NEHIEN CUU CHINH TBI -XAHBI MOT SO VAN DE VE PHAT TRIEN XA HOI DO THI VIET NAM TRAN THi NGOC QUYEN * L y luan chung ve phat trien xa hpl thj Khai niem ve thi Theo George SImmel (1858 - 1928), Id nha xa hpi hpc ngudi DOc, cudn sach 'The Mertopolis and methal life' (cac sidu dd ttii va ddi sdng Bnh ttian) da ttil hien quan niem cda dng v l Idl sdng dd ttij vd nhdn cdch Khi xem xet t l chffc xa hpi va van hod, dng da md ta cac loai hinh dd thj va nhln thay b dd nhffng hau qua cia su tap tmng ddn cff qud ddng Ong coi day la mdt nguydn nhdn dan den hlnh thdnh nhffng dac trung cia dfl thj cung nhu nhffng dac frung xa hdi cda thj dan Bdy cdn gpi la cdch BIp can bdnh ly hpc xa hpl ddi vdi ddi sdng dd thj George Simmel nhin thay dd thj nhu mflt tdc nhdn cda su biln dli tdm ly xd hpl Ong cho rang, ddi sdng Bnh dd thj gdy su lech chuan vd cdc hanh vi tdi pham, nhung nd lai cho phep ngffdi mpt co hdi de phat trien tdi da nhffng film nang cia hpc va frd ndn tff Theo dng, mdt dd thj rit Idn nen mpt ngffdi khd cd Ihe kiem seat va hllu toan bp v l nd Bdng thdi,-mpt dd thj lai cd tinh phffc tap ndn sdng dd ngudi phai van dung nang lire tdm ly Idn hon so vdi hp sdng b ndng thdn Bilu se dan d i n tinh trang qua tai cda he ttidng than kinh cua ngudi ddn dd thj nhung hp lai ddng kin sir eang thing va sau dfl phan ffng lan theo mflt cdch phi bilu cam vd nhdm ehan Nhu vay, dfl thj dupc hilu nhu la mpt dilm ddn cu tap tmng vdi mat dp cao, chd ylu la lao dflng phi nflng nghiep, cd tang co sd ttiich hpp; la frung tam chuydn ngdnh hay tong hpp, cd valfrdthdc day sir phdt friln kinh t l - xa hdi cua mpt quoc gia hoac mdt vdng lanh ttil Quan niem ve phat trien ben vOng Theo dng Jonjan Ryan - dai didn Ihudng frO UNDP tai Viet Nam ttil "phat triln bin vffng Id mflt qua trinh bao dam tang tH da phdc loi cda xa hdi vd xoa bd ngheo ddi ttiflng qua vide quan ly d mffc tH uu va cd hidu qua tai nguyen thien nhidn" Ong khang djnh phdt triln bin vffng nam d phan giao oia vdng trdn: ben vffng Theo khoan 4, Bleu 3, Luat Bao vd mdi tmdng nam 2005: "Phdt friln ben vffng Id phdt triln ddp ffng dffpc nhu cau cia All he hien tai md khflng ldm ton hai den kha nang dap ffng nhu cau dd cia cdc ttie he tffdng lai trdn co sd kit hpp chat chd, hdi hod giffa tang frudng kinh te, bao dam Sin bd xa hdi va bao vd mdi trudng" Be cho qud tinh phat tien dupc bin vffng ttii qua Binh dd phai cd tfnh lien tuc, mai mai hoac cac Ipi ich cia nd phai dupc duyfrikhdng han djnh Dilu cd y nghTa la qua trinh boat dflng khdng chffa dung cac yeu td nao ban c h l thcrt gian tdn tai cda nd Vide xem xet mpt hoat dpng cd phai la bin vOng hay khdng Id mflt du bdo tuong lai, cd tinh rii ro Cdn theo trao luu Tan Marxis thi cho rang: Bd thj cao, bdi vi su bin vffng Id mdt qua trtnh ngau nhidn, Id "mpt khPng gian cho su Sdu ddng tap thi" hay khdng chac ehan Cach tdt nhat de dai duoc bin quan nidm v l tam quan frpng cda cdc phong trao xd vffng Id lira chpn nhffng boat ddng bao dam tinh bin vifng Cd rat nhilu co hdi lua chpn d l dat dupc hdi d dd ttii, v l B'nhfrrtrj tuong dli cda nhd nudc bin vffng, ddng ttidi cung cd nhieu co hfli loai bo cac hoat dpng gdy tac hai tdi phat friln bin vffng Quan niem ve phat then xa hoi thi • Thac si Hoc uien Hdnh chinh TAP CHi G I A O D g c LY LUAN - SO 236 (10/2015) 29 NBHIEN Cliu CHINH TRI-XAHtl Xa hpi dd ttij va cac mfl hlnh kinh te eang chlnh Hoat dpng BTH dang diSn khd phd biln phu ttiupc nhilu vao cdc mo hinh xa hdi cda eudc trdn ttil gidi vd nudc ta cung khdng nam ngodi xu sdng dd ttij Viec md rpng, quy hoach, xdy dung anh the chung dd Ben canh nhffng mat tich cue ma hffdng rat Idn din cupc sdng cda ngucn dan dd ttij BTH dem lai cho phdt Bien kinh te - xa hdi cda nudc tong cac fnh vuc lao dflng san xua't sinh hoat - vui ta nhu kha nang kilm dupc vide lam dS hon d ndng chCT, glal fri cia ngudi dan Nhffng ngffdi ttifln va b ttij chat Iffpng dich vu ddi sdng, phuc frong xa hpi dfl ttij se dupc Hdn k l l mpt dang Ipi xa hpi tdt hdn ttii qua trinh ndy cung dat cho dupc gpi Id su doan kit hffu cd Trong cac xa hpl chdng ta khdng it nhffng va'n d l cap bach can dupc tmyIn ttiong, quy md nhd, chi cd sy phdn cdng giai quylL Qua dd, chung ta thay sir tdc dpng cua lao dpng tdi thilu vd ngudi tuong tac vdi qua trlnh BTH ddi vdi su phdt friln cda xa hfli dd ttij theo 'y thffc tap ttil" va trayin thing thi d dd to chdc la khdng nho xa hpi dua frdn su doan kit cd hpc (hay may mde) Qua trinh BTH b nudc ta da cudn hdt mflt ddng Nln tang cia cdc to chffc xa hpi la cac udc xa di ddn vdo cac ttianh phd Idn, thdm vdo dd ddn hpl giua cdc thdnh vidn cia nd Trong cac xa hpl dfl nhap cu vdo cdc ttianh phd Idn ttiudng la nhffng ttij, vj ttil gdn mpt ngudi vdi S; each la vidn ngudi ngheo nhat va khdng cd ky nang lao dpng Vi cia mpt gia dinh khdng quan frpng nhu mdt mang vay, sff phdt friln kinh t l khdng ttil bd dap so vdi ludi cdc ttioa ttiudn vd cam kit lin Cac k h i cac van de md su tang ddn sd dd thj dem lai Hien udc xa hpi cho phdp vgiiSi sdng nhffng tupng dupc gpi la sir BTH qua tai Su Idn len khdng gian dja ly khdng mang tinh ddng hp vd cda cdc ttianh phd di theo su phdt triln kinh t l WiS tuong tdc vdi nhffng ngudi khde md da vdi hp dd tuan tu, cdc xi nghiep tu nhan, phi chinh phi din khdng phai Id nhffng cd nhdn Td chdc ddi song dfl dau Tuy nhidn, qua trtnh ndy thudng can cd siJ djnh flij nhu Id mflt khudn mdu khde hin ve chat so vdi hudng cia cac chinh phd Sm each gia tang cdc khudn mau diln hinh b nflng ttidn Cdc hinh su phat t i l n kinh t l tren cd sd cd cau xd hfli cQ Vi thdc to chffc cda dfl ttij se san sinh nhffng phong vay, da din din sir phat triln ttiilu tinh hpp ly va each sdng khde biet so vdi ndng ttidn, rang bin vffng Nguydn nhdn duoc chi Id ching ta ngudl dd thj cdng se cd nhffng kilu ca t'nh dpc ddo thieu v l tdi chinh vd cac ngudn lire can ttiilt cho su vd Bnh Bang d l bj chffng r^ loan tdm ttian phdt friln xa hpi dd ttij Bdy Id nhffng ttiach ttiilc Tdm lai,ttrnhffng frdo luu vdfrudngphai nghidn khdng nho md nudc ta dang phai Bm each giai cffu khde lai cd each nhin khflng gidng quylt Nhung van d l kinh t l - xd hdi nghidm frong ve xd hpi dd thj Bd chinh la can gdc cho thay, viec nhu: Nan khan hilm nha d dac biet Id nhd d dio nghien cffu v l van d l Id hit sffc phffc tap va nhffng ngudi cd ttiu nhdp thap, sir phdn hoa xd hS can cd mdt djnh hudng nghiem tic de tim giai gidu ngheo vd su phdn vung xa hpi cdc khu d Irong phdp hodn thidn tdl nhat cho dudng phdt triln thdnh phd, cac te nan xa hpi nhu: Nghidn h i t mai xa hpi dd ttij d Vidt Nam dam vd lpi pham gia tang, su d nhiem mdi frudng Sir tac dpng cua qua trinh dd thj hod den (d nhilm khong khi, d nhlSm ngudn nudc ), sirySi phat trie'n xa hpi thj is Viet Nam kem cia CO sd tang kyttiuatxa hfli ^ Bd ttij hda (BTH) Id mdt qud frinh phdt frien kinh Dan sd dd ttij phdt friln nhanh dong nghta vdi t l - xa hpi - van hda - khdng gian gin liln vdi nhffng ddn sd nong ttidn vd lao ddng nflng nghidp gia tang Bin bp khoa hpc ky ttiuat frong dd diln su phdt eham hon nhung phai dam bao san xuat mdt lupng Iriln nghi nghiep mdi, su chuyin djch co cau lao ndng pham cdng tang dap dng nhu cau cua ddng, sir phdt t i l n ddi sdng van hoa, su chuyin dli ddn sd dfl ttil Bd la mot yeu cau rat khd ttiuc hidn loi sdng vd su md rpng phdt frien khong gian Su gia tang ddn sd dd ttii cdng lam gia tang sff fran he thdng dd ttij song song vdi to chffc bp may hdnh chap vffl ddn cu ndng thdn khai ttidc cac 30 TAP CHi GlAO Dgc LY LUAN - s6 236 (IO/20ld NBHIEN cuu CHlNH TRI XA HOI ngudn tai nguyen quan trpng nhu dat nudc, nang phd Van d l cdt ydu nhat lao dilu kien cho cac yeu lupng, nhat la dat canh tdc xung quanh cdc dfl ttij td khac d l nang cao nang luc canh tranh c i a Ihdnh Tinh den nay, ca nudc cd frdn 743 dd thj tff loai V phd la he ttidng tang, dac bidt la he thdng d i n cac dd thj dac bidt nhff Hd Npi, Thanh Phd Hd tang ky thuat dfl thj He thdng tang tdt Id co sd de Chi Minh Ty Id BTH hien d nudc ta dat tdi gan ndng cao hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh, ndng cao 30% Nhieu khu dd thj mdi, khu kinh te mdi dupc chat lupng, gid ttianh, gid da't xdy dung, thu hlnh ca nudc gdp phan md mang mang hut dau ft/ l u ^ dd thj qudc gia Tai nudc ta qua trinh dd thi hod song hdnh vdi qua trtnh cdng nghiep hda, dilu - Bam bao chat lupng cupc sdng ttiay ddi theo hudng cdng tdt hon da dem lai mdt dien mao mdi cho da't nudc dap ffng Bd thj Id phd thuc s u cho ngudi, vi nhu cau ngdy cdng cao c i a cupc sdng hidn dai Tuy vay, y l u to tao ndn mpt mdi trudng sdng b i n nhidn, qua trlnh BTH d nudc ta lai mang dac tinh tu vffng Id mdt ydu cau thiet yeu Cdc fidu chi cho phat thieu quy hoach vd djnh hudng phat triln Idu chat Iffpng cupc sdng dupe de cdng dai lam sinh nhffng bat cap d l lai nhffng hau an viec lam, nha d, djch vu cdng cpng, mdi frudng qua nang n l , tao dp luc Idn den s u phdt triln xa hpi, mdi trudng sinh thai Id nhffng fidu chl co ben vffng c i a da't nudc D i l u ddi hdi chdng ta ban nha't Vd roi d l cd dupc cac y l u td bao dam can phai xdy dung mpt c h i l n lupc phat triln dd thj sdng tdt thi tang dfl thj phai tdt Mpt vi du d i l n vd xd hfli dfl thj nham hffdng tdi muc fidu bao hinh nhu thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh Id Thanh phd dam cdn ddi giffa tinh hien dai vdi tinh ben vffng Idn, la trung tdm phdt trien kinh t l khflng chi c i a cda tu nhien - ngudi - xa hpi, thong qua viec mpt vdng ma cdn la tam cd c i a ca quoc gia Tuy lua chpn cac mP hlnh djnh cu Sdn filn, phu hpp nhien, Thanh phd thdi gian gan ddy dac thff cda Viet Nam b dd thj, nflng thfln, m i l n dang dffng trudc thach thffc mdi trudng hinh thai n i l , cdc vung bien gidi, hai dao; bao dam su hdi lai suy giam, tang dd thj qua tai dang de dpa hda giffa loi ich trffdc mat va loi ich lau dai cda kha nang thu h i t cda chinh minh dan tflc, trdn co sd Sm k i l m nhffng phuang thffc - Xdy dung mpt he thdng tai chinh minh bach phdt triln dfl thj fill kiem da't, dd thj xanh, dd thi Khdng chiId su sach vd minh bach c i a sinh thdi thay Ihe cho md hinh dd thj cdn tdn tai n l n tdi chinh ma cdn la (va chd yeu Id) kha nang nhilu bat cap hien huy ddng ngufln luc cho dau tu phat triln Kha nang Chdng ta nen xay dung mo hinh phat trien xS hoi thi theo cac tieu chi phat trien ben vffng bao gom: - Ndng cao kha nang canh tranh mdt cdch t i t nhat Be cd kha nang canh tranh tdt c i a cac dd thj ddi hdi gia ca vd chat lupng hang hda, djch vu cdng phai cd tinh canh tranh cao, ttianh phd cd nhffng chuyin biln cac chinh sach uu dai nham thu hdt dau tu tff cac nha dau tu Idn dac bidt Id von dau l u nudc ngodi Mdi trudng dau tu tot vd dffpc cai Ihidn chinh Id sir hap ddn c i a cac nhd dau tu Cung gidng nhu doanh nghiep, d l tang kha nang canh tranh, dfl Uij cdn can cd ban sac rieng Ban sac can ay cQng bao dam tinh cdng bang ddng gdp xay dung dfl thj - Hodn thidn hd thdng quan ly mdt dap ffng cao nhat nhu cau cda xa h p l s Tdi lieu tham khdo: Vd Kim Cuang, 2006 Chinh sdch thi, Nhd xudt ban xdy dimg, Hd Ngi Hoc vien Hanh chinh Quoc gia, Gido irinh Qudn ly nhd nu&c ve dd thi Trinh Duy Ludn, 2004, Xd hgi hgc thi, Nha xual bdn Khoa hoc xd hgi, Hd Ngi ND 42I2009IND-CP ngdy 0710512009 ve phdn logi thi QB 4451 QD-TTg ngdy 0710412009 vi dieu chtnh Quy hogch tdng the phdt tnen he thdng thi Viet Nam den 2025 vd Tdm nhin 2050 dupc ttil hidn frong tdn chi xdy dung thdnh TAP CHi GIAO ogc L* LUAN - SO 236 (10/2015) 31 ... ttij d Vidt Nam dam vd lpi pham gia tang, su d nhiem mdi frudng Sir tac dpng cua qua trinh dd thj hod den (d nhilm khong khi, d nhlSm ngudn nudc ), sirySi phat trie''n xa hpi thj is Viet Nam kem... phd biln phu ttiupc nhilu vao cdc mo hinh xa hdi cda eudc trdn ttil gidi vd nudc ta cung khdng nam ngodi xu sdng dd ttij Viec md rpng, quy hoach, xdy dung anh the chung dd Ben canh nhffng mat... chpn cac mP hlnh djnh cu Sdn filn, phu hpp nhien, Thanh phd thdi gian gan ddy dac thff cda Viet Nam b dd thj, nflng thfln, m i l n dang dffng trudc thach thffc mdi trudng hinh thai n i l , cdc