Sự phát triển xã hội dân sự ở Camuchia.pdf

1 ,/ SLf PHAT TRIEN XA HOI DAN Sl/ d CAMPUCHIA • • CAO THI MAI HOA* Tom tat: Thdng lgi eua cupc tdng tuyin cU cung v&i stt d&i bdn hiin phdp cua vuang qudc Campuchia ndm 1993 Id ddu mdc lich sU quan trgng dc nhdn ddn Campuchia bit&c vdo thai ky lieh sU m&i - th&i ky xdy dttng vd phdt trien ddt nttdc Thdng ndm 1993, qudc hpi vd ehinh phu Campuchia ditgc thdnh ldp, Vitang qudc Campuchia dugc tdi lap, xd hpi dan stt m&i thttc sU cd diiu kien cdn vd du di d&i V&i che dp chinh tri dn dinh, ddm bdo an ninh qudc gia, Campuchia dang tren dit&ng thay doi vd phdt trien kinh ti ddt nitdc, dd thu dttac nhiiu thdnh tttu l&n tr&n cdc linh vitc phdt triin kinh ti, vdn hda xd hdi vd quan he ddi ngogi V&i cdc quy tdc td chite xd hpi dan stt linh hogt vd nhgn dugc sit hd trg tdi chinh b&n ngodi, xd hpi ddn stt & Campuchia da nhanh chdng phdt trien Tiif khoa: Campuchia, Td chite xd hpi ddn stt, To chttc phi chinh phU, Xd hpi ddn sii iep dinh hda binh Paris ve CampucMa nam 1991 danh da'u stt ddi xa hdi dan stt Campuchia, vay stt hinh dd la mdt qua trinh vdi nhiMg tien dl xa hdi, Mnh te, ehinh tri Ttt dau nhiihg nam 90 eua the ky XX, nha't la ttt sau nam 1993, xa hdi dan stt Campuchia da cd stt phat trien vttpt bac so vdi trttdc dd Chinh phu Campuchia danh gia eao vM trd eua xa hdi dan stt viee phuc hdi va phat trien Mnh te-xa hdi va khang dinh stt hdp tac gitta nha nttdc va cae td chttc xa hdi dan stt de tang cttdng dan ehu, quyln ttt do, trat ttt xa hdi H Tien de hinh xa hpi dan s\i c( Campuchia 1.1 Tien de xa hgi Trong xa hpi ndng nghiep truyen thdng Campuchia ttt xa xtta da tdn tai stt ed kit va nhuhg mdi Hen ke't chat che theo cMlu ngang cua nhflng ctt dan cae lang xa Ngttdi dan hdp tac, tttdng trd Ifin cac cdng viec trdng cay, gat hai, lam nha va ehuan bi ll hpi dac biet nha chiia trd trung tam cua ddi sdng xa hpi CampucMa la qudc gia lay Phat giao lam qudc giao Theo truyin thdng, tap tue va * Ths Cao Thi Mai Hoa, Vien Nghien cttu DOng Nam A Cao Thi Mai Hoa - Su phdt trien xd hdi tidn stt d Campuchia theo tinh than cua Dttc Phat, da sd cdng dong dan ctt CampucMa hdp tac, giflp dd lan nhau, gan ket dM sdng lao dpng Ngttdi dan IMig den vdi cac nhdm ttt giup dd lan nhau, cac nhdm cd stt ket ndi vdi nha ehua 35 ldi xa hdi chu nghia, thttc Men nen kinh te ke hoach hoa tap trung Cud'i nhttng nam 80 cua the ky XX, trttdc nhflhg thay ddi cua tinh hinh khu vttc va qud'c te, CMnh phu CampucMa da cd nhtthg thay ddi dttdng ldi ddi npi va ddi ngoai CMnh phu Nha chua nhtt mpt trung tam truyen CampucMa da thttc Men khoan hd va cho thdng cho cac td chttc nd life vi lpi ich phep cac thMdi phan kinh te ttt nhan tdn ehung, khdng cM la trung tam ton giao ma tai Cudi nam 1989, CMnh phu cam ket cdn la trung tam xa hdi, van hda Nha cham dttt can tMep vao qua trinh hoat chua cd stt Uen quan mat tMet den boat dpng san xuat kinh doanh cua eae ed sd dpng xa hpi Theo dd, cac hoat dpng dan stt san xua't, ban hMib luat thtta ke, quyen sd Uen quan den nha ehua se phai theo cac hull ttt nhan, banh hanh luat dau ttt nttdc diiu khoan, tuan theo cac tieu chuan va gia ngoM Nhttng thay ddi quan trpng tren da tri nguyen tac dao dttc Phat giao nham tao stt cdi md ve ttt tttdng, ddng thdi muc dieh thfle day Nha chua thttdng dttdc tang cttdng phat trien quan he, hflu nghi xem la vttdt trpi so vdi nha nttdc viee va hdp tac vdi cae qud'c gia khu vttc va the gidi tham dtt vao cac nhu cau cua edng ddng Den dau nhtthg nam 90 cua the ky XX, Ben canh dd, qua trinh hdp tac nhuhg dieu Men trttc tiep eho viec Mnh eiia cpng ddng dan ctt, nhflhg td chttc, va phat trien xa hdi dan stt d nhom ngttdi dttdc hinh thMih mot each ttt CampucMa da xua't Men Sau Mep dinh phat cd trach nMem td chttc thttc Men cac Paris, dac Met la sau kM ehinh the vttdng cdng viec cu the nhtt ciing ban bac vl qudc CampucMa dttdc tai lap, da't nttdc mdt van dl ehung, cung dieu hMih, cMa se CampucMa bttde vao thdi ky hda binh, dn cdng viec Vdi mpt qua trinh keo dM nhtt dinh va phat trien, tao dieu Men cho stt vay, xa hpi CampucMa da cd mpt bttde xuat Men mdt xa hdi dan stt theo nghia ehuyen ttt xa hpi cpng ddng tinh sang mot trpn ven cua khai Mem Theo Hiep xa hpi Mep hdi tinh Day la nhuhg tiin de dinh, cd quan quyen life lam thdi d xa hdi bttde dau cho viec hinh thMih mdt CampucMa (UNTAC) da dttpe ehinh thttc xa hdi dan stt dich thttc sau lap 19/2/1992 NMem vu cua 1.2 Tien de chinh tri UNTAC bao gdm tang cttdng xa hdi dan stt Hiep dinh hda binh Paris vl CampucMa d CampucMa nhtt mot phan eua tien trinh la mdc dMih dau stt ddi xa hdi dan stt hda binh, cung vdi chttdng trinh nghi stt CampucMa nhttng nd la mpt qua trinh, da toan cau vao thdi diem dd UNTAC tuyen bat dau trttdc dd khoang 10 nam Ttt thang bd viec tang cttdng xa hdi dan stt la stt bao 01/1979, sau kM lat dd che dp diet chung dam can tMet nhat de chdng lai stt dan ap Pol Pot, CampucMa phat trien theo dttdng bdi che dp diet chung Pol Pot - long Sary 36 qua khtt Ttt sau lap Chinh phu Hoang gia va Qudc hpi thdng qua Men phap (1993) tM xa hdi dan stt mdi thttc stt cd dttdc diiu Men can va du de ddi Viec Hien phap khang dinh Campuchia la mdt qude gia dan chu, ttt vl ttt tttdng, da nguyen vl cMnh tri va thtta nhan, bao hd quyen ca nhan, hanh phuc cua nhan dan, dd ed quyln ttt lap hpi, hiep hpi hay ngMep doan da tao diiu Men va Meh thich stt ddi cua nMlu td chttc xa hdi dan stt Cac nha lanh dao Chinh phu Vttdng qudc CampucMa ttt nMem ky I den nhiem ky III ludn ung hd cac boat dpng eua cae td chttc xa hdi dan stt Trong cttdng linh chinh tri cua Chinh phu nhiem ky III (thanh lap 16/7/2004), CMnh phu CampucMa tiep tuc khang dinh, danh gia rat cao vai trd cua xa hdi dan stt va cho rang can tiep tuc eung ed cMnh sach ve hdp tae gitta nha nttdc va cac td chttc dan stt dtta tren chu trttdng cua nha nttdc de tang cttdng dan chu, quyen ttt do, trat ttt xa hdi, tdn trpng phap Mat CMnh phu khuyen khich boat ddng cua cac td chttc XHDS, hoan nghenh cac td chttc XHDS qud'e te viec phuc hdi va phat trien Mnh te -xa hdi Nghien cim Ddng Nam A, sd 11/2016 hM he qua: Nha nttdc khdng cdn va khong th^ Mem soat ta't ca mpi thtt, dieu tao dieu Men cho cac td chttc phi cMnh phu cd dieu Men hoat dpng mpt each dpc lap - Nha nttdc khong cdn dam nhidm chile nang cung cap hay bao cap vat chat cho ngttM dan, dac biet giM doan dau, mdi thttc Men qua t n n h chuyen ddi tif n l n Mnh te tap trung, quan lieu, bao cap sang n l n kinh te thi trttdng Trong bdi canh dd, mpt sd td chttc xa hdi dttdc ddi de lap vao chd trdng Chinh phu de lai nham dap flhg nhu cau tdi thieu ddi sdng cua nhan dan Chinh vi vay, tinh chat quan he gitta nha nttdc cdng dan, nha nttdc - td chttc xa hpi cung thay ddi theo httdng quan he ddi tac chtt khdng phai la quan he chi huy, quan he phu thudc nhif trttde day Stf phat trien xa hpi dan s\i cf Campuchia Nhflhg nam 90 chttng Men stt phat trien manh me cua cac td chttc xa hpi dan sif Hau hiet cac loai td chttc xa hdi dan sif (CSO) da phat trie'n, tieu bieu nhat la sif md rong dang ke cua NGOs dttdc tai trd bdi cac nha tai trd qudc te Nam 1989, lan 1.3 Tien de ve kinh te dau tien td chttc nhan dao pM cMnh phii Ttt sau nam 1993, cung vdi viec thttc qudc te da tdi Campuchia va lap cac hien dan ehu, ttt do, da nguyen ve cMnh td chttc pM chinh phu (NGO) dia phttdng tri, CampucMa da thttc Men nen Mnh te sau dd Td chttc phi chinh phu npi dia thi trttdng, ttt nhan hda nen Mnh te Theo dau tien cua Campuchia dttdc lap Hien phap Campuchia, Vttdng qud'e vao nam 1991 cac sang Men cua td chttc CampucMa se thdng qua he thd'ng Mnh te p h a t trien nttdc ngoai, dae biet la thi trttdng Ttt hda nen Mnh te, xet dttdi UNATCi NMlu td chttc pM chinh phu npi gde dp hinh xa hpi dan stt dtta de'n dia da dttdc tMet lap thdi gian Cao Thi Mai Hoa - Stt phdt trien xd hdi ddn stt d Campuchia 37 UNTAC thttc Men nMem vu (1992-1993) Phan ldn cac td chttc boat dpng giao due ctt tri va thttc Men quyen ngttdi sd NGOs dflng each thttc, vi cdn cd phong phfl cac loai Td chttc dtta tren cdng ddng (CBO) chtta dMig ky nttdc Theo diln Vdi quy tac Hnh hoat va quy dinh dl dan NGO, cac CSO cd vM trd quan trpng dMig vdi ngudn quy nttdc ngoai, cpng ddng ddi vdi xa hpi CampucMa dd la cung cap CSO da phat trien rat nhanh NMeu CSO dieh vu; tao thuan ldi cho dd'i thoai; thfle hd trd va tham cM thay the cdng viec cua day nhan quyln; van dpng; va ttt van cac cd quan nha nttdc vl cung cap dich vu cMnh sach Uy ban hdp tac Campuchia phat trien nong thdn, giao due, y te (CCC) la mdt td chttc vien cd vM trd va phat trien xa hdi NgoM CSO cdn cMnh la boat dpng nhtt mdt tieng ndi cua dttdc tham gia vao viec xay dttng nang life, CSOs quan he vdi cMnh phu va cdng cMa se thdng tin, van ddng chinh sach, ddng cac nha tai trd Dien dan NCX) la giam sat va danh gia cac dtt an phat trien mpt td chttc diiu phd'i cho 100 CSO lam quy md ldn; mpt sd CSO quan ly tai viec vl phat trien, mdi trttdng va van de nguyen tMen nMen va da't dM Cac td chttc sinh ke Cac uy ban hoat ddng nhan quyen tai edng ddng cung da xua't Men (Cambodian Human Right Action Committee CHRAC) la mpt Hen minh eua Cac to chttc pM ehinh phu qudc te (INCX)) ddng mpt vM trd quan trpng 21 CSOs hoat ddng thfle day va tdn trpng cflu trd nhan dao sau kM lat dd cMnh nhan quyln, dan chu va phap quyen d quyln Khmer Do nam 1979 Trong giM CampucMa"* doan nay, INCJO da tien hanh httdng dSn, Nam 2009, mdt mang Ittdi CSO dttpe td van dpng ngttdi dan Campuchia cupc chttc boat ddng ve bien ddi kM hau Mang tdng tuyen ctt Trong sudt thap Men 80 va bien ddi kM hau qud'c gia (NCCN) gdm dau thap men 90, td chttc pM chinh phu khoang 45 td chtte^ vdi mue tieu chinh la qud'e te hoat ddng tai CampucMa chu yeu cM tMen stt phd'i hdp cac nha tai trd, xa tap trung vao cac chttdng trinh cung cap hdi dan stt, eae nha ngMen cttu va dai dien dich vu^ Tuy nMen, sau cd eae nha tai cMnb phu de tao diiu Men cMa se thdng trd song phttdng va da phttcttig vad nam tm va xay dtthg nang life cho cac 1993, cac td chttc pM cMnh phu qud'c te vien mang NgoM ra, cac nhdm cd sd chuyen sang phat trien cdng ddng truyin khdng cMnh thttc eung ed mang Ittdi rieng thdng Trong sud't thap Men 90, sd td chttc cua hp Cd gan 30 nhdm ttt nhttng ngttdi pM chfnh phu cd stt tang nhanh dang kl ndng dan, ngtt dan, cae nha boat ddng mdi Con sd chinh xae cua cac CSO d CampucMa chtta dttdc rd nhttng Men tai ed 3.500 td chttc N(JO da dang ky dd cd khoang 1.000 td chttc dang boat ddng, dd ed 200 NGO qude te dang boat ddng^ Sd Ittdng cac CSO rd rang vflpt qua trttdng, lam ngMep, phu ntt, edng nhan, nghe si Nhttng mang Ittdi dttdc td chttc Hpi nhan dan Campuchia cap ed sd (CGPA) cd nhdm ndng cdt va mdt sd fly ban Cac vien eua cac fly ban ttt cac mang khac va ttt cac hdi Nghien cim Ddng Nam A, sd 11/2016 38 vien dia phttdng CGPA da nhan dttdc nMeu hd trd ttt NCJOs nhtt NCX) Hanh ddng vi Mdi trttdng va Cpng ddng (AEC), Cdng ddng Trung tam giao due phap Mat (CLEC) Nam 2012, CampucMa cd 1315 td chttc xa hdi dan stt (dttdc de cap den nhtt cac N(30) da dttdc thMih lap, dd 1.130 td chttc (85,9%) cd Mnh pM^ Xa hpi dan stt hdn hdp la mpt thuat ngtt dau tien dttdc ap dung cho Campuchia gdm NCX) dia phttdng va CBO tai Campuchia Xa hdi dan stt hdn hdp bdi vi cd stt tdn tai cua dia phttdng, nha nttdc va ldi ich nttdc ngoai Cac Cd quan xa hpi dan stt thttdng dttdc Mnh ttt ldi ich cua ngttdi dan dia phttdng nhuhg thttdng dttdc stt hd trd ttt cac td chttc NGO va ddi kM cd stt tham gia cua chmh quyen dia phttdng vdi ttt each la vien hay tham cM la iMih dao Cac td chttc xa hpi dan stt, cac Mep hdi, cac boat dpng tap the hoac cac phong trao phue vu ldi leh cua cac vien chtt khdng phai cua cdng chflng ndi chung nhtt cac nhdm, hdi men, cdng doan, Mep hdi nghe ngMep (vi du nhtt hiep hpi gao Miller) vdi mpt cd sd thMih vien rd rang, cd boat dpng phong trao xa hdi hoac cac cude bieu tinh Cac mang Ittdi mdi nd'i nhtt CAMPRO (Campuchia Network ke dd cac dieu tra dan sd NGO nam 2011 da dttdc thttc Men de xac dinh so Ittdng cac td chttc pM chinh phu va cac Mep hpi d CampucMa Trong tdng sd cac td chifc dang ky vdi Bp Npi vu, 54,4% da dttdc dang ky nhtt cac NCX) va 46,3% dttdc dang ky nhtt cac hiep hdi Den nam 2010, cd 508 to chttc pM chmh phu qudc te (theo Uet ke cua bd Ngoai giao)^ Tuy nMen, cd mdt sd td chttc dang ky nhtt hiep hpi nhtthg cd chiic nang gid'ng nhtt cae NCX) va ngttpc lai Trong tdng sd 2.982 td chttc dang ky vdi Bo Npi vu, 904 td chttc (cMem 30%) dang hoat ddng va 98 td chttc (3%) khdng boat dpng, 140 td chttc da ddng ctta, nMen cM co 33 td chttc cd bao cao chinh thttc Ket qua diiu tra cho thay, 322 INCX) (cMe'm 63%) tri boat dpng, 17 INGO (3%) khdng ehmh thttc da ddng ctta, dd 34 % la khdng Hen lac dttpc^ KET LUAN Cac td chttc xa hpi dan stt da cd stt dong gdp dMig ke cho stt phat trien xa hpi va kinh te cua Campuchia ba mttdi nam qua, la chat xflc tac khdng the tMeu eho sif thay ddi cupc sd'ng cua hang trieu ngttdi dan Campuchia, la life Ittdng quan trpng sdng edn xa hpi Campuchia Cac td chttc xa hdi dan stt la nhtthg td chttc Professional) la mpt hinh thttc mdi cua xa t d ^ tai ben ngoai cMnh phu, gia dinh, hdi dan stt doanh ngMep ttt nhan ke ttt tai xua't Sau ban dtt thao dau tien cua Luat Men dau nhtthg nam 1980 da ddng Hiep hpi va cac td chttc NCX) (Lango) dttdc mpt vM trd quan trpng stt phuc hoi phat hanh nam 2010, da cd mdt sd cua Campuchia ttt nhilu thap ky bi cd lap Ittdng ldn Hiep hdi va NGO dang ky, va xung dot Ke ttt thdi gian dd, cae td chttc nhien theo cac ed quan quan ly dang ky thi xa hpi dan stt da trd nhuhg ngttdi sd Ittdng thttc te dttdc cho la tha'p hdn dang tham gia tich ctte ta't ca eae kMa Cao Thi Mai Hoa - Stt phdt triin xd hdi ddn stt d c a n h xa hdi CampucMa va chinh sach cdng, IMn viec trttc t i e p vdi ta't ca cac bp ngMih eua chinh p h u CampucMa va is ta't ca cae t i n h de giflp d a m bao r a n g ta't ca mpi ngttdi d i u dttdc t h a m gia vao tMig trttdng va p h a t trien dat nttdc T r o n g nMeu linh vttc quan trpng, hp eung cap dich vu t M e t yeu va thdng t m de cM t M e n cupc sdng cua ngttdi dan CSO da cd nhtthg ddng gdp d a n g ke ddi vdi nhiihg cM t i e n va bien ddi xa hdi CampucMa, hd trd p h a t t r i e n cac CSO ttt cap cd sd, t r a o quyen eho cac ca n h a n va cpng ddng, v a n dpng e h i n h sach t o a n dien va cdng b a n g , bao ve q u y l n lpi httdng tdi stt Campuchia 39 20 years'strengthening of Cambidia civil society: time for reflection, OU Sivhuoch and KIM Sedara, 2013, dang tren website https://www.edri.org.kh/webdata/download/wp/wp85e.pdf, khai thae 26/4/2016 CSO Contributions to the Development of Cambodia 2011, dang tren website http://csoeffeetiveness.org/IMG/pdf/eee_cso_ contributions_to_developmentreport.pdf, khai thdc 16/6/2016 CSO Contributions to the Bevelopment of Cambodia 2011, dang tren website http://csoeffeetiveness.org/IMG/pdf7ccc_cso_ contributions_to_developmentreport.pdf, khai thac 16/6/2016 doMi k e t xa hdi./ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHU THIGH Civil society briefs Cambodia, dang tren website https://www.adb.org/sites/default/fLl es/publication/28965/csb-cam.pdf, khai thac 14/5/2015 Civil society briefs Cambodia, dang tren website https://www.adb.org/sites/defaulffil es/pubKcation/28965/csb-cam.pdf, khai thac 14/5/2015 Reflections on Cambodia Civil Society, dang tren website https://www.kepa.fi/tiedostot/r eflection_paper_cainbodia_2015_0.pdf, khai thac 20/3/2016 Reflections on Cambodia Civil Society, dang tren website https://www.kepa.fi/tiedostot/reflection_pap er_eambodia_2015_0.pdf, khai thac 20/3/2016 Reflections on Cambodia Civil Society, dang tren website httpsy/www.kepa.fVtiedos tot/reflection_paper_cainbodia_2015_0.pdf, khai thac 20/3/2016 Consultations with Civil Society, dang tren website http://siteresources.worldbank.org 10 CSO Contributions to the Bevlopment of Cambodia 2012 opportunities and challenges, dang tren website http://vsrww.ccccambodia.org 11 NGO's Approach to Community Bevelopment in Rural Cambodia, dang tren website http://www.cicp.org.kh, 12 Grassroots Civil Society in Cambodia, dang tren website http://www.cascambodia.org 13 Role of Media and civil Society in a Democracy: A Cambodia Case Study, dang tren website httpy/www.cicp.org.kh/ 14 The Role of Civil Society in influencing Policy and Practice in Cambodia, dang tren website https://www.worldcitizenspanel.com, 15 The 2014 CSO Sustainnability Index for Asia, dang tren website http://www.ccc-cambodia.org, 16 The Role of Government and Civil Society in the Maintenance of Peace and Security, http://vvww.cicp.org.kh