Công bằng xã hội và thực hiện công bằng xã hội ở việt nam hiện nay

46 TAP CHf P H A T TRIEN N H A N L U C , SO 3(13)-2009 CONG BANG XA HOI VA THUC HIEN C O N G BANG XA HOI VIET NAM H I £ N NAY N G U Y C N T A N HU1UG Tff nhffng khang dinh do, cd the tha'y, edng bang xa hpi Id miic tieu cd't ldi eua ehinh sdch xa hdi, iMam hffdng tdi sff dn dinh xa hdi, khdng ngffng nang eao chai Iffdng mpi mat cua ddi sdng nhdn dan va sff phdt trien ben vtfng eua dai nffdc Cdng bang xa bdi phai gan lien vdi tang trffdng kinh te Cdng bang xa hdi thffdng dffdc hieu Id mot pham trff chinh tri - xa hdi - van hda cd tinh chai lich srf va ed ndi ham khde d cdc che i (1) Dang Cong san Viet Nam Van kien Dai hpi dai bie toan quo'c lan thil IX Nxb Chfnh tri Quo'c gia Ha Npi, 2001, tr 88 (2) Dang Cong san Viet Nam Van ki§n Dai hpi dai bie toan quo'c lan thil X Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia Ha Npi, 2006, ti 77-78 NGUYEN TAN HUNG - CONG BANG XA HOI dp xa hdi khac rMau, ddng thdi bi quy dinh chat che bdi cdc bodn cdnh cu the Trong xa hdi ed giai cap tM cdc giai cap thd'ng tri dffa rMffng tieu chuan eho sif cdng bang, md phan Idn ede tieu chuan dd deu dem lai ldi ieh vd bao ve Idi ieh cho giai cap thd'ng tri Trong xa bdi cd giai cap, edng bang xa bdi bi ede ldi ich giai cap ldm bie'n dang va xuyen tac di Cdng bang xa hpi nMn qua lang kinh cua giai cap bde lot ddng nghia vdi quyen ldi cua giai cap thd'ng tri vd ngMa vii ciia ngffdi lao ddng, cho nen nd tao nhffng mau thuIn khdng bao gid cd the dieu hda dffdc Chinb nhffng mau thuIn dd da bien cdng bang thaiM mdt khdi mem gia ddi, Iffa bip Cde nha tff tffdng trffdc C.Mac, nhff S.Phurie, Xanh Ximdng, R Ooen eung da dffa rMffng gidi phdp de di de'n edng bang xd bdi Tuy nMen, nhffng giai phdp dd cdn mang tinh nffa vdi, khdng tffdng, chung tMeu ban ed sd Men thffc CM cd chu ngMa Mdc - LeMn, tren thffe te, mdi tim dffdc gidi pbdp each mang eho van de cdng bang xa hdi: Cdng bang xa bdi ehi tdn tai giai cap cdng rMan vd rMan dan lao ddng dffdc giai phdng khdi mpi xieng xich Rang, cdng bang xa hpi chl dat dffdc kbi xda bd dffdc sff edng bang eho mdt thieu sd, xda bd dffdc dae quyen, dae ldi tiong van de cdng bang Vd nhff vay, cM cd chu ngMa xa hdi dich thufc mdi la xa hdi cd the giai quyei dffdc van de cdng bang mdt cdch triet de Khi de cap de'n van de edng bang dffdi chu ngMa xa hpi, Chu tieh Ho Chi Minh da khang dinh: "Chu ngWa xa hdi la edng bang vd hdp ly: ldm nhieu hffdng nWeu, lam it hffdng it, khdng ldm tW khdng hffdng NhiMg ngffdi gia yen hoac tdn tat se dffdc Nha nffdc giup dd, cham nom"'^' Tuy nWen, vdo Mdi cua rmnh, cdc rMd kirM dien ciia ehu ngWa Mac - Lenm, cflng rMff Chu tich Hd CW Minh chu yeu ndi ve cdng bang xa bdi the Wen tap trung d che dp phan phdi theo lao dpng dffdi chu ngMa xa bdi Ngdy nay, edng bang xa hdi dffdc Weu khdng cW gidi ban d cdng bang ve kinh te, mac du ddy (3) H& Chl Minh Toan tap, t.9 Nxb Chfnh trj Quo'c gia, Ha Npi, 2000, tr 175, 47 vin Id ye'u to' nen tang, ma edn la edng bang cdc Enh vifc chinh tri, phap Mat, van hda, giao due, y te, NMn mdt cdch tdng the, cdng bang xa hdi Id mdt gia tri ed ban, dinh hffdng cho viec giai quyei mdi quan he giffa ngffdi vdi ngffdi, giffa ed rMan vdi xa hpi tdi ca cdc ErM vifc eua ddi sd'ng xa hdi theo nguyen tac eua sff hdi hda giffa sff edng Men vd hffdng thu, giffa quyen ldi va ngMa vu Cd'ng Men ve vat chai vd tirM than xa hdi tao ra, phu hdp vdi khd nang Men thffc eho dai nffdc Mae dfl hoan canh cu the cua mdi ngffdi la khde nhau, song viec tao dieu kien cho mpi ngffdi, nhai Id cho nhffng ngffdi hoan canh khd khan, deu ed ed hdi tie'p can mdt each cdng bang ddi vdi cde cd hdi phdt trien, ngudn life phdt trien, ede dieh vu xa hdi cd ban ve y te, viee lam, thdng tm, mang tinh an sinh xa hdi ludn la vd'n de cd vai hd quan ttpng ttong Mffe Men cdng bang xa hpi d tai ea ede nffdc Tieu cM bang dau cua cdng bang xa bdi d nffdc ta Wen Id xem nd ed ldi bay khdng ed ldi cho ddi sdng rMan dan vd sif phat trien ddi nffdc Le dffdng nhien, cdng bang xa bdi la mue tieu, la ddng life eua sff phdt trien va on dinh xa bdi, nen dfft khoat la cd ldi cho rMan ddn vd sff phat trien cua dai nffdc Kinh nghiem cho tha'y, dat cdng bang xa hdi len hang dau dieu kien edn khd khan ve kinh te ed the dan tdi triet tieu nhflhg yeu td phat trien kinh te, tMffng dat Meu qua kinh te len hang dau Meo ldi "ehii ngWa tif mdi" lai din tdi vd mpt khoet sau them Slf ngan cdch xa bdi va rMai la, dffa mdt sd ngffdi khdng rMd vao tinh trang ngheo khd, be tac va cudi cflng, rai cd the tao nhffng trd ngai Idn cho Weu qua phdt trien kinh te Vi vay, can phdi ed mpt gidi phdp Imh boat, bdi hda, dd hai mat cdng bang xa hdi vd tang trffdng kinh te khdng ddi lap rMau, loai bd rMau, md ldm cho bai mat dd hd tien de eua nhau; hdn nffa, phai lam cho mat bao ham ca mat d mffe dp hdp ly rMai Dieu dd cang ttd nen can tMei, ma ngdy nay, mpi ly Man ve sff phdt trien deu bde bd cdch Meu phdt trien ddng ngWa vdi tang trffdng kirM te vd deu nha'n manh ndi dung 48 cd ban, muc tieu cao nhai cua sff phdt trien la vi ngffdi Sff ket hdp, sff giao thoa cua bai mat dd phai dffdc xem xet theo nhflng dieu kien cu the cua nffdc ta, cbii ye'u la theo trinh dp phdt trien kinh te, truyen thd'ng va yeu td tam ly dan tdc O day, khdng the ed md Wnh cd san Qua bdn 20 nam ddi mdi, nffdc t? da dat dffdc nWeu thdnh tffu: Kinh te da dat tdc dp tang trffdng khd cao hen tue iMieu nam, nam sau eao hdn nam trffdc; ddi sd'ng cua dai da sd nhan dan dffdc cdi tMen rd ret Rieng thdi ky 1991 - 2000, GDP tang gap ddi, ddng thdi ty le ngheo ddi giam edn mdt nffa (tii 60% xudng cdn 32% theo chuan qud'c te - dffdc qudc te danh gid cao) Chung ta da "hoan sdm hdn so vdi ke hoach toan cau: giam mot nffa ty le ngheo vao nam 2015" md Lien hdp qud'c de ra''" Trong eflng thdi gian, cd nffdc da dat chuan qud'c gia ve xda mu chff va cham sdc sffc khde nhan dan ed tie'n bd, tudi thp trung binh ciia ngffdi dan tang tff 63 len 68 Chi so' phdt trien eon ngffdi (HDI) tang M mffe dffdi trung binh: 0,498 (nam 1991) len mffe tren trung binh: 0,688 (nam 2000), xep thff 109/173 nffdc dffdc thd'ng ke Tuy da cd bffde phdt trien khd nhff vffa qua, tMffng diem xuai phdt tha'p nen Men nay, nffdc ta cd ban vin la mdt nffdc ndng ngMep, vdi tren 63% life Iffdng lao ddng xa hdi tap trung eae ngdnh ndng - lam - ngff nghiep; edng ngMep cdn nhd be, dich vu chffa phdt trien; nen kinh te thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hdi chu ngMa cham dffdc the che hda mdt cdch ddng bp; chai Iffdng tang trffdng, bieu qua vd sffc carM tranh cua nen kinh te cdn kem Trong Enh vffc phat trien xa hdi, nhieu cMnb sdch da ban haiM va chffa dffdc thffc bien tdi, mpt sd chinh sdch cdn tMeu hoac cd rMffng diem bai cap Ddi sdng eua mpt bd phan dan cff, nhai la d vung sdu, vung xa, vung dan tdc tMeu sd va mien nui cdn nMeu khd khan Khoang each gidu - ngheo gifla cae tang ldp dan cff, giffa thi vd ndng thdn (4) Cd quan dai dien Lien hpp quo'c tai Viet Nam DUa cac muc tieu phat then thien nien ky de'n vdi ngudi dan Ha Npi, 2001, tr 1, NGUYEN TAN HUNG - CONG B A N G X A HOI mien xudi vd mien nui dang cd xu hffdng doang Theo sd heu cua Tong cue Thd'ng ke, he sd chenh lech ve thu nhap giffa nhdm giau nhat (20%) va iMdm ngheo nhai (20%) tdng sd dan eff ca nffdc la 5,6 lan d nam 1992, den nam 1997-1998 da tang len 10,47 lan Ma'y nam gan day, viec xda ddi giam ngheo cd xu hffdng chdm lai, so' hp ngheo tang len Ty le lao dpng that ngMep d thi va tMeu viec lam d ndng Mdng cdn cao (Mdng ffng la 6% va khoang 29% Men nay) Hien tffdng lam giau bai chinh tham rMflng, budn lau, Iffa dao, dau ed vin chffa dffdc ngan chan vd day Mi Tff hoan canh eua nffdc ta hien nay, sff ket hdp giffa cdng bang xa hdi vd tang trffdng kinh te vin edn gap phai rMffng khd khan Mpt mat, tinh trang bao cap cua Nha nffdc vin cdn d mpt so Enh vffc; mat khde, midc Xa dang qua trinh chuyen sang kinh te thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hdi ehu nghla, nen d mdt mffe dp ndo do, vin cdn chffa dffng nhffng yeu td vd chinh phii, tff phat, ddc quyen, Iflng doan lam cho kinh te thi trffdng mang trang thai "hoang da" Kinh te thi trffdng My cd kich tWeh nhflhg boat ddng kinh te, nhiMg lai de dffa ngffdi rdi vdo ldi sdng thffe dung, chay theo ddng tien, ldi iMuan mpt cdch mfl qudng Khdng the phu nhan nen kinh te tM trffdng d nffdc ta Men khdng Me khdng tao nhflhg bai cdng xa hdi mdi "Tdi loi" khdng phai ban than kinh te thi trffdng tao ra, ma nhflng tdc nhan pha hoai nd, bie'n nd Manh "da man" Chung ta dang xay dffng nen kinh te thi trffdng dinh hffdng xa hpi cbii nghia nham tao moi trffdng thuan ldi nhai cho cac boat ddng kinh te lanh manh, van minh, vdi nhffng boat ddng sinh ldi that sff va dffdc phap Mat kiem sodt chat che, ed ldi cho qud'c ke dan sinh Ban than kinh te thj trffdng khdng tif dam bao cdng bang xa hdi ma trai lai, cdn lam gia tang phan hda gidu ngheo, keo theo nhieu mau thuan va xung dot xd hoi nan giai Vi vay, phai cd nhflhg cd che dieu tiet xa hdi thdng qua Nha nffdc de pban phdi lai nhffng kei qua boat dpng kinh te theo hffdng dam bao edng bang xa hdi d mffe can thiet toi NGUYEN TAN HUNG - CONG B A N G XA HOI tMeu Khdng the chdp rMan quan diem cho rang, neu coi tipng van de cdng bang xa hdi kM thffc Men ehinh sdch phdt trien kinh te tM khd ldng tap trung cde ngudn life de phat trien kinh te Dffdng nhien, khdng the cd edng bang xa hdi hen ed sd mdt nen kinh te tMeu hut, cM cd kha nang eung cap cho dan chiing mdt cudc sdng "giat gau vd vai", kheo an mdi no, kheo co mdi am" Cflng khdng the cd mdt nen kinh te tang trffdng nhanh, cd Meu qua cao va ben vffng mdt xd hdi vdi da sd dan chung tha'p kem ve tri Me, dm ye'u ve the chai vd mdt bd phan dang ke life Iffdng lao ddng thai ngMep, ngheo ddi, bi day ngodi xd hdi Do vdy, ddi vdi nffdc ta, trffdc mat can tap trung pban Idn cdc ngudn life cho tang trffdng kinh te de M dd, ed them ngudn life dau M cho giao due, y te, trd cap xa hdi Neu khdng dau M tMch ddng vao cae ErM vifc ndy tM lieu 10 nam, 15 nam nffa, chung ta cd the dam bdo ngudn life cd chai Iffdng cho sff phdt trien kinh te hay khdng? Hay Iffc dd, ngudn nhan life cua nffdc ta se trd thdrM gdrM nang vi tMeu hpc vd'n, tMeu trinh dp vd ye'u dt ve the chai Theo ehung tdi, dau M cho cdc Enh vffc xa hdi Id tnfc tiep dau tff cho kinh te, iMai la dffng tren quan diem phdt trien lau ben Dau tff cho cd sd tang vdt chai - ky Muat, nhdi tMet phai md rdng cd sd tang xd hdi Hien tren the gidi ed ba kieu phdt trien: Mpt Id, cd phdt trien kirM te trffdc, rdi se gidi quyei cdng bang xa hdi sau, dd eW ehu hpng de'n tdc dp tang GDP hang nam Nhffng tang trffdng dd ehi mang lai ldi Ieh eho mdt nhdm nhd thudc tang ldp thffdng lffu, ddi sd'ng eua da so ddn eff Mude tang ldp dffdi eua xd hdi lai khdng he dffdc cai tMen, tham cM Id gidm sut Hau qua la bai edng xa hdi ngdy edng tang, mdu thuIn ngdy cdng gay gat, xd hdi bdi dn keo ddi Dien hinh Id nhffng nffdc tff ban chau Au, Bac My Dieu dd eho tha'y khdng phai mpi nen kirM te phat trien de'n tiinh dp cao deu tdn tai song song vdi mdt trinh dp Mdng uhg ve cdng bang xa hdi Cd nhffng nffdc effc ky gidu cd nhff My, Nhat van khdng giai quyei dffdc cdng bang xa hdi Hai Id, dffa vdo vien trd vd vay nd nffdc ngoai 49 de tam thdi giai quyet khd khan ve ddi sd'ng kirM te, nham tao tien de cho phdt tiien Nhffng, sff dung vdn nffdc ngoai khdng Weu qua, nen rdi eude mffe tang trffdng kinh te khdng du de trd nd vd gdnh nang nd nan ngdy cang ham trpng them, ngdy mdt Wn sau vao khung hodng kinh te - xa bdi Dien Mnh la cdc nffdc chdu PM va mdt sd nffdc d khu vffc My Latinh Ba Id, tang trffdng kirM te di ddi vdi tien bd vd edng bang xa hdi, hay dien dat mdt cdch Wnh dnh nhff Chu tieh Ho CM Minh da ndi: "Nffdc dang, thuyen len" Nffdc dang, thuyen len ngWa Id sdn xuai phai tang trffdc, eai tWen ddi sd'ng di sau, nhffng di hen vdi tang sdn xuai, chff khdng tdch rdi Hd Chi Minh vi edng cudc xdy dffng dai nffdc nhff ddo mot eai gieng de lay nffdc hay trdng cdy de ld'y qua an Ngffdi ddo gieng phdi chiu khdt rdi mdi cd nffdc, ngffdi trdng eay phai gang vun trdng tW mdi chdng ed qud Ddi vdi Viet Nam, Ddng ta ehu trffdng tang trffdng kinh te den dau phai thffe Wen edng bang xa hdi den day Khdng the chd ddi den kM kinh te dat den trinh dp phat trien eao mdi Mffe Men edng bang xa hdi, edng khdng Me hy sinh cdng bang xa hdi de chay theo tang trffdng kinh te ddn thuan vi ldi ich cua mdt bd pban tMeu so' De ddm bdo edng bang xa hpi, ed nhieu giai phdp, nhffhg theo ehung tdi, trffdc mat can thffc Men tMffng gidi phdp cd ban sau: Mpt Id, xay dffng mdt nhd nffdc phdp quyen xa hpi chu ngMa vdi che dp dan chii, kinh te, van hda phdt trien, kien quyei xda bd ddc quyen, dac quyen, bao edp ddn trai Phdi that sff phdt huy dan chu vd tao mpi dieu kien de nhdn dan Mam gia quyei dmh nhuhg vd'n de hpng dai eua ddi nffdc (cd the trffc tiep hay thdng qua Qud'c hdi, Hdi ddng nhan dan cde cap) Thffc Men dung vd tdi phffdng chdm: dan biet, dan ban, dan lam, dan kiem tra va ebinb nhan ddn la ngffdi thu hffdng ket qua eua nhflhg giai pbdp dd Kien quyei xda bd ddc quyen, Iflng doan hoat ddng kinh te, dam bdo cho mpi ngffdi deu binh dang ve quyen kirM doanh, dau M va ldm ngWa vu ddi vdi nha nffdc vd xa hdi Hai Id, phdt huy tdi da cdc ngudn life ben tiong 50 NGUYIN TAN HUNG vd ben ngoai vdo dau M phdt trien, dae biet can chu trpng eae ngudn life nffdc, nhan dan, bdi day la ngudn life rai quan trpng vd Id yeu td quyet dinh; thffe Men xa hpi hda nMem vu den dn dap ngMa, coi day khdng cM la nMem vii eua nha nffdc, ma cdn la nMem vii cua todn xa hdi; xay dffng cdc chffdng trinh xda ddi giam ngheo; ban hdnh cdc chinh sdch dam bao an sinh xa bdi, nhff chinh sdch ffu dai, bao Mem xa hdi, hd cap xd bdi, clM te xa hdi va Mdng hd xa hpi; giam dan sff each Met giffa cdc vung, imen Tie'p de'n, ffu tien dau M cho xay dffng cd s6 tang giao thdng, nang Iffdng, kei ca'u tang kinh te - xa bdi ndng thdn; dau M nMeu bdn vdo cdc edng trinh phat trien gido due, y te d vung sdu, vflng xa; quan tdm dau M phdt trien cde vung dac biet khd khan, vung ddng bdo dan tde tMeu so, vflng can cff each mang vd khdng cMen trffdc day, vflng bi cMen hanh tan phd, Ba la, kien quyet chd'ng tham nhung, sff dung cd Men qua cdc ngudn vien trd tMdn dao, ngan chan tinh hang an bdt, an chan Thffc Men cdng bang phan phdi va thu nhap theo phffdng thffc phan phdi theo lao ddng Cdng khai, mirM bach tdi chinh, tdi sdn cdng va tff Tao ed hpi iMff rMau cho tai ca cac tang Idp dan cff va cd tMdn phdt huy tai nang, tham gia vao sff ngMep phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi Bdn Id, can tie'n bdnh mdt cudc da'u haiM quyet het, ed sff tham gia cua cac cap, ede ngdnh, sff dung nMeu "binh chung hdp thanh", nMeu bien phap ket hdp de ngan chan va day Ifli cd Men qua nhflng Men tffdng lam gidu bang mpi gia, - CONG BANG XA HOI bai chap phdp Mat (nhff budn gian, bdn Ian, lifa dao, dau cd, ) hoac maiM ldm, vi day cMnh la nhan td vffa lam tdn hai den tang trffdng kiiM te ehung, vffa tao bai edng xa hdi Idn nhai i| Ndm Id, khac phuc va ban che cde khuyet tat eua nen kinh te thi trffdng, nhai Id sff phdn hoa giau ngheo; tao dieu kien cho nhufng ngffdi tiiiet thdi, riii ro cd dieu kien vffdn len hda nhap cpng ddng Tao lap nep sd'ng van minh, tri va phdt huy ban sdc van hda dan tde, gdp phan hao dam sff phat trien nhanh vd ben vffng eua dat nffdc I Hieu qua cua cdng bang xa hdi la dn dinh xa hpi, nang cao chai Iffdng cudc sd'ng cua nhan dan De tbtfc hien cdng bang xa hdi cd Meu qua Dang va Nhd nffdc ngoai viec cd nhflng cMnh sach dung dan vd kip thdi, can phdi tiiifc Men cdc chinh sach dd dung mue tieu, dffng doi Mdng va dam bao ehinh sdch xa hdi di vdo cuoc sd'ng Hieu qua eua ede ehii trffdng, cMnh sdch phai bang nhffng chuyen bie'n cu the tren tifng dia phffdng, tffng doanh nghiep va cd scl Chinb sdch xa hdi phdi dffdc cu the hda bang cde ehffdng trinh, dif an cd muc tieu, Wnh Manh cac quy xa hpi, phdt huy sffc manh cua cpng ddng, ciia cd sd vd cua cac td cbffc xa hdi, xdy dffng va phdt trien he thd'ng sff ngMep vd dich vii xd hpi, nham mang lai cho ngffdi ddn mot cudc sd'ng edng bang nhieu hdn, day dii, tien ngM hdn va tdt dep hdn, dung nhff ban chd't ctia che dp xa hdi chu ngMa ma toan Dang, toan quan, toan dan ta mdt long ddc sffc xay dffng MIIH ... the ed md Wnh cd san Qua bdn 20 nam ddi mdi, nffdc t? da dat dffdc nWeu thdnh tffu: Kinh te da dat tdc dp tang trffdng khd cao hen tue iMieu nam, nam sau eao hdn nam trffdc; ddi sd'ng cua dai da... binh: 0,498 (nam 1991) len mffe tren trung binh: 0,688 (nam 2000), xep thff 109/173 nffdc dffdc thd'ng ke Tuy da cd bffde phdt trien khd nhff vffa qua, tMffng diem xuai phdt tha'p nen Men nay, nffdc... (20%) va iMdm ngheo nhai (20%) tdng sd dan eff ca nffdc la 5,6 lan d nam 1992, den nam 1997-1998 da tang len 10,47 lan Ma'y nam gan day, viec xda ddi giam ngheo cd xu hffdng chdm lai, so' hp ngheo