CONG BANG XA HQI VA XOA 001 GIAM NGHEO TRONG THOI KY D I MOI NGUYEN DINH TAN Tdm til: Cdng cupc dii mdi Dang cpng san Viet Nam khdi xudng tft nam 1986 din da dat dupe nhftng tuu to ldn tren tdt ca c4c Itnh vuc kinh tl, cbinh tti, van hda, xa hpi; ca binh dien ly luan va thue tiln Mpt nhftng tuu nii bat la su phat ttiln nhan thftc va tu eua Dang va Nha nude ta vl cong bdng xa hpi (CBXH) va xda ddi giam ngheo (XDGN) Bai vidt trinh bay vl nhung budc phat ttiln dy qua cac ddu mIc chinh cua qua trinh doi mdi d nude ta TU khda: Nhan thftc; cdng bdng xa hpi; xda ddi giam ngheo; dii mdi Svr doi mdi nhan thirc, tu eiia Dang va Nha mrdc ta vl chu nghta xa hpi (CNXH) v i cdng cudc XDGN Thyc hifn tiln bd, cdng bang xa hdi va tidn hanh chidn lupc XDGN la mdt nhflng muc tidu cao ea, nhdt quan cua Dang va Nha nude ttong sudt qua ttinh xay dyng dat nude Tuy nhidn, trude ddi mdi (1986), nhan thftc efta Dang va Nha nude vd CNXH ndi chung, vl thyc hifn CBXH va XDGN ndi rif ng cd phdn cdn don gian va ed nhflng ban chd nhat djnh Chftng ta chft truong day manh eai tao xa hdi chu nghTa (XHCN), nhanh chdng xda bd eae phan kinh te ca thd eua ndng dan, tifu thuong, tifu chu, phan kinh t l tu ban tu nhan; tft sdm hinh nfn kmh td XHCN thuan nhat vdi hai hmh thftc sd hilu co ban la sd hflu nha nude va sd hfln tap thi (hpp tac xa) Coi dd la eon dudng xda bd tan gdc sy ap bftc bdc Ipt va ddi ngheo Trdn thue tf, vifc tiln hanh 60 nhanh chdng va d ^t cdng cudc cai tao cae phdn kinh tl (phi XHCN) ndi tren da td rd su ndn ndng, ehu quan, y ehi Chu truang xay dung co cau xa hpi "hai giai cap - mdt tang ldp" ttong khoang thdi gian gap gap nhu vay la ttai vdi ly luan eua ehu nghTa Mac - Lf nin vl xay dyng CNXH, ddng thdi trai vdi quy luat khach quan Thye tidn xa hf i da chi ra, vdi su tiln hanh nhu v^y lyc lupng san xudt da bj kim ham, sftc san xuat da khdng dupe phat huy, ngudi lao dpng thidu hang hai san xudt, ngheo ddi khdng nhthig khdng dupe giai quyet chdng vanh ma da dua ddt nude roi vao ttjng thai tri ttf, khung khoang kinh td xa hdi keo dai T£ii Dai hdi Ding ldn thft VI (1986), vdi phuong cham nhin thing vao su that Dang da nghifm khdc ty phf binh nhftng sai lam, ndng vpi ndi trfn, ddng thdi df dftdng l6i ddi mdi vf xJy '"' Giao su, tien st, Hgi XS hgi hpc Vift Nam Cdng bdng xd hdi vd xda ddi gidm ngheo dung CNXH Ndi dung co ban mang tinh dot pha ddu tidn eua duimg ldi ddi mdi la: chuydn ndn kinh td tft md hinh tap trung quan lieu bao cap sang nIn kinh tl hang hda nhieu phan, van hanh theo ca chd thj trudng ed su quan ly cua Nha nude theo djnh hudng XHCN Npi dung CO ban tiep tuc dupe khang djnh va cang dupe eu thi hon qua cac Dai hdi Dang lan thft Vll, VIII, IX, X, XI cung nhu mdt sd cac nghj quyet Trung uong cae ky dai hdi sau dd Trong bao cao chinh ttj tai Dai hdi Dang ldn thft VII, Dang da khdng djnh: "Hon nam qua (kd tft Dai hdi VI), dl dap ung eac nhu cau ddi sdng nhan dan, chftng ta da ddng vien va phat huy kha nang cua toan xa hdi, khuydn khich ngudi lao ddng tang thu nh?p va lam giau chinh dang, chap nhan sy chfnh lech ttong thu nhap nang suat va hifu qua lao ddng dua ttfn trinh dp hpe vdn, ky nang nghd nghifp khac Dd chinh la phuang hudng dung, tao ddng luc cho sy phat ttidn va nang cao muc sdng chung cua loan xa hdi"'" Tai Hdi nghj dai bilu toan qudc gifta nhidm ky khda VII, Dang khdng djnh tilp: "Khuyin khich lam giau hpp phap di ddi vdi xda ddi giam nghfo Coi mdt bp phjn dan cu giau h^dc la can thift cho sy phat trifn"'^' Nhu vay, qua mpt chang dudng ddi mdi nhan thuc vf CNXH, Dang da cho rdng, XDGN khdng don gian ehi la vifc xda bd chd dp tu hilu, tu nhan ve tu lifu san xudt, xac lap mpt each ndng vol chf dd cdng hfln Nd cung khdng don gian chi la vifc tudc doat tu lifu san xuat cua cac giai cdp tu san, dja chfl, xda bd sy each bift xa hdi, theo mdt nghta nao dd la sy cao bdng xa hdi, ma dd la mdt qua ttinh ljch sft lau dai "Chd dp cdng hilu vd tu lifu san xuat chu ydu timg budc dupe xac lap va se chidm uu thi tuyft ddi CNXH dupe xay dyng xong vd eo ban" Tuy nhidn "Xay dung chd dp dd la mdt qua ttinh phat tridn kinh td - xa hpi lau dai qua nhieu budc, nhilu hinh thuc tft thap den cao"'" "Kinh td thi trudng djnh hudng XHCN thyc hifn phan phdi ehu ydu, theo kdt qua lao ddng va hidu qua kinh td ddng thdi phan phdi theo mfte ddng gdp vdn va cac ngudn vdn khac vao san xuat kinh doanh va thdng qua phuc loi xahpi"'"' Cflng tai Hdi nghj dai bidu toan qudc gifta nhifm ky khda VII, Dang da chi rdng "Bdn canh nhflng ngudi lam giau chinh dang, edn nhidu ngudfi lam giau ldn nhanh chdng lam an phi phap"'^'; va tai van kidn Dai hpi Dang loan qudc ldn thft IX, Dang da khdng djnh: "Tidp tuc day manh cudc dau tranh chdng tham nhflng bd may nha nude va toan bd he thdng chinh ttj Gdn chdng '" Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (1991), Vdn kiin Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn thii VII, Nxb Sy that, HaNgi,tr.3I '^' Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (1994), Vdn kifn Hdi nghi dgi bieu todn qudc giiia nhifm ky khda VIII, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Ngi, tr.47 "' Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2001), Vdn kiin Dgi hgi dgi bieu loan qudc ldn thu IX, Nxb Chinh tri quIc gia Ha Ngi, tr.87 "^Sdd,ti.m ' " Dang Cgng san Vift Nam ( 2001), Hgi nghj dgi biiu todn qudc giOa nhiem ky khda VII, Nxb Chinh tri quIc gia Ha Ngi, tr.47 61 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi ViitNam, sd2(87) - 2015 tham nhflng vdi chdng lang phi, quan lidu, buon lau, dac bift la cac hanh vi lpi dung chuc quydn dl lam giau bat chinh"'" Sy ddi mdi ttong tu cua Dang vl xay dung CNXH, vd xda ddi giam ngheo da khdng dan gian chi la vifc xda bd sd hiru tu nhan, thi hanh chd dp phan phdi binh quan, thfl tidu sy giau cd cfla mdt sd ngudi ma dirt khoat thfla nhan sy tdn tai lau dai, binh dang cua eac phan kinh tl Dang cho rang, thye hidn sy phan phdi khdng chi theo lao ddng ma edn theo mfte ddng gdp vdn va eae ngudn luc khac vao san xudt kinh doanh va thdng qua phuc Ipi xa hdi Dang da khdng djnh, xay dyng CNXH d nude ta, khdng phai la tridt tidu mpi ngudi giau vupt ttdi ldn mpt each don gian, ma ddi vdi nhftng ngudi giau chan ehinh, hpp thftc, hpp phap, sy lam giau sang kidn, tai nang, dftc dp, nang ddng ttong san xudt tao nhilu cua cai vat chat cho xa hdi, mang lai sftc canh ttanh cao ttong thuong trudng, tao dupe nhidu vifc lam cho ngudi lao ddng ddng gdp nhilu tai lyc, vat luc eho xa hdi, thi Dang ludn ttan ttpng, khuyin khich va t£io mpi didu kidn thuan lpi cho hp tidp tuc lam giau hen nfta nhu tu tudng cua Hd Chi Minh: "Lam cho ngudi ngheo thi du an, ngudi dfl an thi kha giau, ngudi giau thi giau flidm"'" Hp ehuih la nhflng dau tau sung man, keo ngudi ngheo di Ifn thoat ngheo df rdi cung giau Nhan thftc mdi la hit sue quan ttpng Chinh sy phat ttidn mdi vl nhan thftc da tao mdt ngudn xung lupng manh md chp sy phat trifn, nd khai djy va khai thac dupe nhftng ngudn lye tilm tang dang dn ddu (vf tai chinh, tu lifu 62 san xudt, ky thuat - cdng nghf, nhift huydt, kinh nghidm, ky nang, nghj lyc eua CPU ngudi) Nhftng ngudn lye ma mpt thdi (trudc day) da bj- can trd, o bf, lang qudn hoac chua dupe khai thac mdt each dflng mfte Song hanh vdi tu tudng chap nhan, flng hd va khuydn khich ngudi lam giau hpp thftc Dang cung sang sudt canh bao nhung kd lam giau phi phap, lam giau bat chinh Theo sy phan tich cfla Dang, bpn ngudi chi lam giau mdt each ich ky cho ban than, chflng dye khoet, bdn nit cfla nhan dan, cua nha nude va ddi hdi chflng ta cdn kidm tta, kilm soat, ngan ehjn va trimg phat chung theo dung mfte dp tpi danh ma chung da vi pham Ben canh Dang cflng nhdc nhd nhthig ke ludi bilng, y lai, khdng chju vupt khd, chu ddng vuon ldn dl thoat ngheo va ydu cau cae td chftc, doan thd xa hdi, nha trudng, cdng ddng can giao due, giftp dd hp y thftc dupe trach nhifm ban than ttdn dudng xda ddi giam ngheo Nhtmg tu tudng gdn gui va ed so so vimg chdc ttong sy phan tich ly luan vd phan tang xa hdi hpp thuc va khdng hpp thuc cua xa hdi hpc - mot bd mdn khoa hpe mdi dupe dua vao nghidn ciiu va giang day he thdng Hpe vidn Chinh ttj qudc gia Hd Chi Minh gdn hai thap ky qua'" Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (2001), Vdn kifn Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ton thu IX, Nxb Chinh ttj quoc gia, HaN9i,tt.I36 ''' Ho Chi Minh (2002), Todn tdp, t.S, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia Ha Ngi, tr.65 ' ' Gido trinh xd hgi hgc qudn ly (2004), (Hf cao cap Iy lujn chinh tq), Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia Ha Ngi, tr 100 -104 Cdng bdng xd hgi vd xda ddi gidm ngheo Nhirng budc phat trien nh$n thire cua Dang va Nha UBdc ta vl CBXH Tai Dai hdi Dang ldn thft VI (1986), Dang da di din mpt nh$n thftc mdi rang: df dua dat nude di ldn, thoat khdi tinh ttang ngheo nan, tri trf va khiing hoang kinh td - xa hdi keo dai, chflng ta phai dut khoat timg budc tft bd ldi sdng bao cap, tu tudng cao bang va chfl nghTa binh quan dd ddn chuyin sang thue hidn sy cdng bang ttong phan phdi Chi trdn CO sd eua sy phan phdi cdng bdng theo kit qua true tidp efta ngudi lao ddng mdi khdc phyc dupe tinh trang tri ttf, trdng chd, y lai keo dai, ddng thdi kich thich dupe tinh tich cyc cua ngudi lao ddng, khuyfn khich hp hang say san xuat Ddn Dai hdi Dang lan thu VII, sy nhan thftc eua Dang vl cdng bang xa hdi ttong phan phdi edn tiln xa hon ntta Trong Dai hdi nay, ngoai vifc tiep tyc khang djnh nguyen tac ldy phan phdi theo kdt qua lao ddng va hifu qua kinh td la chu ylu (da dupe dua Dai hdi Dang ldn thu VI), Dang cdn bd sung tiidm tu tudng vd sy "Thuc hidn nhifu hinh thftc phan phdi""* Trong chiln lupc on djnh va phat ttifn kinh td - xa hdi ddn nam 2000, Dang khdng djnh "ldy phan phdi theo lao ddng lam hinh thftc chinh, khuyin khich lam giau di ddi vdi giam sd ngheo, nang cao phuc loi xa hdi phu hpp vdi ttinh dp phat trifn kinh td"''"'; "cd chinh sach bao ttp va didu tidt thu nhap gifta eac bp phan dan cu, cac nganh va cac vung"'"' Cimg vdi qua trinh Dang cflng dua tu tudng "thuc hifn ehinh sach toan dan ddng gdp, ddn on dap nghTa ddi vdi thuang binh, gia dinh lift sT, nhflng ngudi cd cdng vdi nude; chinh sach bao trp ttd md cdi, ngudi tan tat, ngudi gia ed dan; ehinh sach eftu hd nhflng vflng gap thidn tai, rui ro va nhflng gia dinh qua ngheo khd Ngudn kinh phi dya vao cac quy xa hdi, cae hdi tfl thidn, ttanh thu sy vidn trp cfla eac td chuc nhan dao qudc td va mdt phan dya vao ngan sach nha nudc""^' Ddn Dai hdi Dang lan thft IX, Dang tilp tyc khdng djnh: "Thuc hifn chinh sach uu dai xa hdi va van dpng toan dan tham gia cae boat ddng ddn on dap nghTa, udng nude nhd ngudn ddi vdi cac lao each mang, nhung ngudi ed cdng vdi nude, ba me Vift Nam anh hflng, thuang binh va cha me vp lift sT, ngudi dupe hudng chinh sach xa hdi"''^' NhGng tu tudng va nghTa eu cao dep cd cdi ngudn tft nhftng tinh cam sau xa ttong truydn thdng dan tdc da dupe hifn thuc hda vao dudng ldi, ehu truong, chinh sach eua Dang Dd la nhftng minh chung day sftc thuyft phyc eho nhitag tu "* Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (1991), Cuang tinh xdy dyng ddt nude thdi ky qud d^ di lin Chit nghta xd hgi, Nxb Sy that Ha Ngi, tr.IO ""' Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (1991), Chifn luge dn dinh vd phdt trien kinh tf - xd hdi din ndm 2000, Nxb Sy th^t Ha Ngi, h-.9 " " Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (I99I), Cuang linh xdy dung ddi nude thai ky qud dg di len Chii nghta xd hgi, Nxb Sir thgt Ha Ngi, tr 14 *'^* Dang Cgng san Viet Nam, Chiin luge dn djnh vd phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi den ndm 2000, Nxb Su that Ha Ngi, tt.34 - 35 " " Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (2001), Vdn kifn Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thii IX, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia Ha Ngi, tr 106 63 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Vift Nam, sd2(87) - 2015 tudng nhan dao, nhan van cao ea cua Dang; ddng thdi la sy khang djnh tten thyc te nhflng budc tidn mdi vd mat nhan thftc cfla Dang vl CBXH Nhftng qua ma hdm chiing ta dang dupe thfta hudng cd mdt phan ddng gdp bet sftc quan ttpng tft nhitag hy sinh, mat mat cfla cha anh chflng ta hdm qua, hp xung dang dupe nhan mdt phdn nhftng qua ay Day ehinh la vdn dd CBXH cdng hidn va hudng thu, bd sung cho quan nifm trudc day coi CBXH ehi la su phan phdi theo ket qua lao ddng va hidu qua kinh tl Ngudi ta cdng hidn nhu thd nao, ddng gdp cho xa hpi nhu thd nao thi hp cimg cdn phai nhan dupe mdt each thich dang tu phia xa hdi nhftng qua "tuong xftng"""", hiong img vdi nhflng ddng gdp cdng hien cua hp Sy ddng gdp, cdng hidn d day khdng ehi dupe ludng mdt each don thuan ttong kinh tl, nd cflng khdng chi dupe can nhdc xem xet mdt each "phan eat", "dirt doan" tach rdi gifla hifn tai vdi qua khft ma la su lidn tuc, su lidn mjeh, lidn tuyen vdi qua khft Trdn thyc tl, sau nhidu thap ky xay dyng xa hdi mdi, nhidu gia dinh thuong binh lift si, ba me Viet Nam anh hung, gia dinh ed cdng vdi each mang ed cupc sdng cdn khd khan, mdt sd bd ph|in roi vao tmh ttgng ngheo khd Hp thilu vdn lieng lao dpng, ydu vd sftc lye (cudc chiln ttanh trudc day da tan pha va cudp di mdt phdn sftc lyc cua hp), nhifu ngudi khd ed dilu kifn df tilp can vdi vifc hpe tap, dao tao nghf nghifp hojc CO dupe dao tjo thi cflng chi d mfte thap Ndu Dang, Nha nude khdng sdm 64 nhan didu nay, de tinh ttang keo dai, luc hf luy cua nd la rat ldn Sy phan tich trdn cd quan hf gan bd mat thidt hftu eo vdi sy phan tich mdi quan hf gifta CBXH va binh ddng xa hpi (BDXH) Khi ndi din BDXH la ndi din sy ngang bang gifla ngudi vdi ngudi vd eac phuong difn kinh tl, ehinh ttj, van hda, xa hdi Theo giac dp tilp can cua xa hdi hpe, BDXH la su ngang bang gifta cac ca nhan (eae vidn xa hpi) vd mat nang lyc (the chdt, tri tuf), didu kifn, co hdi, vi thi nghi nghifp, thft bje xa hpi BDXH la su ngang bdng vl mdt khia c^h, mdt phuang difn hojc mpi phuong difn gitta ngudi ta vdi ma chua xem xet din hay khdng nhdt thift ddi hdi phai gdn nd vdi mdt quan hf hit sftc xac dinh vdn khdng ngang vl nang lyc thi chdt, tri tuf), tai nang, cdng hidn, ddng gdp thuc td cua mdi ca nhan cho xa hdi"*' Theo nghia do, BDXH la eai ma nhan logi tiln bO muu cdu mong mudn va hudng tdi song khdng phai la eai dgt dupe ma la myc tidu phdn ddu lau dai "Tuong Xiing" d day khong co nghta tho thifn la sy dong gop nhu thf nao thi phai dugc nhjn Iji mgt each ngang bang nhu the Day la mgt khai nifm vira djnh tinh via djnh luong, ngy y: co hy sinh, cing hien, dong gop thi se duge nh jn Igi mgt phan nhihig sy dong gdp Xa hOi khang cd quyen ISng quen, bo qua sy hi sinh, dong gop "" Trong cac tmdc tie ciia C.Mdc, chii n^Ta cgng san da thing lpi trfn phgm vi toan the gidi, ma nang suit lao dgng daratcao, cua cai mon dao dat, ngudi phat trien toan difn, lie do, "ngudi ta se 14m theo nSng lyc, huong theo nhu ciu", cd nghta 14 dgt dugc sy binh dSng hoan to4n, cong bdng hoin hao Cdng bdng xdhdivd xda ddi gidm ngheo Nhu vay, khdng thd ddng nhdt gifta BDXH va CBXH BDXH la muc tieu lau dai, la cai chi cd thd dat dupe tftng bd phan, tftng ldp, tftng tdng xa hdi, d nhftng thdi ky ljch sft khac hay mdi qude gia nhat djnh CBXH la eai ma chung ta cd thd va cdn thilt phan dau va thidt lap nd mdt each thich hop, phfl hpp vdi nhftng dilu kifn ljch sft cu thd mdi budc di cfla ljch sft Tai Dai hdi Dang ldn thft VI, Dang khang djnh, dieu kidn ddt nude cdn nhidu khd khan song can phai "Thyc hifn CBXH phu hpp vdi dilu kidn cu thd cua dat nude Loai bd cac ngudn thu nhap lam an phi phap ma cd"' , "Cflng vdi vifc tidn tdi xda bd CO sd kinh te - xa hpi cfla sy bat cdng xa hpi, phai dau tranh kidn quydt chdng nhflng hidn tupng tidu cyc lam eho nhftng nguydn tdc CBXH va ldi sdng lanh manh dupe khdng djnh cudc sdng hang cua xa hdi ta"""; "Phuang hudng Idn cua chinh sach xa hpi la phat huy nhan td ngudi tren eo sd dam bao cdng bang, binh dang vl quydn Ipi va nghTa vu cdng dan " Tgi Dai hpi Dang ldn thft VII, Dang cho rang "chftng ta thyc hifn ehinh sach CBXH chua tdt Bfn canh nhftng ngudi lam giau chinh dang, cdn nhidu ngudi giau Ifn nhanh chdng lam an phi phap Trong do, nhieu gia dinh cd cdng vdi nude, da hy sinh mat mat ldn ttong khang chien, vin cdn qua khd khan, sd ngudi ngheo ddi cdn chifm phdn dang kf"''*'- Trong Dgi hOi Dang da bd sung khai nidm cdng bing vao muc tidu phat tridn kinh tf - xa hdi eua dat nude: "Phat ttidn kinh td - xa hdi, nang cao ddi sdng nhan dan, thue hien dan giau, nude mgnh, xa hdi cdng bang, van minh"''^' Den Dgi hdi lan thu VIII, Dang tidp tyc khdng djnh: "Khuydn khich lam giau hpp phap, chdng lam giau phi phap, vfta coi trpng xda ddi giam ngheo, timg budc thue hidn CBXH tien tdi lam cho mpi ngudi, mpi nha deu idia gia" Dac bidt, d Dgi hpi Dang da danh ddu mpt budc phat tridn mdi ttong nhgn thuc va tu chinh trj cfla minh Dang khang djnh: "Tang trudng kinh tl phai gdn lidn vdi tien bd xa hpi va CBXH tflng budc di va sudt qua trinh phat tridn Cdng bang xa hdi phai dupe the hidn d cac khau phan phdi hpp ly tu lifu san xuat ldn d khau phan phdi kdt qua san xudt, d vifc tgo didu kifn cho mpi ngudi ddu cd co hdi dl phat triin va sft dung tdt nang lyc cua minh" Trong nhifu nguyen nhan din ddn ddi ngheo, cd nguydn nhan tft bat CBXH Chinh sy ydu kem quan ly va didu hanh chinh sach da ddn din mpt bd phgn kha ddng dao nhung ngudi lao ddng khdng cdn tu lieu san xuat (TLSX) ttong tay, dudi 10% nhung hd gia dinh midn Tay Nam Bp da ttd ta didn, nhidu '"' Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (1987), Vdn kifn Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thii VI Nxb Sy that, HaNgi, tr.4S ""S4itr.86-87 " " Dang Cgng san Viet Nam (1993), Vdn kifn Hdi n^hi giOa nhifm ky dgi hgi VII, Nxb Chinh bi quae gia Ha Ngi, tr 18 ' " Dang Cgng san Vift Nam (1994), Vdn kifn Hgi nghi dgi biiu todn quoc glaa nhiem ky dgi hgi VII, Nxb Chinh ttj quoc gia Ha Ngi, tr.79 65 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam, so 2(87) - 2015 hd gia dinh ven eac khu -vuc dang phat triin dd thj hda mgnh me cflng da mat ddt Hp trd "ttdng tay", khdng cd tu lifu san xudt, va trd ngudi ngheo, "thanh ta diln" Mdt nha khoa hpc phuang Tay da ndi: "Ngheo khd chinh la mdi lien he gifta tinh trgng bat binh ddng hdm va nhftng bat cdng vl CO hpi cua mai" Khdng cd rupng dat ed nghTa la se khdng ed TLSX dd sinh kl, khdng cd dilu kifn, phuong tifn dl thoat ngheo, cflng ddng nhdt vdi vifc mat eo hdi dd vuon ldn lam giau Tuy nhidn, cd sy CBXH vl khau phan phdi TLSX, phan phdi kdt qua san xuat van chua bao ham day dfl nhung yeu td cfla CBXH va theo dd vin ehua thd giup ngudi ngheo thoat ngheo Theo nhgn thftc mdi cua Dang, CBXH edn can phai bao ham ca vide nha nude tao didu kidn de mpi ngudi ddu cd co hpi phat ttiln va sft dung tdt nang luc cua minh Chuang ttinh Phat tridn Lien Hpp Qudc (UNDP) va nhidu hpe gia tren the gidi cung cho rang: "Phat ttidn la qua ttinh md rdng cac eo hdi lya chpn eho ngudi, dd tft dd mpi ngudi dupe thfta hudng ddy dfl han eae qua eua phat ttiln va tang trudng" Mat khac, ndu chi cd eo hpi, cd didu kidn thyc hifn co hdi ma thieu nang luc thyc hifn CO hdi (nang lye tifp can, nang lyc lya chpn, ndm bat, nang luc hifn thuc hda co hdi trfn thyc tf bao gdm sue lyc, tri tuf, ky nang lao ddng, nang lyc td chuc thuc hidn) thi du eho cd sdn eo hpi, ed dfl didu kifn thuan lpi, ngudi ta cflng khd cd thi biln kha nang hifn thue, khd ed thi chuyin hoa tft ngheo Idn giau 66 Dilu ly giai vi nhidu ngudi dan cd sdn TLSX (ddt dai, cdng eu lao ddng, sy hd trp chinh sach vl thud, tin dyng, vdn, ky thuat ) song van khdng thoat ngheo, khd vuon ldn giau Thuc te phong trao xda ddi giam ngheo nhidu nam qua d nude ta eho thdy, nhitag gia dinh ehinh sach, thuang binh lift sy, nhflng ngudi sftc khde ydu, tri tuf kem phat ttiln, bj tan tat mac du dupe nha nude, cac td ehfte doan the, xa hdi, cdng ddng hd trp rdt nhidu ve didu kifn, eo hdi song van ngheo Phai chang d day cd gi dd mang tinh "mac djnh, tiln djnh "? d day khdng cd gi la "mac djnh" hay tidn djnh ea Ydu td quan trpng nhat da khdng thd giftp nhimg ngudi ngheo thudc ddi tupng ttdn thoat ngheo la bdi vi hp thidu nang lyc thuc hifn CO hdi Dang da hit sftc chu trpng nang cao sue khde cua ngudi n^heo, tang cudng sftc lye deo dai cho hp Hang loat cae chidn lupc vl vdn dl da ddi: "Chifn lupc qudc gia vf cdp nude sgch va vf sinh mdi trudng ndng thdn, chiln lupe vd cham sdc sftc khde sinh san; chiln lupc dan sd Vift Nam; chifn lupc qudc gia vf dinh dudng; chuong trinh hanh ddng quoc gia vi tte em; chuong trinh djnh canh, dinh cu; chuong trinh qudc gia vd XDGN va gdn day la "Chidn lupc toan difn vl tang trudng va XDGN" Song hanh vdi nhftng chidn lupc, chuong trinh trdn Dang dac bidt chft trpng ddn vifc nang cao ky nang, trinh dp nghd nghifp, tinh '^°' (2003), Chinh sdch vd chiin luge gidm bdi binh ddng vd nghea khd, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia Ha Nai, tr.57 Cdng bdngxd hdi vd xda ddi gidm ngheo nang ddng va nang lyc lya chpn, nam bat CO hdi va van dyng eo hdi cho ngydi ngheo theo phuong eham la "Cho ngudi ngheo chide can cau dd cau lay ea" cim trp hp dd hp ty ciru trp minh bdng nang luc cua chinh minh Nhidu chinh sach vdi hang logt cae ldp tap hudn kiln thftc, ky nang nghi nghifp cho ngudi n ^ e o , -vflng ngheo vdi hang nghin sang kidn vd eac md hinh giftp ngudi ngheo nhu "Cau Igc bd giup ngudi ngheo", "Md hinh tin dyng, tidt kifm cua phu nft d ca sd" Mudn eho xa hdi giam ngheo hay cho nhiing ea nhan, nhtmg hp gia dinh bdt ngheo chung ta phai thye hifn sy tang trudng kinh td cao Tuy nhien, ndu chi tha ndi cho su tang trudng kinh td, chi dd eho kinh td phat ttien mdt each tu phat, khdng ddm xia hoac tach rdi vdi cac chinh sach ve CBXH, ve phan phdi va phan phdi lgi, ehinh sach giai quylt vide lam, cai each ehf dp tiln luong, chuong ttinh xda ddi giam ngheo, chmh sach uu dai xa hdi, bao hidm xa hpi, bao tta xa hdi, chinh sach din on dap nghTa, eae ehinh sach hudng vao phat ttien va lanh mgnh hda xa hdi thi ttong trudng hpp dd, tang trudng kinh td cd the din din thuong tdn xa hdi, phuong hgi den lpi ich cua mdt bd phan xa hdi, lam tang thdm bidn dp giau ngheo, khdng giup eho vifc XDGN tham chi lam cho ddi ngheo trd nfn ttam trpng hon, he qua cua nd cd thi ddn den rdi loan xa hdi, xung dptxa hpi Chu dpng hdi nhap quoc te, tranh thu cac nguon lyc quoc te s ? nghifp XBGN Se la khdng day du nfu ehung ta khdng ndi tdi nhftng nd lyc to ldn va nhflng budc phat tridn lidn tyc nhan thue cua Dang vd vide ehu ddng tham gia eac didn dan qudc te, ttanh thu cae ngudn lye qudc td ttong cudc dau tranh XDGN Tai Hdi nghj thupng dinh vd phat ttiln hpp tai Copenhaghen, Dan Mach, thang nam 1995, nguyen Thu hidng Vd van Kift da tuydn bd: "Chung tdi cam kdt thyc hifn myc tieu xda ddi giam ngheo ttdn the gidi, thdng qua eae hogt ddng qude gia kidn quydt va su hpp tac qudc td, eoi day la mpt ddi hdi bat budc ve mat dao due, xa hdi, chinh trj, kinh te cua nhan loai" Thang nam 2000, tai Hdi nghj thupng dinh Thidn nien ky efta Lidn hpp qude gdm 189 nguyen thfl qudc gia hpp tai New York, nguydn Chu tjch nude Tran Due Luong da thay mat Nha nude Vift Nam ky vao tuydn bd Thidn nien ky, cam kdt cflng vdi cae nude trdn thd gidi thyc hifn muc tidu, 18 chi tidu, 48 chi sd phat ttiln thidn nidn ky dd ed mue tidu "Xda bd tinh trgng ngheo cung cue va thidu ddi", "giam mat nua ty If ngudi dan cd mfte thu nhgp dudi lUSD/ngay giai doan tu 1990 dfn 2015", "giam mot nfta ty Id ngudi dan bj thilu ddi ttong giai doan tu 1990 din 2015" Tai Hdi nghi thupng dinh cua Lifn Hpp Qudc d New York, Dang va Nha nude ta da dua 11 myc tidu phat tridn cho Vift Nam ttong dd cd muc tidu: "Giam ty If hd ngheo ddi gdm ehi tifu: (1) Giam 40% ty If song dudi chuan ngheo qudc tf giai dogn 2001 2010; (2) giam 75% ty If dan sdng dudi chudn ngheo ve luong thyc cua qudc tf vao nam 2010"; "Giam mpt nua ty If dan 67 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Vift Nam, sd 2(87) - 2015 khdng dupe tiep can bdn vftng vdi nude sach vao nam 2015" Trong ldi tua cudn sach "Chidn lupc loan didn vd tang trudng va xda ddi giam ngheo" thang nam 2002, nguyen Thfl tudng Phan Van Khai da khdng djnh: "Chinh phu Vift Nam coi van de XDGN la muc tidu xuydn sudt tiong qua ttinh phat ttiln kinh tl - xa hdi cua ddt nude, xda ddi giam ngheo la ydu td co ban dd dam bao CBXH va tang trudng ben vflng Ngupc lgi, chi cd tang trudng cao, ben vftng mdi cd sue mgnh vat chat dd hd ttp va tao co hdi eho ngudi ngheo vuon ldn thoat khdi ddi ngheo Do dd, XDGN dupe eoi la bd phan cdu cfla chidn lupc phat ttiln kinh tl - xa hdi 10 nam (2001 - 2010) va kd hogch nSm (2001 - 2005) va hang nam eua ca nude, cac nganh va dja phuang" qudc td (IDA) cho chuong ttmh xda ddi giam ngheo, tgo mdt ngudn lye hdt sftc quan ttpng gdp phdn dua nude ta thoat khdi cudc khung hoang kinh te, day mgnh cdng cudc XDGN, cai thidn dang kl ddi sdng nhan dan Ket lugn Chung ta cd quydn ty hao vl nhftng tyu CBXH va XDGN ma ddt nude da dat dupe Cdng lao thudc vl loan thi dan tpc, song trudc hdt la d sir lanh dao sang sudt eua Dang, sy quan ly, dilu hanh nang ddng, linh boat cua Nha nude ma cdi ngudn cua nd la nhimg tu tudng nhan van, nhan cao ea cua dan tdc ta, va true tilp la su ddi mdi tu duy, phat tridn nhan thftc cua Dang va Nha nude vd CNXH ndi ehung, vl CBXH va XDGN ndi ridng Tuy nhidn, dd tiep tuc tri va phat huy nhitag Cflng ldi tya nay, nguyen Thu tyu mdt each bdn vimg cflng tudng Phan Van IQiai da bay td nguyfn nhu khac phuc mdt sd han chd cdn tdn vpng cfla Chinh phu nude ta: "chung tdi tgi Dang, Nha nude, cae nha khoa hpc mong mudn tidp tyc nhan dupe su ttp cdn kjp thoi tdng kit kinh nghidm, tilp giup thilt thye, ed hidu qua cua cdng tyc triin khai nghidn cim, lam rd hon ddng cae nha tai ttp eac td chftc qude td, ntta nhung vdn dd ly lugn lidn quan din cac td chuc phi chinh phu phat CNXH va XDGN Dd phat huy nhOng triin kinh tl va XDGN" Vdi tinh thdn tyu dat dupe, ddi hdi chung ta ehu ddng md efta hdi nhgp, md rdng phai tidp tyc tidn hanh mpt each thuc sy kenh ddi thogi, tich cyc hpc hdi va ttanh kidn tri, bin bi cflng vdi mdt hf thdng thu mpi ngudn lue Dang, Nha nude va cac giai phap khoa hpe, ddng bd Nhan dan ta da cang nhgn dupe Nghien cun va xay dyng bp chi bao nhidu ban sy ung hd, chia se quy bau cua qudc gia vl cac tifu chuan ludng, nhidu qude gia, nhilu nha tai ttp qudc tl, xIp logi ngach bae, chuc danh nghd cac td chftc phi chinh phu va cac eo quan nghidp, danh hifu xa hdi, ehl dp luong chinh phu Chung ta da nhgn dupe hang thudng phu hpp vdi su cdng hifn cua ty USD dudi hinh thftc cac khoan vay mdi ca nhan, td chuc cho xa hdi vdn hd ttp phat ttiln chinh thuc (ODA) tu Ngan hang Thi gidi (WB), Quy Tidn tf Qudc td (IMF), Hidp hdi phat tridn f^" (2002), Dua myc tifu Thiin nien ky din vdi ngudi ddn, Lifn Hgp QuIc tgi Viet Nam, tr.54 - 55 ... chdng lam an phi phap Trong do, nhieu gia dinh cd cdng vdi nude, da hy sinh mat mat ldn ttong khang chien, vin cdn qua khd khan, sd ngudi ngheo ddi cdn chifm phdn dang kf"''*'- Trong Dgi hOi Dang... Dang lan thu VII, sy nhan thftc eua Dang vl cdng bang xa hdi ttong phan phdi edn tiln xa hon ntta Trong Dai hdi nay, ngoai vifc tiep tyc khang djnh nguyen tac ldy phan phdi theo kdt qua lao ddng... Dang ldn thu VI), Dang cdn bd sung tiidm tu tudng vd sy "Thuc hidn nhifu hinh thftc phan phdi""* Trong chiln lupc on djnh va phat ttifn kinh td - xa hdi ddn nam 2000, Dang khdng djnh "ldy phan