en ciiu -Trao ddi • Nghien DANH GIA HIEU QUA MOT SO CHINH SACH PHAT TRiEN XA HQI VUNG DONG BAO DAN TOC THiEU SO Of TAY NGUYEN TS TRAN VAN THACH**' Tdm tat: Phdt trien xd hdi viing ddng bdo ddn tdc thieu so & nu&c ta, cd dia bdn Toy Nguyen, luon dugc Ddng vd Nhd nu&c ddc biet quan tdm Tinh den da cd hdng tram chuang trinh, chinh sdch dugc ban hdnh vd dang tdc dgng den doi sdng cita cdc bdn lang Toy Nguyen Bdi viet ndy se dua nhihig ddnh gid khdi qudt ve hieu qua chinh sdch phdt trien xa hdi tren mdt sd ITnh vue thiet yeu nhdt cua doi sdng ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu sd & Tdy Nguyen, chi ro mot sd bdt cap qua trinh thiee thi chinh sdch vd de xudt kien nghi Tir khda: chinh sdch phdt trim xd hgi; ddng bdo ddn tgc thieu sd; Tdy Nguyen I Khai qu^t vh chinh sach phat trien xa hoi vung Song bao dan • t§c thilu so d Tay Nguyen Theo soat cua Uy ban Dan tdc, den nam 2014, da cd han 130 chinh saeh phat tridn kmh ta - xa hgi duge trian khai thue hien d vung dan tde, mian niii cua ca nude '*' Hpc vien Chinh tri khu virc HI, Hgc vi?n Chinh tri qu6c gia Ho Chi Minh ndi ehung va Tay Nguydn ndi riang, dd cd nhieu chinh sach xa hgi quan trgng Tinh rieng giai doan tir nam 1996 dan nay, Dang va Nha nude da ban hanh nhiau nghi quyet, quylt dinh, chi thi vh phat trian kinh ta - xa hgi va bao dam qudc phdng, an ninh viing Tay Nguyen cu thd: Quyat djnh sd 656-TTg, 13/9/1996 eua Thu tudng Chinh phii v'e phat trian kinh ta - xa hdi viing Tay Nguyan thdi ki 19962000 va 2001 - 2010; Chuang trinh phat Khoa hoc chinh tri - So 2/2019 • Nghien ciiu - Trao doi trian kinh ta - xa hdi eae xa dae biet khd khan mian niii va viing sau, vung xa (ggi tat \i Chuang trinh 135/'^ bao gdm: hd trg dSu tu ca sd tSng, hd trg phat trian san xuit cho eac xa dae biet khd khan, xa bien gidi, xa an toan khu, eae thdn, ban dae biet kho khan, la dy an phan eiia Chuang trinh muc tieu qude gia giam nghao ban vfing; Quyat dinh sd 168/2001/QD-TTg, 30/10/2001 eiia Thu tudng Chinh phu ve vi?c dinh hudng dai ban, kd hoach nam 2001-2005 va nhGng giai phap ca ban phat trign kinh te - xa hgi vung Tay Nguyan; Nghi quyat s6 10-NQ/TW, 18/01/2002 cua Bg Chinh tri va phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, bao dam qudc phdng, an ninh viing Tay Nguyen thdi ki 200I-20IO; Quyat djnh sd 132/2002/QD-TTg, 08/10/2002 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu va viee giai quyet dat a, dat san xuat cho ddng bao dan tdc thiau s5 tai ehd d Tay Nguyan; Quyat dinh sd 134/2004/QD-TTg, 20/7/2004 vk thuc hien mgt sd ehinh saeh hd trg dat san xuat, dit d, nha d va nude sinh boat eho hg ddng bao dan tgc thiau sd ngheo, ddi sdng khd khan; Quyat dinh sd 936/2012/QD-TTg, 18/7/2012 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phii ve vi|c pha duyet quy hoach tdng tha phat iriSn kinh ta - xa hgi viing Tay Nguyan dan nam 2020 Cae chuang trinh va nghi quyet duac bo sung, md r^ng ddi tugng va bao phii, duge trian khai thue hien ed tinh ke thiia va lian tye, bd sung cae chinh saeh dae thfi qua bing giai doan, nhu: Quyat dinh sd 755/QD-TTg, 20/5/2013 v'e phe duyet chinh saeh hd trg dit d, dat san xuit, nude sinh hoat cho hg ddng bao dan tgc thieu sd ngheo va hg ngheo d xa, thdn, ban dac biet fchokhan giai doan 2013-2015; Quyat dinh s6 74/QD-UBDT, 29/02/2016 Lfy ban Dan tgc v'e pha duyet danh sach 372 thdn % bi?t khd khan eiia 31 tinh, phd hue thugc Trung uang, hoan muc tieu Chuang trinh 135 nam 2015 Nhd vay Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 2/2019 nhiing ehinh saeh da gia tang ea hdi eho eac hd ngheo hudng Igi tir tuu phat tridn kinh ta va giiip hg cai thien diau kien sdng cung nhu tang eo hgi da thoat ngheo, tang kha nang tiep can eac nhu cau xa hgi nhu viee lam, y ta, dien va nude saeh Ben eanh dd, Bg Chinh tri da ban hanh Kat luan sd 12-KL/TW, 24/10/2011 v'e viee tiap tuc thue hien Nghi quyat sd 10NQ/TW khda IX vh phat trian viing Tay Nguyen thdi ki 2011-2020 Ngoai ra, Thii tudng Chinh phu cdn ban hanh nhieu ca cha dac thu giup Tay Nguyen huy dgng ngudn luc xay dung kdt cau tang kinh ta - xa hdi, thiie day san xuat, nang cao ddi sdng cua ddng bao cae dan tde Cae bd, ban, nganh da kip thdi xay dung chuong trinh hanh ddng thue hien eae nghi quyat eua Bd Chinh trj, tang eudng lue lugng, can bg cho Tay Nguyen, giai quyet kip thdi nhirng van da an sinh xa hdi ca ban cho ngudi dan, bao dam phat trian ben viing Vi vay, ed tha khang dinh, Dang, Nha nude da va dang rSt quan tam de eae chinh sach phat trian kinh ta - xa hdi vung Tay Nguydn, nhit la dia ban ddng bao dan tde thiau sd sinh sdng Danh gia hieu qua mgt so chinh sach phat triln xS hgi d Tay NguySn - Chinh sdch nhd a, ddt a, ddt sdn xudt, dien, nu&c sinh hogt Cimg vdi chinh sach chung phat triin mian mil ca nude Dang va Chinh phu da ed nhiau ehu tnrang, chinh sach dac thu ddi vdi vimg dan tde thiau sd Tay Nguyan, tren eo sd dSy manh thuc hi?n chinh sach dan tdc, tap trung giai quyat nhirng van da cap bach v'e ddt dai, nba d, giao rirng, giai quydt viec lam, xda ddi, giam ngheo, nang cao ddi sdng cua ddng bao cae dan tde thiau sd Trudc het, chinh saeh giai quyet dat d, dat san xuat, nha d, nude sinh boat cho hd ddng bao dan tdc thiau sd ngheo duge trien khai nan tuc tir nam 2002 dan thdng • Nghien cihi - Trao ddi qua cae chuong trinh: 132, 134, 154, 167 va gin day la Quyat dinh so 755/QD-TTg, 20/5/2013 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu Tinh chung eac ehuang trinh, da an da thuc hien, toan Vimg da gmi quyet tran 56 nghin dat d va dit san xuat cho hon 95 nghin hd; cap nude sinh boat eho 120 nghin hd; hd trg lam mdi, sira chira khoang 140 nghin can nha Ne ca ban, nhiing ehinh saeh da dap ling dugc nhu eau cap bach trude mat \e dat dai, nba d vung dan tgc thidu sd Nhd nhiing chu tnrang, chinh sach hd trg dac thii ndi tren, dieu kien san xuat va ddi sdng eua ddng bao cae dan tgc thiau sd Tay Nguyan khdng ngirng chuyen bien tieh cue Tir nam 2010 dan nam 2014, Vung Tay Nguyan da giam sd lugng hg ngheo tir 174.281 hd xudng edn 96.879 hd, giam ti la hd ngheo toan vimg xda dugc 94.664 bg ngheo, tir 22,85% (nam 2010) xudng edn 11,22% (nam 2014) Hon 1/2 sd budn lang tu ngheo ddi da vuon lan mirc thu nhap kha va trung binh He thdng dudng giao thdng, dien, trudng hgc, nha tre, tram y ta, chg, cae edng trinh cap nude sinh boat, buu dien van hda d ndng thdn dugc quan tam dau tu xay dung Dan nay, tren 90%» sd budn lang ed dien ludi qudc gia, cd nha tre, mau giao, nha sinh hoat cdng ddng; khoang 65% sd hg dugc dimg nude sinh boat hgp ve sinh Day cd tha coi la mdt nhirng tuu dang ghi nhan qua trinh thuc bien chinh saeh dan toe Nhu vay, viec trian khai cae ehinh saeh da gdp phan giai quyet duge ea ban nhiing khd khan ve dat d, dat san xuat, dien, nude sinh hoat va tang giao thdng, gdp phin giam ngheo va nang eao ddi sdng eua ddng bao dan tgc thieu sd tren dia ban Tay Nguyen thdng qua su tiap can va thu budng tdt hon ddi vdi eac nhu cau xa hdi thiet yau Tuy nhian, eae ehinh saeh giai quyat dit san xuat theo eae Chuang trinh 134, 132 cd dinh miie giao dat tdi thiau/hd edn qua thap so vdi nhu cau, ehua phu hgp vdi phat tnen sinh ka cua ddng bao dan tde tbidu sd d Tay Nguydn (hau hat ap dung dinh miic giao dat tdi thieu) Vdi miic ban dian thip nhu v^y thi ehi cd ddng bao ngudi Kinh vdi so it dan tdc thiau so cd trinh tham canh cao mdi du kha nang tao dii thu nhap dh thoat ngheo, cdn vdi dai bg phan hg ddng bao dan toe thiau sd d tinh trang trinh kT thuat canh tae edn thip kem thi rit khd tao duge miie thu nhap thoat ngheo Do thidu ngudn luc ca ban da dn dinh sinh ka la dat dai nan viec thoat ngheo va phat trian ban viing la dieu khd khan - Chinh sdch ve khdm chita benh, cham sdc y ti Quyat dinh so 139/2002/QD-TTg, 15/10/2002 eua Thu tudng Chinh phu da tae ddng manh den viae bao dam nhu cau kham chiia benh, cham sdc y ta cho ngudi dan, dac biet la eae hd ngheo va hg dan tde thiau sd d Tay Nguyan Trong Quyet dinh nay, ddi tugng duge thu hudng bao gdm ngudi ngheo theo quy dinh hien hanh'^'; nhan dan eac xa ed didu kien kinh ta - xa hgi dac biet khd khan theo Quylt dinh so 135/1998/QDTTg; ddng bao cae dan tde thieu sd vung Tay Nguyan theo Quyat dinh sd 168/2001/ QD-TTg, 30/10/2001 eua Thu tudng Chinh phii Theo Quyat dinb sd 168/200I/QD-TTg, ddng bao dan tdc thiau sd, hd ngheo va nhan dan cae xa ngheo se duge miln phi toan bd tian kham ehGa benh tai tram y ta, trung tam y ta, benh vien Ban canh dd, duge tiap can vdi viee tham gia dao t^o bae SI eii tuyen he ehinh quy Cae chinh sach theo quy dinh tren da gdp phin quan trgng viee nang cao chat lugng, ca sd vat chit kT thuat eho co sd kham chua benh, dap iing nhu ciu kham chiia benh cho ngudi dan Tay Nguyan, dac biet la hd ngheo, hd dan toe thiau s6 So vdi nam 2005, den nam 2015, eo sd vat chat cua nganh y td ciia cae tinh Tay Nguyan cd Khoa hoc chinh tn - s d 2/2019 • Nghien ciiu - Trao ddi nhihig bude tian dang ka Tinh dan nam 2015, Uy Nguyan ed 860 ca sd kham ehiia benh (77 b$nh vien, 51 phdng kham khu vue, benh vi?n dieu duong va phue hdi ehiic nang va 726 ham y ta xa, phuong, ea quan, xi nghiep) Tflng s6 giudng benh la 14.742 giudng (trong cae benh vien la 10.547 giudng; dphdng kham khu v\rc la 561 giudng; d dieu duong va phyc h6i ehiic nang la 150 giudng va d tram y tSxaphudng, ca quan la 3.399 giudng)"\ - He thdng mang ludi y td rgng khip cae tinh, 100% sd xa ed tram y ta Mang ludi y te cgng dong md rgng, so nhan vian y ta thdn, buon, lang khdng ngimg tang lan, 100% sd xa CO nu: ho sinh hoac y sT san nhi lam viee, ti le x3, phuong, thi tran cd bae sT dat tren 79% D^ biet, 82,4% sd tram y ta xa d eae tinh Tay Nguyen da cd bac sT, cao hon miic binh quan chung cua ea nude (78,5%)) va eao ban so vdi viing trung du, mien niii phia bae (67,4%>) Dgi ngii can bo y ta cang dugc tang eudng, hi^n c6 14.260 can bd y ta dang lam viec d eac tuyen (gap 1,75 lin so vdi nam 2005), CO 3.626 bae sT; 5.681 y ta va 2.048 bg smh Ngoai ra, Chinh phii da ban hanh Nghi djnh s6 39/2015/ND-CP, 27/04/2015 quy dinh ehinh sach hd trg cho phu nii thuQC hg ngheo la ngudi dan tdc thiau sd sinh dting chinh sach dan sd, dugc ki vong se tiap them siie da nang ehit lugng dSn so viing cao'''' Tuy nhian, ban canh nhiing kat qua dat dugc, tinh trang tang dan sd ca hgc, tap quan, 16i sdng eua ddng bao dan toe thieu SO song each biet tai viing sau, vimg xa edn ton tai nhung hii tuc nan cdng tac cham socvabao ve siic khde nhan dan tai cae tinh T3y Nguyan edn nhiau khd khan, ehit lugng thap Thdng ka nam 2015 cho thiy, tudi thg trang binh eiia ngudi dan Tay Nguyen mdi ¥ 69,9 tudi (trung binh ea nude la 73,3 tuoi); ti suit tre em dudi tudi tu vong rat cao (24,8 tre/1.000 tre, trung binh canudc la 14,7 tre/1.000 tre); ti suit tre em dudi tudi tii vong la 37,7/1.000, ti le Khoa hgc chinh tri - So 2/2019 tre em dudi tudi suy dinh dudng tai Lam Ddng d mirc 14,1%, Dfik Lak la 21,5% M|it khae, mac du Chinh pbii da hd trg lan dan 70%) miic ddng bao hiam y ta, nhiau dja phuang da chii ddng can ddi ngan saeh hd trg 30% miie ddng bao hiam y ta, cho cae hd can ngheo, nhung tinh dan nam 2015 van edn gan 40% sd ngudi can ngheo chua tham gia bao hiam y ta N h i k tinh cdn khd khan chua the hd trg eho ngudi dan thi ti le sd ngudi thudc eac gia dinh can ngheo ehua tham gia bao hiam y ta edn cao hon (nhu Dak Lak edn khoang 90%, Kon Turn cdn 95%, Dik Ndng cdn 97%)"' - Chinh sdch hd trg gido due - ddo tgo Quyet dinh sd 168/2001/QD-TTg, 30/10/2001 eua Thu tudng Chinh phu da tac ddng manh den giao due ciia dan cu Tay Nguyan ndi ehung va eon em ddng bao dan tde thiau sd ndi riang Dd chinh la mang ludi trudng hgc phii khap va duge xay dung vdi khoang each hgp li tai cae xa, budn, lang viing sau viing xa thuan Igi cho hge sinh dan trudng Nam 2015, toan Viing da cd 2.272 trudng phd thdng, nhiau trudng phd thdng dan tdc ndi tni va nhieu tnrdng ban tru dugc xay dung mdi Sd lugng hgc sinh va giao vian cung tang lan Dac biet, sd hge sinh la em ddng bao dan tdc thiau sd lian tuc tang len Nam 2015, toan Vung cd 420.603 hgc sinh la ddng bao dan tdc thiau sd (chiam 36,9% sd hgc sinh phd thdng ciia Vung) Tuy nhien, sd hgc sinh dan tgc thiau sd lan den bac trung hgc phd thdng ebi edn 40.020 hge sinh, chiam 9,51%, thip ban so vdi trung binh cua Vimg (15,59%)(^' Nam hgc 2016-2017, quy md va be thdng trudng Idp ctia eac cip, bac hgc phat tridn dn djnh Hien toan viing cd 3.284 trudng hgc, cd 31 % dat trudng chuin qude gia'^' Cae tinh da trian khai nhiau giai phap nang cao chit lugng giao due viing ddng bao dan tgc thiau sd va diy manh xa hdi hda bac bgc mim non va day nghe Dan • Nghien ciiu - Trao ddi toan Vimg cd 125/976 trudng mam non, mau giao dan lap tu thue, thu biit 42.306 tre Ve day nghe, da ed 65/108 co sd day ngha ngoai cdng lap Cdng tac dao tao ngudn nhan lue dugc eac dia phuang va trudng dai hge quan tam, td ehire nhiau loai hinh lian ket dao tao nhara eung cap nguon nhan lire chat lugng cao theo nhu cau cua eac tinh, nhit la nhiing nganh, ngha cae trudng d Tay Nguydn ehua dap iing duge Sd lugng sinh vien dan tdc tbidu sd duge dao tao tai eac trudng dai hge, eao dang tran dia ban tang kha Hien nay, sd sinh vian dan toe thiau sd d eae trudng Tay Nguyan la 8.164 em, tang 10% so vdi nam hgc trude, dd tinh Dak Lak cd sd sinh vian dan tdc thieu sd ddng nhit (chiam tran 50%)) Xet viing dan tdc thiau sd, da hinh 484 trung tam hgc tap edng ddng; xay dung, nang cap eac trudng phd thdng dan tdc ngi tni cap tinh va huyen Md hinh ban trii dan nuoi khdng ngirng md rgng (hien cd 846 ca sd) Ca tinh dau cd nhiing ehinh saeh uu dSi, hd trg hge sinh, sinh vian dan tgc thiau sd vdi kha nang cao nhat Riang ve he thdng cae trudng phd thdng dan tgc ngi tni vimg Tay Nguyan nhiing nam gan day dugc quan tam dac biet; tiing bude dau tu xay dung cang khang trang va khdng ngirng duge md rgng va phat trian ve quy md Nam 2010, toan vung Tay Nguyan cd 53 trudng phd thdng dan tde ngi trii, thu hiit tran 13,2 nghin em vao hge, vdi mirc hgc hdng bang hoac gan bing miic luong tdi thieu; dan nam 2015 sd da tang lan 62 trudng ndi tni (tang trudng) Sd lugng cae tnrdng ban tni ciing phat trian rat nhanh Ben eanh nhung kat qua dat dugc, nganh giao due - dao tao van edn mdt sd tdn tai, khd khan Chat lugng giao due khu vue hge sinh dan toe thieu sd vln thap, chua ed bien phap khac phue hieu qua, ti le eae em cd didu kien khd khan bd hge edn eao Ca sd vat chat giao due van rat khd khan Id trinh xay dung eae trudng chuin qudc gia thieu ngudn luc - Chinh sdch vi d&i sdng van hda Quyat dinh sd 168/2001/QD-TTg dugc trian khai thue bien da hd trg kinh phi cho viec thuc bien chuong trinh van hda va dua saeh bao xuong tan budn, xa, lang Hien nay, toan vimg Tay Nguyan da cd 59 thu vien va cd sd sach thu vien la 15.787 nghin ban