ddi true tiep hang chuc trieu ngudi Trong sd phai ke din du im dap thiiy dien Tam Hiep (tinh Hd B5c) vdi quy md Idn nhit, ddi hdi viec di ddi nhilu ngudi nhit lich sii Theo du kiln ban dau viec xay dung dap Tam Hiep anh hudng true tilp din 1,2 trieu dan nhung thuc tien trien khai xay dung dap khdng Id da di ddi xap xi 20 trieu ngudi, dd cd 14,7 tri?u ndng dan Qua trinh thuc hien ndi tren la mpt thii thach Idn ddi vdi cac ea quan, va Trung Qudc da bam sat cac nguySn tac sau day: + Coi trpng nguyen tac "di nhan vi ban", lay ngudi la muc tieu qua trinh xay dung dap Ngudi dan cd quj/en tham gia, ddng gdp y kiln, xay dung kl hoach, ddng thdi chinh guyen va cac ca quan huu quan can chu y den nhu ciu, Ipi ich cua ngudi dan; bd tri tao nhilu viec lam dl gia tang va dn dinh thu nhap cho ngudi dan + Dac biet chu y den lai ich va dieu kien sdng Clia ngudi ndng dan va dia ban ndng thdn khu vuc bd tri dan cu Viec chi dua vao dien tich dit dai (vdn cd han) de phat triln la diiu khd khan Do do, chinh phii Trung Qudc da da dang hda cac Ioai hinh bd tri dan cu (nhu md hinh bd tri tai chd, md hinh tu tim kiem nai d khac) + Phai xay dung quy hoach va quy hoach on dinh vdi timg vung mien Luat hda viec quy hoach va khdng dupe phep tien dieu chinh, siia ddi quy hoach Khi da cd qu;y hoach thi phai td chiic thuc hiSn mdt each rdt rao, hieu qua, tranh tinh trang quy hoach treo + Tiet kiem tdi da ngudn tai nguyen dat, rung, khoang san Sir dung hpp ly ngudn tai nguyen; hai hda giQa viec khai thac tai nguyen gSn vdi bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai Sau cdng trinh di vao hoat ddng, Nha nude trich mot phan Ipi nhuan de tai tao riing va bao ve mdi trudng, ddng thdi tao ngudn trp cip cho nhung nhdm yeu the bi anh hudng Mot so gffi mfr cho Vift Nam Qua trinh di cu d Viet Nam mdt thdi ky dai chiu su dieu tiet va can thiep true tiep cua Nha nude thdng qua cac biSn phap chinh sach Tuy nhien, thuc tiin di ddi, bd tri dan cu d Viet Nam eho thay nhiing khd khan, thach thiic va tinh phiic tap ciia cdng tac Cd nhilu vin dl can duac giai quylt nhu van dpng di ddi, bdi thudng va hd trp, xay dung ket cau tang, tao va chuyen ddi viec lam, cung cap cac dich vu y te, cham soc siic khoe, giao due, dao tao, ddng thdi tao lap eac quan he xa hpi mdi, khdi phuc miic sdng cho ngudi dan t^i nai din, Trong do, hang tram nghin hp gia ffinh, hang trieu ngudi dan da va d p g bi di ddi khdi nai cu tru Khdng it sd la d6ng bao dan tdc thieu sd, hd ngheo va cac nhdm xa hdi ylu thi Thuc tien ddi hdi cac chinh sach phai duac ban hanh va thuc hien cho, mdt mat khdng gay xao tron tieu cue va tac ddng bit lai khdng mong mudn, mat khac cin hdi nhap vdi cac thdng le qudc te Thuc tl cho thiy cdng tac di ddi, bd tri dan cu d nude ta chi mdi tap trung vao cac bien phap hd tra trude mit cho ddi tupng bi anh hudng, va rat thilu cac ke hoach lau dai de dn dinh va phat triln dan cu Cac chinh sach thudng xuyen duac ban hanh nhung nhilu bat cap, thudng xuyen thay ddi, nhit la eac quy djnh den bu, hd trp cho ngudi dan 19 T^p chi nghlin ciru Bia ly nhin vin, so 3(e)- Thing 9/20 Viec xay dung khung gia dat thudng mang tinh ap dat chu quan, thieu thdng nhat va khdng dua fren gia thi frudng Td chuc bp may, co chl quan ly, van hanh di dm, bo tn dan cu cdn thilu va yeu, chua minh bach, thilu thing nhit giiia cac dia phuong va venh giiia cac du an Qua xem xet thuc tiin va kinh nghiem cila mdt sd qudc gia chau A, cd the thay muc neu chinh sach cua cac nude la giam thieu di doi, bl fri dan cu bit ky trudng hpp nao cho phep Nlu khdng thi ttanh duoc viec di ddi, tai dinh cu thi phai chuan bj ky ludng, giam thilu tdi da tac ddng bit loi cho ngudi dan Cac bien phap menh lenh, hanh chinh deu rat khd thirc hien, gay bit In xa hdi va khdng dem lai kit qua lau ben Tu- thifc tiin cong tdc di dai, bd tri ddn cu thai ^ian qua vd xem xet kinh nghiem cua qudc te, cd thi rut mgt so kit luan sau day: W/t la, dam bao muc tieu cao nhat la phat triln iau dai, bin vinig ddi sdng vat chat, titih thin Clia ngudi dan; cin dam bao rang moi mpt ngudi dan di ddi khdi noi cu trii deu duoc bl fri noi d mdi vdi thu nhap va miic sdng ngang bing hoac tdt hon nai d cu Hai la, cdng tac di din, bd fri dan cu chi cd thi cdng kl hoach fhirc hien duac thiit kl chu dao tir giai doan chuan bi, gin bd hihi co ke hoach vdi cac ke hoach phat triln kinh tl, xa hdi cua dia phuong va quIc gia cin phai tuan thu nguyen tic cdng bang va nguyen tac binh dang khudn khd mdt du an va ciing nhu giira cac dir an Ba la, nghien ciru ky cac phuang an kha thi dl giam thieu tac ddng Tranh lam quy hoach treo, hoac di ddi ep buoc i phucmg an khac thay thi Trong fr^dng h( khdng tranh duac thi phai cd chinh sach s cho ddi tupng phai di din dupe hd trg tit tits dl cd thi In dinh va phat ttiln Hdn la, soan thao chinh sach, can luu; ring hieu qua chinh sach phu thupc nhieu vai he thdng luat phap va tinh nghiem minh ck phap luat Do dd, viec xay dung chinh sachd ddi, bd fri dan cu can dupe tien hanh timi budc, than va phai cd y kien ddng gop va tham gia rpng rai cua ngucri dSn Vi^ giam sat cd sir tham gia cua ngudi dan laiiei site cin thiit dd dam bao tinh minh bach, hii che tieu cue Nam la, cac ludng di cu se diln mini me hon nQa tuong lai, song nlu nhi manh den cac tac ddng tieu cue ciia di cu tat ylu s5 din din nhOng bien phap ngan chli, cim doan qua trinh Cac menh lenhhM chinh nhim can thiep di cu khong nhiiiij khdng dem lai hieu qua ma cdn lam phiic t?f them, trim trpng them nhirng he luy vl kill te, xa hdi Clia di cu vdn da qua phirc l?p Thay vao dd, can cd nhirng giai phap hpp ly va kha thi nhim quan ly hieu qua qua trinh Sau la, de cd the hai hda dupe loi ich giiiai xa hpi, cdng ddng va ngudi dan, mli quit gia cd each Iam ridng cua minh song kinli nghiem cua cac nude cho thay de lam toi cdng tac di ddi bd tri dan cu, cin giai quyi tdt mdi quan he loi ich Men hOu vatilmIn, xir ly tot cac ylu td mdi trudng, dit dai, dai tpc, ton giao, van hda, dua tren nhOnj nguyen tac co ban va ding thuan TAI LIEU THAM K H A O Aziz, Noreen Noor Abd; Wan Haslin Aziah Wan Hassan, Nur Adilah Saud (2012), The Effects of UttanaOa towards Social and Cultural Changes among Malaysian Settleis In the Fedetal Land Development Schettm (FELDA)", Social and Behavioral Sciences 68 OSng NguySn Anh (2006), Chinh sach dl dan qui trinh phit triin kinh ti - xa hdi i cic tinh miin nOi IM Vai gi4i Hi N6i Rang, TIan and Lin Fatang (1988), Population Resettlement and Economt Development In the Three Goijes Pioject Chinese Geography and the Environment, 1(4) Kibreab, Gaim (2003), •Displacement, Loss and Contlaints on Fleconstnxtian of Sustainable Livelihoods; International Social Sciences Journal 173 Oberoi, Amarjlt S (1988), Land Settlement Policies and Population Redlstributbn in Developing Countries, NM York: Praeger World Bank (2004), Involuntary Resettlement Souri:ebook: Planning ^'"< Unpl^t^ntation in Developmeti Projects, World Bank: Washington D.C ... bao cho ngudi dan hi di ddi hoac thu hIi 18 ThingJ^"^* dit cd thi khdi phuc hoac cai thien taiic song so vdi trude dd + Chu thi sii dung dit di ddi phai cd frach nhiem phap ly frong viec bdi thudng... ducmg giao thdng, co sd ting va thj trudng cho ngudi dan khu tai dinh cu Vdi dien tich 811.140 dit san xuit cao su va dau cp, chuong trinh da phat triln tren co sd cap dat cho cac hp gia dinh,... tiirdc ngudi D^ng Nguyen Anh • Di ddi va b6 tri dan cw: kinh nghiem dan ehuyen den Day ciing la nhimg yeu td thu hut lao dpng din vung dit mdi, sdm dn dinh noi cu tni va cupc sdng cho ngudi dan