JHjgTjJN-KINHNGHIlM m ^PHAN TANG XA HOI TRONG THOI K Y D O I M I Trong tiln trinh ddi mdi, thifc hien kinh tl thi trtfdng; sU phan hoa giau ngheo, phdn ting xa h0i n6i Un nhtf mot vsfn de thdi sii cdp bach TU mot hiln ttfdng dien chim chap, U t&, bi che ldp bdi "chu nghia binh quan chia den s^ ngheo khd" sd phan hda gidu ngh^o giu!a cac vung, gida thi va ndi^ thon va gida cac tang Idp dan cd tang nhanh; khodng each chlnh lech vl thu aha.p, mde song gida cac tang Ic^ nhan dan, gida cac vung co xu hddng doang ra" • TS Lfi VAN TOAN duoc cai thien Thu nhdp binh quan dau Vi^ft L)do tg.0 Boi duang cdn bo ldnh dao, qudnngudi ly cd xu hudng tang manh qua cac ndm Ty le hO ngheo dd giam nhanh: ndm 1993 la 58,1%'" din nam 2012 gidra 11,1% (tiieo chudn mdi)*^' giam ed d khu vuc thi, PhSn t^ng xa hpi v^ thu nhgp ndng thdn vd cdc viing, mien Thu nhap binh Co chi thi trudng dd logi bd ddn tinh binh qudn dau ngudi ciia cdc nhdra dan eu diu qudn chii nghia, khuyen khichrapingudi lam tang song nhdm cd thu nhgp thap tdng rat gidu chinh dang bdng vile phdt huy eac cham so vdi nhom khd va gidu Vi vay, khoang ngudn luc vi vdn, trinh dO hpc vdn, ehuyin cdeh ve thu nhdp giua eac nhdm ddn eu ed xu mdn, sire lao dOng vd kinh nghiera, Song hudng tang Iln khodng cdch chlnh lech vi mire sdng giira cac Kit qua khdo sdt miic thu nhdp eiia ho gia ho gia dinh Id mdt tat ylu co chi thi dinh nam 2012 cho thay, he sd chenh lech ve trudng, khd ndng tiep can thi trudng cua mdi thu nhdp giiia nhdm hO giau nhat va nhdm hp ngudi khdng gidng nhau, ed su khac ngheo nhdt tdng So sanh 20% sd hO co muc vi ndng lye, thi chat, tri tue, dieu kiln va co thu nhap cao nhat vdi 20% so hO cd thu nhdp hOi dl ldm gidu, Su khdc dd chinh Id thdp nhat thi khoang cdch chech lech Id 9,4 ngudn gdc ty nhiin dau tiln tgo nen sy phan lan (he sd nam 2002 la 8,1 vd nara 2006 Id tdng xd hpi 8,4 lan) Tir ndm 1990 din khoang each chlnh Trong nhirng ndm qua, kinh te thi trudng dd dem lgi su tdng trudng khd nhanh vd dn lech ve thu nhdp giiia nhdm co thu nhdp thap dinh cho nln kinh tl Miic sdng eiia eac tang nhdt va nhom cd thu nhap cao nhdt c6 xu idp ddn cu d cd thdnh thi vd ndng thdn, ede hudng ngdy cdng tdng: ndm 1990 Id 4,1 lan vd vung, miin trin phgm vi ed nude tiep tue ndra 2012 la 9,4 lan (xera bang 2) LfLUAN CHfNHTRI-So 9/2014 QL THl/CTliN - KINH NGHIEM Bang 1: Thu nhap binh quanflSunguW thang CO xu huong tang len muc bat binh dSng vua Nhu vay, su chenh 16ch v^ thu nhip dang chia theo Idiu vuc, vimg dife Icha phd bifo, nhimg mtic dO 8clnvjtinh:;.om cho phep, chua tro mau thuan vS Itfi icli ma^ ?™WI2—f« mm • ' ,:'.' ^ va dang tr6 dOng liic thilc day tJng 1,9MJ1 • •• avaUt " _ _ ' i 3310" = truong kinh te Do do, cto tht«: hito hieu qua, 2,989.1 6211 Thanh thi chu mremg "Khuyfo khich lam giau theo phdp 1,579.4 275.1 Nong thon luSt, tang nhanh sd hp co thu nhap tnmg binh 2337.1 353.1 Qdng bang s&ng Hong kha tro len Co chinh sach va cac giai phap 1,482.1 263.8 fiong B3c phu hop n h t o ban che phan hoa giau ngheo, 998.8 197.0 lay Bic giamchenhlech mtic song giiia nong thon va 1,344.8 235.4 BkTmng Bo 1,698.4 305.8 thi"™, n h t o giO khoang c4ch giau Duyen h^l Nam Ttung Bo 1,6433 244.0 lay Nguyen ngheo, phan tang xa hpi gioi ban toi uu, 3,016.4 619.7 D6ng Nam Bo khong de tro v4n de xa h6i biic xiic 6dng bang song C6u Long 1,7%.7 3713 Phan tang xa hoi ve chi tieu Miic chi tieu binh quan dau ngudi/thtag ciia ca nuoc theo gia ca liien hanh c6 xu hirong tang Tinh chung ca nuoc, chi ti§u nam 2012 binh quan thang dat 1.603 nghin ddng, tSng 32,4% so voi nam 2010, binh quan m6i nam tang 15,1% Chi tieu thttc te (chi tiSu sau loai trii ygu to tang gia) thoi ky 2010-2012 tang 1,1% moi nam, thap hon mtic tang 14,1% moi nim Clla thm ky 2008 - 2010, 7,9% mdi nSm cua thoi ky 2006 - 2008,5,2% cua thoi ky 2004 - 2006 va 10,3% cua thai ky 2002 - 2004™ Wgudrt: Tong cue Thong ke: /fet(fua */iflO iijfmtfc smg dan at Viet Nam nam 2012, www.gio.gov.vn Tinh theo tieu chuan "40%" ctia Ngan hang The gioi'^' dua nhclm danh gia phan bo thu nhap ciia dan cu thi a Viet Nam dang co xu huong gia tang su belt binh dang, Viet Nam tinh theo so ho, nam 1994 la 20%, nam 2004 la 17,4% va nam 2012 la 14,9% Theo heu chuan thi Viet Nam co phan bS thu nhap dan cu mijc tucmg doi binh dang nhung dang Bang 2: Thu nhap binh quan dau ngiroi/ thang theo nhom khu vu-c Don vl tinh: I.IKW 1993 1999 2004 2008 2012 Nhomi 41,1 97,0 141,8 275/) 511,6 Nhom 57,8 181,4 240,7 477j 984,1 Nh4m3 79,6 254,0 347,0 699,9 1.499,6 Nhom 99,2 346,7 5141 1.067,4 2122,5 Nhom 182,5 741,6 11823 2.458,2 4.784J Hesodiinilledi 4A 7^ >,3 8,9 9,4 Wguon; Tong cueTbongii:Ket(liiailiaosatmilcsongdttiiditViitHamnam20t2,www.gsa^.vti L t LUAN C H ( N H T R | - S o / - (ô ã^' -' HI Ty trpng ehi dn udng ehi tieu ddi sdng chi van hda, the thao, giai tri gap 98,8 Idn'^' la mpt tieu chi ddnh gid miic sdng cao hay Nhung hd thudc nhdra giau nhat eo di^u kien thdp va Id mdt nhiing chi bdo ludng nhd d, phuong tien di lgi, dd dung smh hogt su phan tang xd hOi, phdn hda giau ngheo Ty tdt hon, cd nhieu eo hdi dip can vdi cdc dich trpng cdng cao thi miic sdng edng thap va vu xa hdi chat lupng cao vd cd miie song, miic ngupc lgi Ndm 2012, chi tieu cho ddi sdng hudng thu van hda tinh than eao hon so vdi bmh qudn ngudi/thang d khu vuc ndng thdn nhdm hd ngheo dat 1.226 nghin ddng, tdng 37,7% so vdi nam He sd GINl phan anh miic dp bat binh ddng 2010; khu vuc thdnh thi dgt 2.161 nghin ddng, (chenh lech) ve ehi tieu hodc thu nhap ciia tdng25,2%sondm20IQ dan sd So vol rapt sd nude cd thu nhdp binh Miie ehi tieu eho ddi sdng d khu vuc quan ddu ngudi eao hon nhi^u thi he sd GINI thi gdp 1,8 Idn d khu vuc ndng thdn va co xu ciia Viet Nam eiing d miic thap, nhung lien tue hudng thu hep ddn khodng each (he sd d tang: ndm 1994 la 0,350; 2002 la 0,41 va nam thdi ky 2008 - 2010 la 1,9 Idn; thdi ky 2006 - 2012 la 0,42'^' 2008 la lan; 2004 - 2006 Id 2,1 lan; 2002 - 2004 Phan tang xa hoi ve tai san va nha if la 2,1 lan)'^' Chi tieu cho ddi sdng nam 2012 Chi bdo ve nha d cho thay miie song ddn cu eua nhdm hd ngheo nhat tang 11,7%; cua da tang dang ke ca ve sd lupng va chdt lupng nh6m bp giau nhdt tang 34,8% so vdi nam Dien tich nha d dupe eai thien, binh qudn rapt 2010 Chi tieu eho ddi sdng cua nhom hp giau ngudi CO dien tieh la 9,67ra^ndm 1998 tdng nhdt eao gdp 5,6 lan ciia nhom hd ngheo nhat len 19,4 m^ nam 2012 Ty le hd sdng dnhd tgm (h$ sd ndm 2010 la 4,6 lan, nam 2008 la 4,2 da giam dang kl va ty le hd cd nha kien ed Idn, 2006,2004 vd 2002 deu la 4,5 Idn) tdng tii 17,2% ndm 2002 len 21,4% ndm 2012 Nhin ehung, miic sdng cua nhdn ddn da Ket qua khao sat ndra 2012 cho thdy, ty le dupe eai thien Tuy nhien, miic chi tieu ddi hd CO nha d kien cd la 49,6%, nha ban kien cd sdng giiia thdnh thi vd ndng thdn, giiia eac la 39% nha thieu kien cd la 6,5% va nha don vung, mien cdn cd su chenh lech ddng k§ N6^u so la 5% so sdnh miic chi tieu eho ddi sdng giua 20% hd Ty trpng ve loai nha dupe cai thien hon ed miic ehi tieu cao nhdt vdi 20% hp eo miic ndra 2010 vdi ty le hp cd nha d kien ed la ehi tieu thdp nhdt thi he sd chenh lech la 3,8 49,2%, nha ban kien cd la 37,8%, nha thieu Idn (2.733 nghin ddng vd 711 nghin ddng) kien eo la 7,5% va nha don so Id 5,6% Ty le hd Khodng each chenh lech ve miie sdng va cd nha kien c6 eua nhora ngheo nhat Id 42,2% phan hda giau ngheo cdn dupe the hien qua ciia nhom giau nhat la 51% Nguoc sd li^u chi tieu cho ddi sdng gia dinh Nhdm lai ty le hp cd nha don so ciia nhom ngheo hp giau nhdt cd muc chi tieu nhumg hang hda, nhdt cao gap 15,7 lan nhom gidu nhat'^' Theo ket qua Tdng dieu tra ddn sd vd nha d dich vy tieu diing ngodi dn udng Idn gap 5,7 Idn so vdi nhdm hd ngheo nhdt, dd chi Viet Nam nam 2009, cii 10 nghin hd thi co 4,7 v^ nhd d, di$n nude, ve sinh gdp 7,2 Idn; chi hp khdng cd nha d, giam hd/10.000 hd so vdi thiit bj va dd dung gia dinh gap 4,7 lan, ehi y ndm 1999 Ty trpng hd sdng nhiing ngoi t^, chdm sdc siic khde gap 3,8 Idn, chi di lgi vd nhd cd dien tieh sii dung tren 60m' da tdng gap buu di?n gdp 7,1 Idn, chi gido dye gdp 5.1 Idn ddi tir24,2% ndm 1999 len 54,3% ndm 2009''" LYLUAN CHlNHTRi-So 9/2014 EL THl/CTliN-KINHNGHieM Nhu vay, thdp nien qua, tren ea nude, ty le hp khdng cd nha d tri d miic thap vd ed xu hudng giam, phan nao dd chiing minh rdng miic sdng ciia ngudi dan dang tung budc dupe cdi thien Tuy nhien, vdn ed su chenh lech vg" chdt lupng nhd d giiia thdnh thi va ndng thdn, giiia cde nhdm hd giau vd ngheo Kinh te phdt trien, ddi sdng cua eae tang ldp nhdn ddn dupe nang len rd r$t, ty le hd cd eae logi tdi sdn ed gid tri da tang Ign ddng k^ d hdu het cae logi vdt dung sinh hogt Dae biet, CO nhung loai tdi san ddt tien trudc dupe eoi la xa xi, thi dd trd thdnh nhiing hang hda khdng the thieu ddi vdi nhieu hd gia dinh va dd tang mdt each dot bien nhu: ty Iehpe6xemdytirl0,7%nam 1993 tang len 115,3% nam 2012; ty le hp cd ti vi mau tir 9,1% nam 1993 tang len 97,3% ndm 2012, mdy vi tinh nam 1998 Id 0,9% tdng len 18,8% nam 2012; mdy dieu hda nhiet dp ndm 1993 Id 0,1% tang Idn 11,6% ndm 2012; mdy gidt, sdy quan nam 1993 la 0,3% tang len 22,7% ndm 2012'^°'; t^ 16 hd ed dien thogi tir 8,4% nam 1998 tang 16n 154,4% nam 2012 Nhin chung, cac loai tai san cd gid tri ciia hd gia dinh da tang len ddng ki qua cdc ndm, nhat Id mdt sd tdi sdn hI6n dgi Khi so sanh cdc logi dd diing theo nam nhdm thu nhap, k^t qua khdo sdt cho thay sy chenh lech rd net giua nhdm hd gidu vd nhom hd ngheo (xem bang 3) Trong nhu cdu van hda va tinh than, nhom hd giau Cling cd dieu kign thda man d§ dang hon nhdm hp ngheo (mua sdch, bdo, tap chi, ) Nhtrng hp thude nhdm gidu cd di^u ki^n de nang caoraiicsdng va tham gia cdc hogt d6ng van hda, vui choi, giai tri, cae vien gia dinh cd nhieu eo hdi tim viec ldm cd thu nhgp cao va cd dilu kien hpc tap nang cao trinh dp Cimg vdi nhiing dieu kien dd, vi dii Bang 3: Ty le ho co tai san theo nhom thu nhap fi{mvitinh:% • tmmtMii mwm Loaitalsin NMml llhoffl2 Oto 0,1 0,2 0,7 1,3 6,0 M^yvih'nh 1,1 4,2 11,6 23,9 483 May dieu hoa nhiet 0,1 1,0 3,8 103 38,7 M^yglat, say guan ao 1,0 6,3 15,4 30,6 54,4 Binh t i m nude nong w 4,7 12,2 23,9 45,9 -sUbdiiiJ Nliiim4 Xemay 61 91,5 114,8 139 161,1 flien thoai 69,4 1183 155,1 187,5 227,2 isa Hvimau 74,8 91,6 97,3 103,2 116 Oau video 34,2 50,4 58,7 62,7 68,5 Dan nghe nhac cac loai 4,7 8,9 12,3 16 24,2 ,^ 10,6 30,4 49,9 67,8 2,9 TO lanh iVgom: Tong cue Thong keKetgua ktwsdt miltsoog ddn di/ \iietNam ndm 20 U, mvw.gsa joicni i Lf LUAN CHlNHTRj-So 9/2014 va uy tin eiia hp xa hdi ciing dupe eoi trpng Mat khde, ngudi ngh^o khdng di tham gia cae hoat dOng vdn hda tmh thdn bdi vi hp thi§u khd nang chi tra nhiing logi dich vu nhu: du lich, \i hdi vdn hda, mua sdch, bdo, Nhu vgy, phan tdng xd hdi khdng ehi phdn dnh sir bdt bmh ddng phan phdi thu nhdp, tinh trgng sue khde hay trinh dd hpc vdn, ma quan trpng hon, nhirng chi sd ndy edn ed xu hudng thudn chilu vd cd mdi tuong quan vdi "Ngudi giau xem viia ed siic khde Idn trinh dp hpc vdn tdt hon nhiing ngudi khdc Ngudi ngh6o nhdt nhdm ngheo dudng nhu ed sd nam di hpc It nhdt vd chi sd ve siic khde ciing kem nhdt"'"' Nhin nhgn phdn tang xd hdi mdt each toan dien theo chi sd phdt trien ngudi HDI (Human Development Index) Viet Nam dd c6 su thay ddi dang ki giira trude vd sau thdi digm ddi mdi: ndra 1985 chi sd HDI Id 0,580; ndm 1990 la 0,439 va nam 2012 la 0,617"^' Mde du Viet Nam thupc nhdm nude chdm phdt trign vd cd miic thu nhdp thdp, nhung ehi sd HDI eiia Viet Nam da tdng len qua ede ndm Theo Bdo cdo eiia UNDP, ehi sd HDI eiia Vi0t Nara idrapttrong sd hon 40 qudc gia dang phdt triln dgt dupe nhirng tiln bd vupt xa mong dpi ve phdt triln eon ngudi giai dogn 1990 - 2012 da tang41% Ndm 2013, Vi$t Nam diing thii 127 tdng sd 187 qudc gia - nhdra xIp logi trung binh vl phdt triln ngudi (tu 0,522 den dudi 0,698), nhdra cd HDI rat cao dgt tdi 0,793 trd len vd Na Uy Id nude eo HDI eao nhdt, dgt 0,955 Trong 10 nude d khu vuc Ddng Nara A, HDI ciia Viet Nara diing thii 7"^' Dilu dd chiing td rdng, su phat trien kinh tl ciia Vi$t Nara thdi gian qua cd xu hirdng phpc vu su phdt triln ngudi, bdo ddm tiln bp va edng bdng xd hpi ro net hon so vdi mdt sd nude dang phdt triln cd GDP binh qudn dau ngudi eao O (1), (II) Tdng cue Thdng ke: Dieutiamiic song dan cu Viet Nam 1997-1998, Nxb Thdng ke Ha Noi, 2000, tt.263,263 (2), (4), (5), (8), (10) Tdng cue Thong ke: ^^f qui khao sit mtic sdng din du Viet Nam n^m 2012, www.gso.gov.vn (3)Tieu chuan xet ty thu nhap ciia 40% sd dan co thu nhap thap nhat tdng thu nhap cua toan bp dan cu T^ nho hon 12% la CO su bat binh ddng cao vl thu nhap, ndm khoang 12-17% la co su bdt binh ddng, vira va ion hon 17% la co su tuong ddi binh ddng (3) DCSVN: VSn kien dai hgi dai biiu toan qudc On thii XI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha NOi, 2011, tr.l25 (7) Nguyen Khoa Dilm (chd bifin): 20 nSm ddi mdi thuc hien tien bo cong bingxa h0i va phAt triin vSn boa, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Ngi, 2005, tr.l78 (9) Ban Chi dao Tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha Trung uong: Tdng dilu tra dan sd va nha d Vi?t Nam nam 2009: Cac kft qua chii yeu Ha Noi, 2010, tr.l21-I25 (11) Ngan hang The gioi: Bao cao Phat trien Thi gidi 2006: Cong bing va Phat Men (Vu Cuong, Bui Thi Td Nga, Hoang Thuy Hanh, Nguyin Khanh Cam Chau dich), Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin Ha Npi, 2005, tr.l07 (12} UNDP, Human Development Report 2013 www.undp.org (13) www.chinhphu.vn, "Lam tbenao di nangcao Chisdphat triin ngudi", Minh Ngge 177-2014 LfLUAN CHlNHTRI-So 9/2014 ... k^t qua khdo sdt cho thay sy chenh lech rd net giua nhdm hd gidu vd nhom hd ngheo (xem bang 3) Trong nhu cdu van hda va tinh than, nhom hd giau Cling cd dieu kign thda man d§ dang hon nhdm hp... HDI eiia Viet Nam da tdng len qua ede ndm Theo Bdo cdo eiia UNDP, ehi sd HDI eiia Vi0t Nara idrapttrong sd hon 40 qudc gia dang phdt triln dgt dupe nhirng tiln bd vupt xa mong dpi ve phdt triln... 0,698), nhdra cd HDI rat cao dgt tdi 0,793 trd len vd Na Uy Id nude eo HDI eao nhdt, dgt 0,955 Trong 10 nude d khu vuc Ddng Nara A, HDI ciia Viet Nara diing thii 7"^'' Dilu dd chiing td rdng,