Tieu ban Sinh thdi, Moi tnr&ng va quan ly Bien ^ ^ MOTSOVANDEVEMOITRITONG XUYEN BIEN GIOI Of VUNG BIEN VEN BOf TAY VINH BAC B Q VA MOT SO GIAI PHAP KIEM SOAT, GIAM T H l £ U TAG B O N G Lini Van Dieu Vien Tai nguyen va Moi truong Bien 246 duong Da Nlng, quan Ngo QuyIn, Hai Phong Email: dieulvfoj.ac.vn Viing bien ven ba tay vinh Bac Bo giap viing bien Trung Quoc vd co km vuc lien quan din mgt nuac Dong Nam A Cac van de moi truang xuyin biin giai a day bao gom: nhiem qua cac song lien quoc gia (cdc song HSng, Cd vd Ma ) nhiem khong va nhiem moi tru&ng nuac thong qua dong chdy bien (trdn ddu, rac thdi biin ), sir van chuyen cdc chdt thdi dgc hgi, pha d& tdu cU vd sinh vgt ngogi Iai xam hgi v v Cho din nay, vdn de moi truang xuyen biin giai a Viet Nam vd vung biin ven ba tdy vinh Bac Bg it dugic quan tam De ngan ngira vd giam thieu tdc dong tieu cue cua nhiing vdn de moi truang xuyin bien giai din moi truang bien cdc hi sinh thdi vd sue khoe cgng dong, can thiet phai nang cao nhgn thuc ciia cgng dong, tdng cuang luat phap vd chinh sach, dp dung cdc gidi phap khoa hgc, cong nghe vd qudn ly dong thai tdng cuong hop tdc quoc te Abstract SOME TRASBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE WESTERN COASTAL SEA OF THE GULF OF TONKIN AND SOME PROPOSALS FOR MONITORING AND MITIGATING THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS The western coastal sea of the Gulf of Tonkin is adjacent to Chinese marine area, and its catchment is concerned the territory of some Southeast countries The transboundary environmental problems consist of pollution from river source (Red River, Ca River and Ma river etc.) pollution from air circulation, pollution through marine currents in the Gulf of Tonkin (oil spill and marine litter), transposition of hazardous wastes, old ship dismantlement and hazardous exotic organism Up to now, there has been a weak interest in the transboundary environmental problems in Vietnam generally and the western coastal sea of the Gulf of Tonkin For preventing and mitigating their impacts to marine environment, ecosystem and population health, it is necessary to raise the awareness of community, enforce regulations and policy, and apply advanced science, technology, management, and strengthen the international cooperation Hgi nghj Khoa hgc va Cong nghj biin torn quoclmjt l.Mffdau Vinh BIC Bp CO vi tri chiln luoc quan trpng dli voi hai nuoc Viet Nam va Tnrng Quoc ca vi kinh tl va an ninh quIc phong Vjnh co tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu va giau co, dac biet la hai san va diu Vung biln ven bo tay vinh thupc 10 tinh cua Vi?t Nam v6i chilu dai khoang 763 km va co khoang 2300 dao Vimg ven ba tay vinh la cua ngo cua Viet Nam giao luu bing duong biln voi thi gioi va khu vuc, co tam quan trpng dac biet dli vai su nghiep phat triln kmh tl ciing nhu quoc phong, an ninh ciia nuoc ta Day cOng la noi tilp nhan cac nguIn nuoc song va bi chi phii boi cac dong hai luu gio theo hai miia nam gop phln luu thong voi moi truong nuoc npoai khoi bien Dong Vdi nhimg dilu kien ty nhien do, vimg bien ven hb tay vinh Bac Bp cac van de moi truong xuyen bien gioi cang tro nen philc tap, co tinh lien quIc gia va khu vuc Bai bao trinh bay mpt si van de ve moi trucmg xuyen bien gi(3i vimg bien ven bo tay vinh BIC Bp nhim gop phln vao viec quan ly, bao ve m6i trucmg khu vuc co hieu qua Mot so van de moi trircrag xuyen bien gioi viing bien ven bof tay vinh Bac Bo Bat ky mpt quoc gia nao hay mpt khu vuc tu nhien nao khong the ton tai mpt sy biet lap va cCing khong the kiem soat dugc cac hoat dpng ciia minh mot bien gidi quoc gia hay mpt vimg lanh tho nao Moi truang co tinh lien vimg va lien quoc gia, hay CO the noi moi truong mang ban chat cua mpt van de khong bien giai Hien van de ni6i trucmg xuyen bien giai da tra van de quoc te, bao gim cac vIn dl Icm sau: 2.1 O nhiem nguon cdc he thong song xuyin bien gi&i Trong vimg bien ven bo tay vinh Bac Bp co cac he thing song liln quIc gia bao gim: he thong song Hong, song Ca va song Ma Song Hong la song lien quoc gia co luu lupmg Ion nhlt khu vuc, bit nguIn tir ^ g niii thupc huyen Nguy Son, tinh Van Nam Trung QuIc Din phi Lao Cai, song Hong nam trpn lanh tho Viet nam, sau chay qua phia dong Ha Npi va dl biln qua cua Ba Lat va nhilu nhanh phu khac Song Hing dai 1.149km, dien tich luu vuc la 154.720km Song Hong co luu luong nuac binh quan hang nSm trung bmh 3.630 mVs voi tong luong nuoc chay qua toi 114km' Cimg vol luong phii sa cao la mpt lugng Ion cac chat gay nhiem khac dugc song dua vung biln ven bo tSy vinh BII: BO Hang nam vimg nuac ven ba cira Ba Lat tilp nhan tir nguIn thai song H6ng khoang 37 ty m^nuoc ngpt, 232,nghin tan BOD, 353 nghin tin COD, 31 nghin tin nito, hon nghin tin phospho, 29 trieu tan TSS, hon nghin tin kim loai nSng (1562 tin Cu, 467 tin Pb 1901 tta Zn 11 nghin tan Hg, tan Cd, tan As), 210 tin thulc trir sau, 343 tin phan h6a hoc va hon' 13 ngWn tan dau ma Tai lugng thai song dong vai tro rIt lan, chiem khoang 95% cac chit o nhiem Nguon thai bao gom tir cac co so san xult cong, nong nghiep, thuong mai, thi tren lanh tho Viet Nam va mpt phan tir phln luu vuc nlm tren ISnh thi Trung QuIc dua Tuy nhien thai luong xuyen bien gicti tir lanh thi Trung QuIc hien chua duoc danh gia [8] TiSu ban Sinh thdi, Moi irir&ng va qudn ly Bien .^ 25_ 2.2 nhiim khong kliixuyen biin gi&i Pham vi anh huong cua nhilm khong rat r6ng, tham chi la nguyen nhdn gay bien d6i hau toan ciu Mat khac, thai ciia cac nganh cong nghiep, giao thong van tai lam gia tang nong dp cac chit nhu CO2, NOx va SOx nuac biln, din den lam giam pH cua nuoc, gay hien tugng axit hoa nuoc bien, tac d6ng rit Ion din doi s6ng sinh v|it thuy sinh, nhit la cac loai sinh vat co bp khung co the la canxi cacbonat nhu san ho, nhuyen the [5] nhiem khong viing ven bo tay vinh chu ylu hoat dpng tau thuyin, boat dpng cua cac nha may, xi nghiep viing ven b6 Ngoai phai k l den cac ngu6n phat thai tir cac khu vuc chung quanh dang quan tam la tir Trung Quoc dua din 2.3 Trdn dau xuyen biin gi&i Tran diu la mpt su co ky thuat, gay hau qua sinh thai moi truong viing bien va ven biln voi miic dp va quy mo cang gia tang Nguyen nhan gay nhilm diu va su co tran dau la hoat ddng giao thong van tai bien, cac hoat dpng tham do, khai thac diu tren thIm luc dia Tau thuyen va cac phuong tien v|in tai c6 the dam va, mic can, dam, nhieu nguyen nhan thupc chii quan va khach quan (dieu khien, thai tiet, luong lach, ky thu^t ) nhilm dau va sir co tran diu gay nhung h|iu qua moi truang va tac dong den he sinli thai bien, cac nganh kinh te bien'nhu du lich bien, nuoi tr6ng thiiy san [3] Hien tugng dau tran da xuat hien vimg bien ven bo tay vinh B i c Bp nhieu nam voi quy mo lan nho khac nhau, co m6t s6 vu tran dau dien hinh: Trong thoi gian tir nam 1987 d§n 1997 co den 89 vu tran dau, co toi 42 vu khong ro nguon goc viing bien ven bo B i c bg va Trung Bg Vao thang 5/ 1994, tai khu vyc ven b a D6 Son (Hai Phong) va Hai H^u (Nam Dinh) xuat hien nhieu vang dau troi noi tr6n mat nuac, mat bai trieu, gSy hSu qua to ion den moi truong va cac he sinh thai khu vuc Tir cu6i thang d i u thang 2/2007 da co hien tugng dau troi dat vao bof bien nuac ta Dau tien la tai cac tinh Ha TTnh, Quang Binh, sau lan r$ng xu6ng cac tinh phia Nam va den giira thang 4/2007 da xuit hien khu vuc dao Bach Long Vy, Hai Phong Tinh den n^ay 23/4/2007, tfing s6 diu thu gom tai cac dia phuong ven bien khoang 1.721 tan Sir co dau nhilm tren biln keo dai da gay nhilu thiet hai ve kinh te doi voi cac dia phuong va cac nganh du lich, thuy san, nong nghiep va phat trien norig thon, d6ng thoi gay anh huong nghiem trgng din moi truang va cac he sinh thai ven bien Nguon goc diu tran dgc bo bien Viet Nam n"m 2007 co thi la kit qua cua m§t qua trinh luu ty dau thai hang nam tren biln tir nhilu ngu6n g6c Trong do, d i u can tu ve sinh tau thuyen va nuoc dan tau thai tren tuyen hang hai qu6c t l va vung nuoc truoc vao cang lam hang co le la nguon quan trgng nhit Diu thai da nguon g6c dugc luu tu timg vet cac vimg l?p trung ngoai khoi va troi dat tren biln theo dong hoan luu on dinh tuong doi Vao mua gio tay nam, diu tran co tilm nang lan sau vao phia tay vjnh B i c B^ [6] Nhu vay su c6 tran dau xay viing biln ven bo tay vinh B i c Bg tir thang din thang nam 2007, dugc xem la hien tugng tran diu xuyen bien giai bai dong chay biln , Hgi nghi Klioa hgc vd Cong nghe biin loan qiioc^ 2.4 Rac thai biin xuyen bien gi&i Rac thai biln la mpt nhimg mli de doa chinh clln moi tmcmgncM chung va men uucmg biln noirieng.NguIn rac thai vao b.en gom: nguon tu '^\}^'-X.'i1^^m tren biln va co thi duoc van chuyen boi cac dong chay b.en Rac thai bien co the a rac tha^ ?nh hoat i^u cac loai gily, vo dl hop, dl nhua kho phan huy, xac tau thuyen, thiet b, danh bTt bi mlt thoat chim hoa; cac chit thai gay nhilm khac Rac thai b.en tacdpng tieu cyc din cac he sinh thai, moi truong, sire khoe va my quan Chung can tro va gay tai^nan cho hoat dong giao thong hang hai, lam mat ve sinh moi trucmg be; b.en Rac thai bien co the lam cho sinh vat biln bi chit, chan vjt cua tau thuyen hi ket, de dpa den sinh mang cua ngucri [1] Rac thai biln mang tinh xuyen bien gioi nen viec xac djnh nguIn goc ciia rac thai bien gap rat nhieu kho khan Trong vimg biln ven bo tay vjnh BIC Bp, nguIn rac thai biln co tir cac tau tliuyen hoat dpng khu vuc, nguIn til cac tau biln vao cac cang vimg co the dugc xem la rac biln xuyen bien gioi Hien nguIn rac thai cac cang bien da dugc to chirc thu gom bed cac cong ty moi trucmg tai cac dja phucmg co cang Tuy nhien ngoai nguIn kl tren, khong thi khong quan tam din cac nguon chit thai rIn dugc van chuyen qua cac dong chay biln co huong tir phia cira vinh qua bo biln phia Trung Quoc, doc theo bo phia bic xuing bo tay vinh Nhung nguon rac thai cho din chua dugc quan tam danh gia va quan ly 2.5 vim di chuyen cliff ch^t thai xuyen bien gi&i Trong nhiing nam gan day, mpt so doanh nghiep da co y hoac vo tinh nhap khau trai phep cac chat thai gay nhiem moi truang tai cac khu vuc cang bien viing bien ven bo tay vjnh Bac Bp Tai cang Hai Phong, so lugng ac quy chi phe diai lam thu tuc thong quan tir nam 2003 den nam 2006 cua 50 doanh nghiep thupc dii cac phan kinh te la 39.618 tin 2.278 container va 830.486 chile [4] Trong nam 2007, gin 7.000 tin "thep phi lieu" dugc mpt so cong ty nhap khau qua cang da bi phat hien So "phe lieu" chu yeu la chat thai dang vo Ion, hop, thimg kim loai da qua sir dung chira nuoc giai khat, thyc pham dau mo thai, son, hoa chat, dung moi hiru ca; bp Ipc diu da qua sir dung; thulc diet trimg chua dugc xir ly; bo mach dien tir, nhua, cao su, nilon; tap chit bam dinh, gi, set Cac 16 hang deu dugc ep banh/khli, bi mIc, co miii hoi, miii diu va hoa chat rat kho chju gay tac dpng moi truong [7,9] 2.6 Pha d& tau cu vimg biin ven b& tay vjnh B&c Bo Hang nam, lugng tau cii, het han sir dung phai pha cang tang Theo ugc tinh cua Tl chiic Hda binh Xanh, din nam 2010, co khoang 3.000 tau phai pha moi nam Qua trinh pha da tau cu gay nhimg tac dpng tieu cyc din moi truong, san sinh cac hoa chat doc hai va chit thai nguy hai nhu: polichlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocacbon (PAH), tributyl tin (TBT), diu ma khoang, amiang, cac kim loai nang (thuy ngan, chi, ding, kem, nhom, sit va cac chit nguy hai khac nhu: chit phong xa, hgp chat nhom xyanua hiru co va can be chira nuoc din tau co chua nhieu vi khulo va sinh vat ngoai Iai Tieu ban Sinh thdi, Moi tru&ng va qudn ly Bien = _ _ _ ^ Cong nghiep pha da tau cu co the mang Iai Igi nhuan cho mgt s6 doanh nghiep va cung cap mgt phan nguyen lieu cho nganh cong nghiep thep, nhien qud tririh pha da tau se lam phat sinh rit nhieu chat thai nguy hai, anh huong nghiem trgng din moi truong va siic khoe nguoi Vi vay viec nhap khau tau cu chua dugc loai bo cac chit thai khac ve pha da tai vimg bien Viet Nam noi chung va vimg biln ven bo tay vinh Bic Bp noi rieng la trai voi Luat Bao ve moi truang 2005 va la ngu6n gay nhilm xuyen bien gioi [2] 2.7 Sinh vgt ngogi iai xam hgi Trong nhieu nguyen nhan gay ton that da dang sinh hoc,- cac loai sinh vat ngo^i Iai xam hai dupe coi la mpt nhiing moi de doa nguy hilm nhit Sinh vat ngoai Iai xam hai vung ven bo tay vinh Bac Bp chu yeu nu6c thai la canh va bam tren vo tau thuyen,- tir cac dong chay song lien qu6c gia va dong chay biln dua cac sinh vat tir vimg lan can xam nhap vao khu vuc Cac tac dpng ma loai sinh vat gay rit phiic tap, gop phan lam xuat hipn cac benh djch moi ho5c tai xuit hien cac benla dich cu anh huong din siic khoe ciia nguoi [10] Tuy nhien cho den cac nghien ciiu vl vin dl chua dugc quan tam, vay nhiing thong tin ve su sam hai cua sinh vat ngo^i Iai viing bien ven bo tay vjnh Bac bp chua dugc cong bo Mpt so giai phap kiem scat, ngan ngCi'a, giam thieu tac dpng xau ciia van de moi truong xuyen bien gioi vung bien ven bof tay vinh BSc Bp De kiem soat, ngan ngira tac dgng xau can thiet phai tien hanh cac giai phap chinh sau day: - Nang cao nh^n thuc ve tac hai cua cac van de moi truang xuyen bien gioi doi voi moi truang sinh thai, sue khoe nguai va kinh te xa hpi khu vuc - Tang cuong hgp tac giira cac nuac khu virc va cac to chuc quoc te de timg buoc giam thieu tac dgng bat loi cua cac van de moi truang xuyen bien gioi Ngoai ciing can tham gia cac cong uoc quoc te va khu vuc de hgp tac ngan ngua, giam thieu tac dpng tieu cue ciia cac van de xuyen bien gioi khu vuc va the gioi Tang cuong the che, luat phap co lien quan nham ngan chan cac hien tugng moi truang xuyen bien gioi, tap trung vao cac bi^n phap ngan ngira cac hien tugng van chuyen trai phep chat thai cac loai, du nhap cac lo?i sinh v$t ngoai Iai nguy hai qua duong hdng hai va cac hanh dgng co tinh hay vo y gay nhiem mQi truong xuyen bien gioi khu vuc - Giai phap khoa hgc va ky thuat: Can phai tien hanh cac quan trac danh gia cac van de nhiem xuyen bien gioi vung bien ven bo tay vinh tren co sa cac boat dpng ciia Tram quan trie moi truong Qu6c gia khu vuc ven bien va khu vuc thuong nguon, nai tiep nhan nuoc song a viing giap bien gioi voi cac nuoc Can bo sung them mpt so thong so quan trie vimg bien ven bij, nhu tinh trang rac thai, vang dau khu vuc Xay dung CO so dii lieu de quan ly van de moi trucmg xuyen bien gioi, lam co so danh gia tinh trang va xu the bien dpng moi truang khu vuc Som tien hanh xay dung cac du an nghien ciiu va danh gia tac dpng ciia van de moi truang xuyen bien gioi den moi truang, he sinh thai va sue khoe cong d6ng 28 Hgi nghi Khoa hoc va Cong nehe biin loan qudc Idn lh±V - Gai phap kilm soat vin dl moi truang xuyen bien giai: Tang cuong cac biJn phap kilm soat dk ngan chan cac hanh vi gay hau qua moi trucmg cac hien tugng o nhiem xuyen bien gioi khu vuc Ket luan Viing biln ven bo tay vinh Bic Bg la mpt bp phan ciia vinh B i c Bp, co vj tri quan^trprig giao luu giua Viet Nam noi chung va vimg Bic Bp noi rieng voi cac cac quoc gia tron^ khu vuc va the gioi Do co dilu kien tu nhien thuan Igi cho phat trien cac nganh kinh tl biln nhu giao thong van tai, danh bit thuy san, khai thac khoang san nen da xuat hipn cac vin d l moi truang xuyen bien gioi, bao g6m cac vin de ve nhiem moi truang, v ^ chuyin chit thai nguy hai, tran diu, pha tau cu gay nhilm moi truang va sinh vat ngoai iai xam hai v.v Do nhu ciu giao luu giira Viet Nam noi chung va cac tinh ven bo tay vjnh Bic Bp noi rieng voi cac nuoc khu vuc va tren the giai cang gia tang nen van de moi truong xuyen bien gioi cung vl thi cang tra nen phuc tap va miic dp nguy hai din moi truong, cac he sinh thai va siic khoe cong dong cang manh mS hon Tuy nhien cho din cac vin dl moi truang xuyen bien gi6i viing biSn ven b6r tay vjnh Bic Bp noi rieng va Viet Nam noi chung it dugc quan tam nghien ciru va qu^n ly, cac tu lieu ve van de rat ban che D I giam thilu va ngan ngira co hipu qua cac van de moi trucmg xuyen bien giofi cSn thilt phai tang cuong cac bien phap: tuyen truyen, giao due nang cao nh$n thiic cong dong Tirng buoc hoan thien cac van ban phap luat lien quan Tien hanh nghien cim nhin dang va xac dinli miic dp tac dpng ciia chiing den tai nguyen, moi truang viing bien Moi truang xuyen bien gioi da va dang la mpt van d6 co tinh thoi sir, cang ph6 bien va phiic tap, tac dgng nhieu mat den moi trucmg, cac he sinh thai, cac nganh kinh t l bien va site khoe nguai dan Vi vay, can co su quan tam dung mire din vin d l qua trinh phat trien va hpi nhap kinh te ciia vung voi khu vuc va thi giai TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tran Thi Le Anh, 2008 Xay dung kl hoach hanh dpng v l rac thai biln a khu vuc cac bien Dong A Tap chi Bao ve moi truang, so Cue Bao ve moi truong, 2006 Pha tau cil anh huong din moi trucmg va khuon kh6 phap ly hien hanh Tap chi bao ve moi trucmg, so Luu Van Dieu, 2002 Tran diu tren biln Tai nguyen va moi truang biln tap IX Nxb KH&KT.HaNpi ' -i- • Nhtrng vi pham phap luat moi truang tir viec tam nhap, tai xuit i c quy c h i Tap chi bao ve moi truang, so 3/2006 Nguyin Viet Pho, 2000 Nguy co axit hoa moi trucmg Tap chi Hoat ddng khoa hpc, s6 Tiiu ban Sinh thdi Moi tnr&ng vd qudn ly Bien Trin Diic Thanh, 2008 Nguon goc dau tran a veri biln Viet Nam vao diu nam 2007 Tuyin tap cac bai bao khoa hpc, Hpi nghi khoa hpc cong nghp moi truong Truang Dai hpc Hang Hai Hai Phong Tang cuon^ ngSn chan tinh trang tra hinh nhap chat thai vao Viet Nam, Tap chi bao ve m6i truong So 5/2006 _ UNEP,CSC,GEF, 2004 Bao cao Qu6c gia nhilm biln tir dit liln Viet Nam Ha Npi Xu ph^t hanh chinh va buoc tai xuat 257 container thep phi lieu nguy hai Tap chi bao vS moi truang So 1/2008 10.www.nea.gov vn/html/ngoai lai_xamhai/index-sinhvatngoailai.htm/22/5/2001 Ngu-di dgc nhgn xet: PGS.TS Trhn Ditc Thgnh ... giau co, dac biet la hai san va diu Vung biln ven bo tay vinh thupc 10 tinh cua Vi?t Nam v6i chilu dai khoang 763 km va co khoang 2300 dao Vimg ven ba tay vinh la cua ngo cua Viet Nam giao luu... xuyen bien gi(3i vimg bien ven bo tay vinh BIC Bp nhim gop phln vao viec quan ly, bao ve m6i trucmg khu vuc co hieu qua Mot so van de moi trircrag xuyen bien gioi viing bien ven bof tay vinh Bac Bo... phii sa cao la mpt lugng Ion cac chat gay nhiem khac dugc song dua vung biln ven bo tSy vinh BII: BO Hang nam vimg nuac ven ba cira Ba Lat tilp nhan tir nguIn thai song H6ng khoang 37 ty m^nuoc