Phân tầng xã hội về chính trị và văn hóa ở Việt Nam hiện na.pdf

m PHAN TANG XA HOI VE CHfNH TRj VA VAN HOA dVIET NAM HIEN N A r • T S NGUYEN T H I THUY LINH Vi^n Xd hgi hgc, HQC vi?n Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh P hdn tdng xa hpi la su phan chia, su sdp xIp va hinh cdu tnic cdc tdng xd hdi (bao gdm cd suphan loai, xIp hang) Dd Id sg khdc vl dia vi kinh tg hay tdi san, vl dia vi chinh tri hay quyen luc, dia vi xd hdi hay uy tin eiing nhu su khde vl trinh hgc vdn, trinh nghi nghiep, phuong thiic sinh hoat v^ hudng thu ttln cdc mat Trong nhimg nam qua da cd nhilu nghiln ciiu vi phdn tdng xd hdi d Viet Nam nhung chii trpng nhilu vi mdt kinh tl, cdn phan tangxd hdi vl chinh tri vd vl van hda edn it dugc n ^ e n ciiu Dl tai: "Nghien ciiu van dung tdngtichhpp cdc ly thuyet vl Phdn tang xd hdi nhdm thuc hiln cdng bdng xd hdi d Viet Nam hien nay"dd tiin hdnh khdo sdt d tinh, phd Id: Ha NOi, Dd Ndng, Cdn Tha, Phii Thg vd Bmh Phudc, mdi tinh lay y kign cua 200 ngudi (rigng tiianh phd Ha Ngi lay y kign khodng 400 ngudi) ttong dd bao gdm ca ngudi dan va cdn bd lanh d?o, qudn ly Vl giditinh,ty 10 nam gidi tham gia vdo cuge khdo sdt nhilu hon nii gidi t^le Idn lupt Id 57% so vdi 43% VI tiinh dO hgc vdn ciia ngudi tham gia khao sdt: ttln 90% cd trinh tir THCSttdlen,ttongdd trinh dO tu cao dang/dai hgc la 41,2% Phan tang xa hgi ve chinh tr| Kit qua cho thdy, cd 685 ttgn tdng sd 1121 ngudi dugc khdo sat dang giii mpt chiic vu nhdt dinhttongchinh quyln vdd cdc ca quan, dodn thi, dan vi tu nhdn Trong dd t^ le khd cao nhiii^ ngudi dang giu ehuc VIJttongca quan chinh quyln, cd cd phd chu tich uy ban nhdn dan tinh, nhilu chiitichvd phd chu tich cap huyen, xa va cac gidm ddc trung tdm, gjdm ddc doanh nghiep, cdn lai la cdc trudng, phd phong ban tai cdc co quan khdc Ddi vdi chiic vu dam nhiemtiiicd su chuygn ddi nghi nghiep va chiic vu khdc ciia tung ca nhdn; nhilu ngudi trudc dd timg giii chiic vu ttong ca quan quan Iy hdnh chinh nhd nude, sau chuygn sang ca quan doan thi; cung cd nhilu ngudi chua tung ddm nhiem chiic vu ^ rdi dugc chuyin len 1dm cdng tdc quan ly dugc ludn chuyin, bd nhiem vdo cdc vi tri cd kha ndng Khi duge hdi vl viec bd nhilm can bO Idnh dao, qudn ly ciia dia phuong cd iru tien "con dng chau cha" hay Ididng? Thi hdu dai da sd diu trd Idi rdi^ dug chdu cha ludn dupe uu tiin, nhign hien vile bd nhi$m can bp lanh dao, qudn ly d cde vi tri chQ chdt vin uutiencd LfLUAN CHfNHTRj-Soll/2015 w THLTCTliN-KINHNGHllM cac mdi quan he nhung i^;udi dugc dua bd nhilm deu Id ngudi cd nang luc ngn rdt ung hg Khi hdi vl viec tham giafflhpp tai dia phuong dupe trieu tap, cd tdi 92,5% ngudittdIdl Id cd di hpp dupe trieu tap va ehi cd 7,5% la khdng tham gia hpp Dilu ndy chiing td rdng viec di hgp de bilttiidngtin chinh tri cua ngudi ddn da dugc hp quan tdm vd the Men bdng hanh vi cua minh Vd ciing chinh vi ly ndy nln phdn tdng vl chinh tri vdn khdng ro rang d Viet Nam thi dugc cdc hO dan dl y tii viec nhd Id tham gia hpp d dia phuong Cd su khdc bilt vl viec tham gia hpp ciia ngudi dan d cae dia phuong (xem bang 1) Sd lieu ttgn cho thdy, miic dd tham gia di hpp ciia ngudi ddn khd cao Da Nang ty le ngudi dan tham gia di hgp cao nhdt (98,8%), tiadp nhdt la d Ha Ndi (85,7%), Binh Phudc (86,1%), Cdn Tha [95,4%) va Phii Thg (97,1%) Cd thi d Hd NOi ngudi ddn ndm bat thdng tin tii nhieu ngudn khac nhau, va hg ciing ban rOn nen cd cudc hpp khdng tham gia duge ddy du Cdn d Binh Phudc thi cd thi dia hinh khd khan, ddn cu phdn tdn, cdc hd giaffinhtdi noi hgp xa nln ngudi ddn khdng bd tri di hpp dugc tdt cd cdc budi hoac nhilu ngudi dan cimg it quan tam din cdc vdn dl xd bOl, khdng tham gia hpp dugc trieu tap Khi tham gia hgp, kit qua khao sat cho thay, nhilu ngudi dan datichcue tham gia ddng gdp y kign, phdt bieu tai cudc hpp (68,4%), Dd Ndng cd ty Ig ngudi dan phdt bilu y kiln tham gia cde cudc hgp cao nhdt (87,9%) va thap nhat la Can Tha (48,9%) Trung binh sd lan phat bilu y kiln ciia ngudi dan tham gia hpp tai dia phuong la 3,1 Idn Trong dd, Dd Ndng cd sd lan phdt bilu y kiln cao nhat vol 5,2 lan Tiep den la Binh Phudc vdi tiimg binh Id Idn;tiidpnhat la Phii Thp vdi 1,6 Idn phdt bilu Nhu vdy, cd thi thdy dugc, viec di hpp vd phat bieu y kiln ciia ngudi ddn Id tin hi^u tdt ttong viec hdttp',khuyin khich tang cudng su tham gia ciia ngudi ddn vdo cdc boat dpng cdng ddng va phat triln kinh te - xd hdi Ddng thdi, ddy cung Id thi hien su phan tdng xa hdi vl dia vi chinh tri, quyln luc Trong xd hpi bign dai, ngudi ddn tdn ttgng nhilu ddi tugng ngudi khdc nhau, ngudi dan tdn ttgng nhiing ngudi "cd tdi ndng, cd ddng gdp vdi dia phuong" (70,4%) ngudi ung hd; "nhung ngudi sdng ttong sach, gian di, Idnh manh" (69,5%); "nhiing ngudi gidu Iln, dat vdi nd lue bdn thdn" (51,7%) Su tdn ttgng eiia ngudi dan ddi vdi "nhiing ngudi cd chiic, cd quyln" thap vdi 20%, nguyen nhdn nhieu ngudi mat ldng tin ddi vdi nhiing ngudi cd ehuc, ed quyln, tinh ttang tham d, tham nhiing diSn tai nhilu co quan chinh quyln hien Qua khdo sat cho thdy, giiia cae dia phuong cd su khdc vl su tdnttgngcda ngudi dan ddi vdi cdc ddi tupngttongxa hpi nhir "nhiing ngudi cd tai nang, cd ddng gdp cho xd hOi"; "nhiing ngudi gidu iln, thdnh dat nhd nd luc Bangl.Th^ctrgngthamgiahoptgidiaph^mgdiangif^dan Thamgiahop DaNang SL Co Kh6ng Tong % 237 98^ 1,2 240 100 BinhPhKdc HaKoi SL % SL- % PhtiTho 173 86,1 222 85,7 28 13,9 37 14,3 201 100 259 100 LfLUAN CHiNH T R I - S I I / O I S SL CanThtf % 5L 97,1 187 2,9 ; 100 196 Tong % SL 95,4 1023 92,5 4,5 7,5 100 100 m ban than"; "nhin^ ngudi sdi^ttongsach, gian di, lanh manh"; "nhiing ngudi cd ehuc cd quyln"ttongdd Ha NOi cd t^ II ngudi dan dng hd Idn nhat va thdp nhat la Cdn Tha Cg thi: Ddi vol "nhiing ngudi cd tai ndng, cd ddng gdp cho xa hpi" tai Ha NOi ty Ig ngudi thi hiln su tdn ttgng ehigm82,4%, t^lgndydCdnThald55,l% Hay ddi vol "nhimg ngudi gidu Idn, dat nhd nd luc ban than" ttong d Ha Ndi t^ Ig ngudi ling hO 65,1% thi tai Da Nang thdp hon nhilu vol 33,3% vd Binh Phudc la 44,1% Dilu tra ve su tdnttpngcua xdhdi ddi vdi cdc nhdm ddi tugng eho thdy: (1) nhung n g ^ cd tai nang, ddng gdp vdi dia phuong: 70,4%; (2) nhiing ngudi sdng ttong sach, gidn di, Idnh m^mh: 69,5%; (3) nhiing ngudi gidu no luc cua ban than: 51,7%; (4) ngudi cd hgc van cao: 40,1%; (5) nhung ngudi cd trinh dd nghe nghiep cao: 38,7%; (6) nhiing ngudi cd chiic quyln: 20,7%.Theo thii bdc nay, ngudi dan ttpng tdi ndng, Idi sdng ttong sach, gidn di, lanh mgnb vd cd ddng gdp vdi dia phuong, khdng that dl cao chiic quyln Kit qud dilu tta cho thdy, nhung ngudi tdi ndng, cd hge v ^ va tay n ^ l cao, Idi sdng ttoi^ sach, gian di, l^nh manh vd cd ddng gdp vdi dia phuai^ dupe mpi ngudi tdnttgng,dd la nhiir^ ngudied"vithgxahOicao"dnudctahilnnay.Su tdnttpngciiaxd hOi ddi vdi nhiir^ ngudi nhu vdy Id su ti^ ndi truyin thdng van hda dan tdc: trpng ngudi ed {^i^ cd diic, hiln tai Nhung ngudi cd ehuc quyln nhung khdng cd nhilu ddng gdp vdi dan, vdi nude, sdngkhdng sach, lanh manh thi xa hgi sg khdng tdn vinh, tdn ttgng Bang cho thdy thdi dp cda ngudi dan vdi cdc nhdm xd hOittonglam giau Xgp theo thii tu tii cao xudngtiiapmuc iing hg edch thiic Idm gidu nhu sau: (i) ngudi vupt khd 1dm gidu; (2) ngudi nd luc, signgndng, sdng tgo; (3) ngudi thdnh dat nhd uy tin, tdi ndng, ddc dp, ddng gdp thuc tg cho xa hOi; (4) ngudi bilt ndm ca hdi thuan IgittongcuOc sdng; (5) Ngudi thdnh dat nhd quan he xd hOi rdng; (6) ngudi 1dm an ttdi phep, budn lau, ttdn thug; (7) ngudi Ipi dung ehue vu, quyln luc Nhu vay, ngudi ddn ung hg rdt cao ddi vdi nhiing ngudi vuot khd lam giau, nd luc, silng ndng, sang tao, tdi ndng, due dO ddng gdp thuc tg cho cOng ddng, dio xd hdi; khdng iing hp ddi vdi nhung ngudi lam dn ttdi phep, budn lau, ttdn thug, Igi dung ehuc vu, quyen luc dl 1dm giau cho ban than vd gia ^nh Ngudi dan khdng ganh ti vdi nhiing lam gidu hgp phdp, chinh ddng bdng chinh sue lue, tri me cua minh Bdng Ong hg cua ngildi ddn vdi cdc nhdm xa hpi RatOng hd Noi dung Santi gi^ SL % O n g M ,,, JPlJtng Ong hd SL % LNgiidi vuot Iftidl^m giau 898 84,2 157 14,7 Ngiieri nil life, siSng nang, sangtao SL % 12 1.1 2,6 774 72,8 261 24,6 28 Ngudi lliSnh flat niid uy tin, tji nang, dUc do,fl6nggop tiitfc te dio xa lipi 648 61,1 307 29,0- 105 9,9 161 15,2 476 45,2 418 39,6 Ngudt tti^nh flat nlid quan lie xa lidi rang Ngudi idm an tr^i pliep, bu0n iau, ttdn ttiue 13 1,2 39 3,7 997 95,0 NguOiM diing ciiUcvu, quyen iirc 11 1,0 43 4,1 995 94,8 205 19,4 677 64A> 175 16,6 ^i^ jj^NguOi bi£tn3m cotioi tbuin igi cuflcsong LY LUAN CHiNHTRI-So 11/2015 ^ THlfCTlJN - KINH NGHigM Tii kgt qua dilu tra ed thi nhan dinh: tyle ngudi dan tham gia d mue dd thudngxuyen Thunhit,ttongthang gia tri xd hdi, ngudi dan VI tham gia "di II chiia, nhd thd", Phii Thp Id dia coittgng,de cao nhiing ngudi lam an hpp phdp, phuong cd ty le ngudi ddn tham gia thudng hgp thiic, chinh dang, nhung ngudi bSng chinh xuyln Idn nhdt (38,3%);tiidpnhdt Id Dd Ndng siic luc, tri tue, vdn tai san ciia minh dl lam (17,9%) vaBmhPhudc{lB,5%).Nguygn nhan CO cua cai vd thuc hien dung nghia vu cdng ddn thi tgi Phu Thp ed nhilu II hOi chiia Idn nhu Thuhai, thai cua ngudi dan ddi vdi lam le hgi Din Hiii^, nhilu II hgi khdc niia Han gidu chinh ddng, hpp phdp, hpp thdc phan dnh niia, t^ le ngudi ddnflieodao Thign Chiia ciing nhdn thiic cua hp vl cdng bdngxa hdittongnln kha Idn, chinh vi vdy viec di 11 chua, nhd thd kinh tl thi trudng Nghia la, mpi ngudi ddn cd thudng xuyen ciia ngudi dan chilm t^ le cao quyln phdt huy kha ndng dl lam gidu va xiing Ddi vdi "II hdi truyin thdng tai dia phuang" ddng duoc hudng thu thdnh qua lao dOng ciia t^ Ig ngudi dan tai tinh tham gia thudng xuyen minh, cdttengid tri vat chat vd gid tri tinh thdn rdt cao, ttong dd Phii Thg cd ty le ngudi dan Gid tri vdt chdt Id cda cai, muc sdng cua hg, gia tham gia Idn nhat vdi 78,9% vd thdp nhdt Id Hd tritinhtiidnid sy tdnttpng,ung hp eua xa hdi NOi vdi 39,3% Nguyen nhan Ha NOi cd ty le Nhu vdy, phdn tang xa hdi vl chinh tri d Viet ngudi dan tham gla thudng xuygn II hdi tmyIn Nam du chua tbi bien rd net nhung cimg dd thdng thdp nhu vdy Id su phdt triln vl kinh phdn ndo cd nhiing thdi hanh vi vl su phdn tl, cOng thIm su nhdp cu cua bO phdn ddn cu Idn dSn tdi cdc Ig hdi cang bi mai mdt, chia quyln luc, vi tri ja hOi ngudi ddn bi cudn vdo hoat dOng kinh tg nhilu Phdn tang ve van hoa Trong cdc boat dOng ma ngudi ddn tham gia nen hogt dOng 11 hgi tai dia phuong thudng nhilu, tham gia II hOi truyin thdng, van hda, khdng duge ngudi ddn quan tam nhieu thi thao d dia phuong; tham gia II hdi truyen Cd thi thdy, ngudi ddn chu ygu tham gia cac thdng cdp nhd nude vd di II chiia, nha thd dugc boat ddng mangtinhtruyin thdng,tidnIgi nhu ngudi dan thudng xuyen tham gia t^ le Idn lupt tham gia cac II hgi, di II chiia vd tham quan di Id (28,5%, 57,8% va 24,9%) Ngodi ra, cdc boat tich lich su, di du lichttongnude Cdn cdc hoat dOng tham quan bao tang, khu di tich ngudi ddng ddi hdi ngudi ddn phdi bd chi phi Idn dl ddn tham gia khdng thudng xuyln, tham chi tham gia thi It tiep can dugc tdi da sd ngudi chi tham gia Idn vd thudng chi tham gia vao dan Chd yeu la nhdm ngudi khd giatigpcan nhiing dip quanttpngttongnam vdi nhiing hoat dOng nhu xem phira tai rap, Qua khdo sdt thdy, giua cdc dia phuong cd su xem thi thao d cdc sdn van dOng, nhd thi ddu khdc ttong viec ngudi ddn tham gia cdc va du lich nude ngoai hoat ddng van hda, thi thao vd du lieh Su khdc Sd lieu ciing cho thdy siiphdn hda cdc boat biet bilu hienttongtiingboat dOng md ngudi dOng, chuih nhiing boat dgi^ phan chia cdc dan tham gia tdng bdc van hod C^lung dd cd nhdm ngudi coi hogt ddng "1§ hOi tmyIn thdng cdp nhd viec xem phim drap, n ^ e boa nhac la mdt phdn nude" Da Nang cd t^ le ngudi ddn tham gia khdng thi thiia Nhiing ngudi cd nhu cdu huong thudng xuygn nhieu nhdt (47,4%),tigpdgn Id thu cao hon thudng la d Ha NOi vd cdc Phii Thg (33,5%);tiidpnhat Id Hd Ndi vdi 14,9% phdldn Nhu vdy, dede noi ed trinh dan tn cao LfLUAN CHfNH TR!-So11/2015 J3 Bieu Trung binh thdi gian truy cap internet cua ngUdi dan (sophut/lldn) 30 20 [ 10 OaNang Binh Phifot Ha Noi CO dilu ki$n phat trien cdc dich vu thi d sg cd su phan tdng xd hdi vl van hda rd rang Hien nay, truy cap intemet dupe coi Id viec cdn thiet ddi vdi cuOc sdng cda mdi ngudi dan, giup cap nhat dugc thdng tin hiiu ich phye vu cuOc sdng Khao sdt cho thdy sd ngudi dan thudng xuyen truy cdp intemet kha Idn vol 63,2% Dilu cho thay ngudi dan hien ngdy cdng nhan thuc dupe tdm quanttgngcua thdng tin ddi vdi ddi sdng Vile truy cap internet thudng xuygn giiia cdc dia phuong cd su khde biet Cu thi, Binh Phudc Id tinh ed ty le ngudi ddn su dung intemet thudng xuygn Idn nhdt vdi 78%, tigp den la Dd Ndng vdi 67,8%; va tiidp nhdt Id Cdn Tho vdi 49,5% Dia dilm truy cap chu ylu van la t^ nhd (79,1%) va tai nhimg ca quan (46,9%), dilu ndy phan dnh miic sdng cua ngudi ddn cang tang len, viec mua sdm thiet bi kit ndi in- Qnlhu temet khd cao, da sd ngudi tham gia khao sdt cd thiet bi kgt ndi intemet nhu dien thoai vd mdy tinh Giiia cac tmh cd su khdc biet ttong viec su dung intemet tai cdc dia dilm d nhd bode d ea quan Thdi Iirong tmy cap intemet giiia cde dia phuong cd su khac Phu Thg Id dia phuong cd trung binh truy cdp sd phut lan cao nhdt vdi 46,7 phiit Tilp dgn Id Dd Nang vdi 41,6 phut/1 Idn;tiidpnhdt id Binh Phudc vol 35 phiit/1 Idn Nhu vay cd thi thdy r^g, hiln ngudi dan ngdy cang cd xu hudng tiep can nhilu hon vdi intemet Phdn tang xd hdi vl van hda d Viet Nam hien ciing chua dupe phan dnh rd net, nhung cimg phdn ndo dupe the hien qua viec tham gia boat dOng van hda cdng ddng, di xem phim tai rap chigu phim, tmy cap intemet edng nhieu nhdt Id d cdc dd thi a • Bai vi^t ciing v6i cac bai da dangttgnTap chi Ly luan chMi tri: CSngMng'jiaJipi GS, TS Nguyen Dinh Tan, sd 4-2014; Suphat triin nhan thtic cua Ding vi cdng bingxE hdi va xoa ddi, 0am n^ieo cua GS, TS Nguyin Dinh Tdn, sd 7-2014; Phan tingxa hoi bop thdc va ki^ n^nnhim thuchi^ cong bingAa/]pi cua GS,TS Nguyin Dinh Tdn, sd 9-2014; PMntangxaMtrongAoiic^d^^^ 9-2014 va bai Phan tingxa hoi • ly thuy& va n^uen cuu dVietNam ciia Nguyin Ngoc Huy, sd 12-2014, la kgt qua nghien ciiu cua Dl tai: "Nghien ciiu van dyr^ tdng tidi hpp cdc ly thuygt ve Phan tdng xa h6i n h ^ hien cong bSngxa hOi dVi?t Nam hien nay" GS, TS Nguyin Dinh Tdn lam Chd nhiem, ma sd: 13.3-2012.12 LYLUANCHfNHTR|-So11/2015 ... cuu dVietNam ciia Nguyin Ngoc Huy, sd 12-2014, la kgt qua nghien ciiu cua Dl tai: "Nghien ciiu van dyr^ tdng tidi hpp cdc ly thuygt ve Phan tdng xa h6i n h ^ hien cong bSngxa hOi dVi?t Nam hien... ty le Nhu vdy, phdn tang xa hdi vl chinh tri d Viet ngudi dan tham gla thudng xuygn II hdi tmyIn Nam du chua tbi bien rd net nhung cimg dd thdng thdp nhu vdy Id su phdt triln vl kinh phdn ndo cd... Idn vd thudng chi tham gia vao dan Chd yeu la nhdm ngudi khd giatigpcan nhiing dip quanttpngttongnam vdi nhiing hoat dOng nhu xem phira tai rap, Qua khdo sdt thdy, giua cdc dia phuong cd su xem