mOT so URH OC CHUHG UC DHV HOC TOGO UOH 0^ PGS TS NGUYEN PHUC CHINH ThS NGUYEN THI H A N G " Td nhi/ng nam 60 cua the ki XX den nay, 6 Viet Nam da cd nhieu tac gia nghien cuu va van dung dayhoc(DH) ne[.]
mOT so URH OC CHUHG UC DHV HOC TOGO UOH 0^ PGS TS NGUYEN PHUC C H I N H - T h S N G U Y E N THI H A N G " T d nhi/ng nam 60 cua the ki XX den nay, Ihoai, HS tutim thay kien thuc qua suhudng dan cua Viet Nam da cd nhieu tac gia nghien cuu va GV chii khdng phai la GV tmyen dat van dung dayhoc(DH) neu van dia nhieu Ban chatcua DHTVD lagidi thieu vdi HSmpteach mdn hpc khac Trong qua trinh nghien ciiu va chinh xac, day du vecae van de cua tinh hud'ng, qua van dyng, each DH cd nhiing ten gpi nhu: DWff/a/ ddlao dpng lue cho viec nghien cuu va trao ddi de HS quyet van tfe (GQVD), DH dat va GQVD Nhung cd dupe ndi dung can phai nam 2.0acdiemcuaDHTVD thuc chait, each DH dd cung ehi dung lai d giang giai 1) Van de ma GV dua phai cd tinh dinh neu van de hoae thuyet trinh neu van de Bdi, nhung van de dat mdt bai hpc d trudng thdng hudng: Van de dua thao luan phai duae dat giai doan vda quachi la eau hdi neu van de, phan anh md'i quan he vOTxa hpi va canhan; tinh hud'ng dua nhung mau thuan tu cua hoc sinh (HS), cd phai coy nghla cupc sd'ng, gan vdi HS, Cau hdi pham vi hep, thdi gian giai quyet it va npi dung don ve cac tinh huong dua phai sat thuc, cd tam, gian Oegiaiquyetnhi/ng van dedd.HS chi can thuc tranh cac cau hdi cd cau tra Idi dan dieu Qua viec tra hien cac thao tae tuduy, it sudyng eae phuong phap Idl cac eau hdi cdtinh dinh hudng, HS se tim dupc khoa hpc Vi vay, sau nhieu nam, DH neu van de hau giai phap hpp li nhat 2) Phai ed si/phd'i hop cOa cae bg mon lien nhu it dupe ap dung tai eae tn/dng phothong va chua quan:Qe DHTVD dat ket qua nhu mong mud'n, ddi mang lai hieu qua giao dye nhu mong mud'n Be dd'i mdi giao dye, gdp phan dao tao nhi/ng hoi GV phai cd hieu biet rpng va HS phai huy dpng ngudi cd nang luc hanh ddng dap ung nhu cau dupc kien thiic cua eac bd mdn khac de giai quyet eua xa hdi, ehung tdi xin gicri thieu mdt md hinh DH: duqc tinh hud'ng dua Nhu vay, ndi dung hpc mang tinh tich hc^ cao day hoc theo van de(DHiyQ) 3) GQVD phai tuan theo quy luat khach quae: Ban chat cua DHTVD DW7V£? (Problem Based Learning) cdn cd nhi/ng San pham cua DHTVO dupe nit qua thao luan cac ten gpi khac la: DH theo du an (Project Based tinh hud'ng ma HS la ngudi tn/c tiep tham gia, sIm vai Teaching), Wccfron5'tf70Cfe'(Authentic learning) hoae phu hop vdi tinh hud'ng dua Qua dd HS tu khic DH theophUdngphap moe nd/(Anchored Instnjction) sau npidung hpc 4) Phai cd si/phd'i hop cua eae nhom Oede phan biet vdi DH neu van de (trudc day) cd the ldp:l\\k[\\ vien idp se dupc chia lam cac nhdm gpi ten cua kieu DH la DH theo chu de DHTVD khac vdi DH Injyen dat cua giao vien va eae nhdm phai thao luan dan chu GV phai biet (G V) (G V git? vai trd la ehinh) dd la HS ehu dpng tim each to chiie lam viee theo nhdm, xay dung tinh than tdi kien thiic De thi/c hien duae DHTVD, GV phai tap the eho HS M uc tieu va cac budc cua bai hoc theo van d l dua tinh hudng ed vain de va he thd'ng cau hoi DHTVD dupc thiet kenh4m giiip HSed kha nang kem theo, tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho HS viee nhan thuc, trao dd'i ve tinh huong theo dinh hudng tu giai quyet cae van de qua thao luan s§m vai cua GV b^ngcaccau hoi Quan trpng nhat, GV phai Vdi cac vai eua minh, HS se duae tn/c tiep tham gia dua dupe khung npidung can tmyen dat, nhddd tranh luan, dua y kien ea nhan, cae thac mac cua giup HS tu nhan thiic va phat tnen nhan thdc qua minh quanh van de cd thue eudc sd'ng Tii dd, HS cdduac tuduy dpc lap va ki nang GQVD Vi vay, tranh luan hpc theo van dese gialquyeteae mye tieu sau:-Phat DHTVD chixayrakhlGV tao dupc khdng khitrao trien tu va eae kT nang GQVD; - Xay dyng dupc ddi tmng thuc, edi md Idp hpc, Trong mpt khia c ^ h nao dd, DHTVD gan gid'ng vdiphuang phap DH b4ng trao dd'i (hdi dap) va tuang tu voi DH theo hdi * Tnrdng Bai hoc si pbas - fiai hoc Thai Nguyen 32 Tap chi Gido due so 309 -(kil-5/2013) "mau'Wf eua ea nhan ta/dng thanh; - Xay dting dupe each tuduy dpc tap ci/a HS Quy trinh thuc hien DHCVD gom cae budc: Budc • Dinh hudng HS vao tinh huong van de G V gidi thieu npi dung chinh eua bai, goly nhiing kien thiic lien quan va tao dpng luc thiic day HS ednhu cau lam sang td van de se gap phai Budc 2: Dinh hudng van de can nghien euu, gial puye/.GVgiupHS xac dinh rd npi dung can nghien cuu, giai quyet; to ehiie, phan cdng nhiem vu nghien eiiu eho tung nhdm deGQVO Budc • Nghien cuu dgc lap va lam viec //leo nhom GV giiip HS liep can thdng tin bang each hudng dan each thu nhan thdng tin, lam thi nghiem deGQVD Budc 4: Trinh bayy tudng cua minh G V giiip HS xay dung ke hoach va ehuan bi ehu dao bai trinh bay cua minh dudi dang bao tudng, doan phim hay cac mau khac; hudng d i n HS biet phan cdng cdng viec Budc 5: Phan tich, danh gia cac qua trinh GQVD GV giup HS hieu vain de mdt each thau dao Tuy nhien, theo miie dp dan gian hay phiic tap cila vain de dua ma budc dupe tien hanh vai tiet hpc hay diln ca nam hpc Van de cang phiic tap thi thdi gian thuc hien cang dai V i d u m i n h hpa De hieu han ve DHTVD, cd the tham khao mau chuyen sau d mdt trudng THCS lai thi Iran gan vinh Maryland>sChesapeake(HoaKi).Khihpcvednhilm mdi imcftig va eae bien phap bao ve mdi tn/dng, G V da dua mdt van de: "Trong Luat bao ve moi tn/dng eua Bang quy dinh ndng dan khong dUdc sudung phan hoa hgc vdng 200 dam tinh tu vinh Chesapeake', vi ndgay d nhiem vjnh va lam chet ea GVdinh hudng HS thao luan: Ta/sao/a/camst/dunff phin hoa hoc vong 200 dam? Phan hoa hoe gay nhiim eho vinh nhu the nao? Khong sudung^ phan hoa hoc thi ddi song ndng dan se ? De thao luan, GV denghi HS tunhan ddng eac vai' ngudi ndng dan dcae dia phuang xung quanh vjnh; ngudi dai dipn eho cdng ti du lich, du khach; HS ddng vai thd'ng ddc bang de thao luan To' churc thao luan la cau be Jame 10 tuoi vdi vai trd la ngudi dieu khien (dan chuang trinh) ndi: 'Luat quy dinh ngudi ndng dan khong dutx su dung phan hoi hoe vong 200 dam tinh tu vinh Chesapeake, vino gay d nhiim vi'nhva lam chet ca Ngudi ndng dan van eo the trot va thu hoach ma khdng nhat thiet phai gan nguon nude va su dung phan bon Nen ehung ta se cd cuoe song tot han ma lai khdng d nhiem mdi tn/dng vinh" Hang lo?t cac cau hdi va thac m§c duae dua tii dai dien cae nhdm, nhu: -Sudoc hai cua phan hoa hgc nhu the nao?: • Neu khong bdn phan hoa hgc eho dong rudng thi san lugng ndng san thap, ngudi dan khdng co tien cho di hgc; • Neu vinh bj d nhiem ea bi chet thi se khdng CO khach du lich;-Neu la thong doc bang thi GQ VD nhu the nao? Sau thao luan sdi noi, chu tpa di den ket luan: Ngudi ndng dan bdn phan cho dong n/dng lupng phan bdn thiia se theo ddng nude sudi, sdng roi vinh Phan bdn cung cap chat dinh dudng cho tao, tao phat trien qua manh se cudp di oxi cua eac eon trai, eua, ngao, ea, sd gay d nhiem Cupc thao luan ve vain de keo dai mdt tiet hoc (75 phut) cua eac HS viec can nhac md'iquan he giua mdi trudng va kinh le, mot thuc trang cua ndng dan vung vjnh Chesapeake gap phai Cae thuong gia va cdng nhan, nhiJng ngudi chiing kien d nhilm mdi trudng da pha huy nganh du Ijeh, nganh cdng nghiep cua dia phuong va gia trj sinh thai cua vung vinhChesepeake, Nhuvay, DHTVD se giup HS tham gia trao doi thao luan lu dau den cuoi, qua dd giiip HS n^m vung ndi dung va hinh kl nang giai quyet cac tinh hud'ng cd thuc cupc sd'ng Khi Icm len, mdi ngudi se coy thuc va hanh dpng huu ich de bao ve mdi tmdng DHTVD se lam cho HS ban rdn hon vdi nhiem vy dupc phan cdng, HS lam viee moi quan he vdi eae ban khac GV ddng vai trd la ngudi hudng dan HS thu nhan ndi dung chinh va lam mau mdt so kl nang Hpe li thuyet, HS thudng ed tam li ngai va nham chan, nhung hpc theo van de, HS cd thu han bdi chinh cac em tu tim dupe nhiJng ndi dung dd Muc tieu cua bai hpc khdng qua chu trpng vao viec HS lam gi, ma quan lam den HS thu dupe gi (nhan thue dupc gi) qua cac hoat dpng Trong DHTVD, GVgii/vaitrdiangudihudng d i n HS each thu thap thdng tin, each tu de giai quyet dupc van de gap phai eac tinh hud'ng, ddi GV eung la ngudi giai thieh, trinh bay Xay dung cho HS phuang phap tuduy va lam sang td eac vain de mdt each ddc lap khdng phai la myc dich mdi cua nen giao dye Nhieu nude ed nen giao dye phat trien da td'chuc DH theo hudng de dao tao nhan tai eho dat nude Mong r^ng Irong thcri (Xem tiep (rang 65) Tap chi Gido due so 309 (ki 1-5/2013)- 33 GIAO D L ' C VA D A O TAO N G H E A N G I A O DUC THI X A THAI H O A quyet tam nang cao chdt luoxig day vd hpc D e hjnfi ihdnh 36i ngij nhon luc thoi luong cao 3dp iing yeu cau phot Irien cua thj xd, nhat Id giai doan hdi nhdp kinh te gudc le, ihj xa Thdi Hda ^d vd dong trien khai nhieu gtdi phdp mong tinh dot phd de ndng coo choi lurnig GD-flT Nhung ihdnh luu 3d gal hdi duui: Irong ndm quo Id buoc khdi ddu qucHi Irong 3e GD-6T Thai Hbo cai cdnh vuon xa, khdng dinh vi In cua minh Irong nen gido due cua tinh nnd Cung vdi viec ndng coo khdng ngung chdt luong dqy vd hoc, quy mo Iruong Idp, hoc sinh (HS) cdc ngdnh hoc, cap hoc Iren dm bdn khdng ngirng dn dinh vd phdl trien theo diing dmh huong quy hooch Cdc loai hinh Irudng Idp lien luc duoc da dgng hda, ddp iing nhu cdu hoc top nJa em nhdn ddn dia phuang vd thu hut HS Irong viing ve hoc lap Ndm hoc 2012-20)3, todn ihi xd cd 10 Inrong mdm non, 12 tniong lieu hoc, tnjong THCS, trudng THPT, Iruong TCCN, ITGDTX vd 10 TTHTCfi tren 10 xd, phudng, thu hut Iren 16.000 HS iheo hoc Todn thi xd dd huy dong duDi hon 22,4% cdc clidu Irong dd ludi vdo nhd Ire, 86,6% Ire Irong lodi vdo mau gido Doc biet chdl Iming chdm sdc - nuoi dudng vd gioo due 0'ngdnh hoc mdm non lodn dam hdo lot Choi luong gido due lodn dien a ngdnh hoc phd thong luon duoc cung cd vung chdc, phdl trien khd ben vung vd ndm Irong Idp ddu ciio cdc huyen ihdnh, ihi todn tinh Ndm hoc 2012-2013, Irong cudc thi 6ioo luu OLYMPIC mdn Vat li Idp cdp Iinh tqi Trudng fiai hoc Vinh, dodn HS thi xd Thdi Hda 3al gidi xudt sdc voi 7/8 em dot giai,' Irong ki thi hoc sinh gidi cdp linh Idp 9, thi xd Thdi H6a cd 29 HS dgi gidi (1 gidi nhat, giai nhi, giai vd 19 gidi KK), xep thu" 7/20 huyen, ihdnh, thi cd tinh; dgc biet ,cd HS duoc vdo ddi tuyer thi lOE cap quoc gia Cung voi viec ndng coo chdl iuqng gido due lodn dien, cdng tdc PCGD vd xdy dung trudng 3al chudn quoc gia liep tuc dqt duoc ket qua cao f)en noy, 10/10 xo, phudng du.lieu chudn PCGD mdm non cho Ire mou gido ludi vd cong tdc PCGDTH dung fudi, PCGD THCS dd dot ket qua vung chdc Tci thdi diem 30/3/2013, locr li^ xd cd 22/32 Imdng hoc dot chudn, dot ti le 68,/'; (binh qudn lodn tinh dat 50,1%), phuong HOD Hieu, xd Nghla,Thuan cd ]00°/o Imdng hoc Iren dia hon dai chudn quoc gia non vd thong dqt chudn; l l !e GV bdc hoc mdm non tren chudn 70%, lieu hoc 85,6^, THCS 78,5%; sd GV dot GV day gioi cop linh giai daqn 2008-2013 cd 50 ngudi, tren 10% tdng sd GV lodn ngdnh, thuc su Id luc Iuqng ndng cdt chuyen mdn cua ngdnh Cong trie xd hoi hoa gido due duqc cdc cdp uy, chinh quyen quon tdm [hi dao Nhqn thuc cua nhdn ddn ve vui trd cua gida due vd xd hpi hda gido due dd cd nhung chuyen bien hch cue, huy ddng duoc cdc nguon luc cuo xd hdi xdy dung cosd vdt chdl trudng Idp Vinh du vd l u hdo vdi nhung thdnh qud dot duoc, nhung nhiem vu vd trach nhiem dot giai doan tiep iheq cua ngdnh GD-flT thi xd cung rdl ndng ne fle thuc hien thdng Iqi cdc muc lieu de ro, todn ngdnh quyet tdm liep lue ddy mqnh ihuc hien eo chieu sdu eac cudc vdn ddng vd phong Irda thi duo; tiep tuc huy ddng cdc nguon luc ddu tu xdy dung CSVC-TTB dqy hoc ddp ung yeu cdu doi moi chuong trinh gido due vd quy md phdl Irien Phal trien ddi Cdng tdc chdm la, phdl Irien doi ngu nhd ngu nhd gido vd cdn hd qudn li gido due du ve gido duoc top Irung uu lien ddu lu cd chieu so luong, ddm bdo ve chdt Iuqng, ddng bd ve sou, ddp ling yeu cdu ngdy cdng coo tinh CO cdu.- gun ddng gdp vdo qud trinh dot hinh mdi Hien todn ngdnh cd 702 cdn bd, mdi edn ban, lodn dien nen gido due cua linh gido vien (GV); Irong 100% GV bdc hoc mdm nhd vd cua cd nude Ptiat trien nang lire tir Mgt so van de ctiung (Tiep theo trang 52) (Tiep theo trang 33) mu'c kho va kieu loai Do do, dot hoi s u no ii/c cua ca G V lan gian \d\, each DH se duoc ap dung HS de cac hoat dong tir dat hieu qua cao, Viec phattrien rgng rai de gop phan nang cao chat luong nang li/c ttrduy cho HS cJay hoc noi ehung va day hcDC giao due thong o nuoc ta Q glai toan noi ehung co mpt vai tro rat quan trpng, gop phan nang cao hieu qua day hoc Tai lieu tham khao • ! NguySn Phiic Chinh Tich hofp Tdili^u tham khao daiy hoc Sinh hoc NXB Dai hoc I Biii Thi Htrang Gi^o trinh phinmg phap da,v hoc toan d- Nguyin trung hoc ph6 thdng theo djnh hinrng tich circ NXB Gido due Richard I Arends Learning to teach Vi^l Nam Thdi 2012 Von Hoffmann Press, USA 1998 H.20\0 NguySn K5' "Nfii liic vk ngoai luc" T a p chi Dai hoc vA Arthur A Gido diic diiivi^ii nghiep sO' thiing 1/1995 Science Printed in USA 1997 Carin Teaching Modern SUMMARY In the recent educaUon pulpils and of students the quality of critical thinking of Is the Urst step in sense However, each type of the critical thinking usually appears according to their certain act For arising the quality of this thinking of students IS necessary to understand should for example, m teaching mathematics dents can train and develop themselves measures for teaching students in sohmg common in with 1-5/2013)- by which m their works paper has introduced (ki it how to this and which act you stuThis to develop the capacity to think SUMMARY Problem based learning has many advantages, one of these is to help the pupils form the skill of solving problem m the life This learning method is to introduce the real situation to the pupils clearly, exactly and completely, so that, the pupils can study and exchange their own opinion to hold necessar,' content examples Tap chi Gido due so 309 65 ... bdc hoc mdm nhd vd cua cd nude Ptiat trien nang lire tir Mgt so van de ctiung (Tiep theo trang 52) (Tiep theo trang 33) mu''c kho va kieu loai Do do, dot hoi s u no ii/c cua ca G V lan gian \d\,... sdi noi, chu tpa di den ket luan: Ngudi ndng dan bdn phan cho dong n/dng lupng phan bdn thiia se theo ddng nude sudi, sdng roi vinh Phan bdn cung cap chat dinh dudng cho tao, tao phat trien qua... chinh va lam mau mdt so kl nang Hpe li thuyet, HS thudng ed tam li ngai va nham chan, nhung hpc theo van de, HS cd thu han bdi chinh cac em tu tim dupe nhiJng ndi dung dd Muc tieu cua bai hpc