Quan điểm của Đảng về phát triển xã hội và quản lý phát triển xã hội thời kỳ đổi mới.pdf

m QUAN DIEIVI CUA DANG VE PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI THQFl KYDOI IVlOl • TS PHAM D f c KlfeN J^en Lich sit Ddng, Hgc vien Chinh tri quoc ga Ho Chi Minh N lu tilp can pham trii xi hdi theo nghta hep, thi phit ttiln xi hdi chlnh la kMa canh xi hdi cua sy phat triln Theo ngMa niy, ndi dung eda phit triln xa hdi li nhiing vin de tMet ylu cua ddi sdng, nhu: viec lam, thu nhap, an smh xa hdi, an ninh xa hgi, dieh vu xi hdi, uu dii xa hdi Quan \f phai ttiln xa hdi la boat ddng quan ly cua nhi nudc va cac td chiic ngoii nha ntrdcttongvile xay dyng vi trien khai thyc Men cic chinh sieh, phip Mat thugc Itnh vyc xi hdi, nhim huy ddng tdi da cie ngudn lye cho phit triln ddi sdng vit chit va tmh thin cua ngirdi vi phit ttiln xi hgi bin vimg Thdi ky tnrdc ddi mdi (1986), nhimg sai Iam chu quan, y chl ttong chu truong, chinh sich cua Dang va Nbi nude vl eai tao XHCN vi xiy dyng CNXH, tri qui liu co chl quin ly kl hoaeh hda, tip trung quan hlu bao cap ma nln kmh tl Vilt Nam di lim vio khdng hoing tram ttgng Md hinh quan ly xa hdi thdi k^ da ldm ham lye lupng sin xuit va triet tilu nMeu ddng lye phit trien Dai hdi VI eua Dang (12-1986) da hoaeh dinh dirdng ldi ddi mod dat nude,ttongdd bat diu tu ddi mdi tu ly luin, nhan thiie ro hon, diing din hon ve CNXH vi eon dtrdng di lln CNXH d Viet Nam, xic lip mdt rad hinh phat triln mdi eho dit nudc, bd sung, phat triln ly iuin ve phat triln xa hgi vi quin ly phit triln xa hdi dieu kiln mod Dai hdi VI khing dinh quan diem liy viec phat huy yiu ticon nguaivi liy vile phuc vu ngudi lam muc dieh cao nhat cua mgi hoat ddng Lin diu tiln khii niem "chinh sach xa hdi' dupc nlu ttong Vin kiln Dai hgi VI vi ndi ham eua chmh sieh xi hdi dugc xie dinh rd: "Chinh sich xa hdi bao tnim mgi mat cua cudc sdng ngudi: dilu kiln lao ddng va sinh boat, giio due vi vin hoi, quan he gia dinh, quan he giai cap, quan he dan tde Cin thi hien day du thyc tl quan dilm cua Dang vi Nha nudc vl sy thdng nhit giiia chmh sich kinh tl va chinh sieh xa hdi, khic phuc thii dp eoi nhe chinh sich xa hpi, tuc la coi nhe ylu td ngudittongsu ngMep xay dyng chu nghla xi hdi""' Quan nilm niy dinh diu sy ddi mdi nhin thde ciia Ding ve Lf LUAN CHfNHTRI-So 9/2015 iL N G H l t N CCru - PHAT TRIEN LY LUAN van de phat trifo xa hoi va quan ly phat trifa dpng luc to 16n phat huy mpi tifim ndng sang xa hoi, cot loi cua ddi moi la dat nguoi vao tao cua nhdn dan su nghiep xay dvmg vi tri trung tam, My viec phat trifo nhan to chii nghla xd hpi Phuong huong Ita ciia chinh sdch xa hOi nguoi lam thuoc hieu qua cua mpi hoat la: phdt huy nhdn to ngufii tren co so dpng kinhte, xahoi Nha nuoc quan ly xa hOi bJng phap luat, bao dam cfing bdng, binh ddng vfi quyfin lpi "Phap luat phai dupc chap hanh nghiem va nghia vu cfing ddn; kfit hpp tfit tdng chinh, mpi ngirod deu binh dang truoc phap truong kinh tfi vai tifin bfi xa h0i; giua dfii luat Mpi vi pham phap luat deu phai dupc song vdt chat va doi sfing tinh than; giQa dap xu ly"'° Ben canh vai tro quan ly ciia Nha ling cac nhu cdu truoc mdt vfii chdm lo Igd nuoc, Dai hpi VI da nhan thiic ro vai tro, vi tri Ich ldu dai; giira cd nhdn vol tap the va c0ng ciia nhan dan va cdc doan the quSn chiing dfii dongxahpi"'^^ vol vi0c quan ly va thuc hien chinh sach xa h6i Den Hfil nghi dai bifiu todn qufic giua khdng dinh phuong cham "Nha nudc va nhiem ky khod VII (1-1994), quan nifim vi nhan dan ciing lam", dieu th^ hien mpt chinh sach xa hfii vd phat trien xa hpi dupc buoc phdt tri^n moi so voi quan diem truoc nhin nhan mpt cdch rfi rdng hon, cu the hon day v^ chu the quan ly phat tri^nxahpi, tuyet va phan dnh quyet tdm ciia Dang viec d6i hoa vai tro cua Nha nuoc, nhin nhan giai dua ddt nuoc thoat khoi cuflc khiing hoang quyet cac vdn d^ xd hpi nhu la su ban phat tu kinh tfi - xa hpi dfi tit tao die'u kifin thuc hien tr^n xu6ng duoi, boi ca chi "xin - cho" phat trifin xd hfii vung chdc va hifiu qua hon: Dai hoi VII cua Dang (6-1991) tiep tuc "Tang trudng kinh tfi phai gdn vol tign bfi va khdng dinh tam quan trpng cua phdt trien xd cfing bang xd hfii titng budc phat hfii va nhdn manh muc tifiu ciia chinh sdch xd trifin Cfing bdng xa hfii thfi hien cd d khau hpi moi quan hi vai chinh sdch kinh t^: phdn phfii hpp Ijj tu lifiu sdn xudt, ldn khau "Mucriguciia chinh sach xa hpi thfing nhdt phdn phoi kfit qua san xudt, cung nhu digu vol muctifiuphdt trien kinh te, iiu nhdm phdt kifin phdt trien nang luc ciia mpi vien huy siic manh cua nhdn tfi nguoi va vi cfing dfing""'' nguoi Kft hop hai hoa giua phdt trien kinh tfi Nhu vdy, vfii quan niem cua Ddng vfi phdt v6i phat trign van hoa, xa hpi, giua tang truong trifin xa hfii dupc nhin nhan khdch quan hon, kinh tfi v6i tien bp xa hfii; giiia doi sfing vat khia canh xd hfii cua su phat trifin dupc xde chat va doi sfing tinh than ciia nhan ddn Coi dinh Id mpt tdt yeu qua trinh phat trign; phdt trifin kinh tfi la co so va tifin de dfi thuc phdt trifin vd hoan thien ngufii tiep tuc hien cac chinh sach xa hfii, thuc hien tfit chinh dupc khdng dinh Id muc Ueu cdn dat dfin, phai sdch xa hpi la dpng luc thiic day phat trifin dupc thg hien trnng mpi chii truong, chinh kinhtfi"Bi sach, phdp luat cua Dang vd Nhd nuorc Hfii Cuong linh xay dung dat nuoc thm kynghi dai bieu todn quoc giira nhiem ky khfia qui len chii nghla xa hoi dupc thong qua VII cua Dang da chii truong tang cufing xay tai Dai hpi VII ciia Dang neu ro: "Oiihh sich dung cdc ludt, cdc chinh sdch nhdm bdo vfi lpi xa hoi diing ddn vi hanh phuc nguoi la ich hpp phdp ciia nguoi lao dpng, mfit mdt vira LVLUAN CHINH TRI-SO9/2015 m khuyin kM'ch dau tu de phit tiien kinh te, cai ngudi dan, eie doanh nghidp, eic td chue tMen ddi sdng, mat khic xiy dyng eic eo chl xa hgi, cie ci nhan vi td chtic nude nhim han ehl bit cdng xa hdi Thdng qua he ngoai cung tham gia giai quylt nhirng vin dl tiidng phip luat, Nha ntrdc khuyin kMch mpi xi hdi'^' ngtrdi dan, mpi thinh phin kmh tl lam giau Tdng kit 20 nam ddi mdi dat nudc, Dai hdi cMnh ding di ddi vdi tich eye xda ddi, giim X cua Ding chd truong phat triln xi hdi va nghdo, ddng thdi cd chinh sich im dii hop ly quin ly phat triln xi hpi phii tilp tuc dupc dit ve tm dung, ve thul, dio tao nghe ngMep de ttong mdi quan hi khdng tich rdi vol phit tao dieu kiln thuan lpi cho ngudi ngheo cd thi trien kinh tl va quan ly phit trien kinh te D^ ty minh vuon lln va thoit ngheo'^' Ben canh hdi da dua nhiing tilu chi ein thilt vi vai ttd ehu dao cua Nhi nudettongvile quan phuong cham thue diy phit triln kmh t l gin ly phit trien xi hdi, khdng cM dijng lai d vdi phit triln xa hgi: "Phai gin tang tnrdng phuong chim Mia nudc va nhan din cdng kmh tl vdi phit trien van hda, phit trien toin lam Dang ta da cM rd su can thilt phii ning dien eon ngudi, thyc Men dan chu, tiln bp va cao ttich nMem eua toan xa hdittongvan dl cdng bingxa hdi, tao nMlu viec lim, eii thien giai quylt cic van dl xi hgi: "De cao ttich ddi sdng, khuyen kMch lim giau hgp phip di nMem cua mdi cdng dan ty giai quylt nhiing ddi vdi xda ddi, giim ngheo"'^' va "Thyc Men van dl cua bin than va gia dinh minh; ddng tiln bd va cdng bing xi hdi ttong timg thdi tang cirdng cgng ddng ttich nhilm cua budc va timg ehinh saeh phit triln "'^'", toan xa hdi, phit huy truyin thdng nhin ii Trong Cuong hnh xiy dung dit nu&c tiong cua din tdc ta"*^ thdi ky qua len chu nghia xa hdi (bd sung, Tai D^i hdi VIH (6-1996), Dang ta di neu ro phit triln nam 2011) dupe thdng qua tai Dai quan diem cM dao dinh hudng cho viec thyc hdi XI cua Dang, muc tieu vi npi dung eua Men he thdng chinh sich xi hdi: Tang trudng chlnh sach xa hdi dtrpc neu rd: "Chinh sich xi kinh tiphai gin hin v&itiinbq vi cdng bang hdi dung dan, cdng bang vi ngtrdi li dpng xa hdi ngaytiongtdng buDC vationgsuit qua luc manh me phit huy mpi nang lyc sing tao tnnh phit triin Cdng bang xa hdi phai the cua nhin danttongsy ngMep xiy dyng vi bao Men d ca khiu phin phdi hgp ly tu heu san vl Td qudc Bao dam cdng bing, binh ding vl xuit lan d khau phin phdi ket qua san xuat; quyln lgi vi ngMa vy edng din; kit hpp chit thyc hien nMlu Mnh thirc phin phdi, lay ehe, hgp ly phit triln kinh tl vdi phit trien vin phin phdi theo kit qui lao ddng va Meu qua hda, xi hdi, thue hilntienbg vi cdng bing xa kmh t l li chu ylu, ddng thdi phan phdi dya hdi ngayttongtiing budc vi timg chinh sich; tten muc ddng gdp cic ngudn lyc khic vao kit phit triln hii hda ddi sdng vat chat vi ddi qua sin xuat kmh doanh vi phin phdi thdng sdng tinh thin, khdng ngimg nang eao ddi qua phuc lpi xa hOi; khuyen khich lim giiu sdng cua mgi vienttongxa hpi vl in, d, hgp phip di ddi vdi tich eye xda ddi, giam di lai, hpc tip, ngM ngoi, chua benh va ning ngheo Cic vin dl chinh sieh xa hdi diu giai cao thi chit, gin ngMa vu vdi quyln lgi, cdng quylt theo tinh thin xi hdi hda Nhi nude giir Min vdi hirdng thu, lgi Ich ei nhin vdi lpi Ich vai ttd ndng cdt, ddng thdi ddng viln mdi tap thi vi cgng ddng xi hdi""" LfLUAN CHfNH TRI-So9/2015 TO NGHIEN CtfU - PHATTRIJN Lt LUAN Bao cio tdng kit mdt sd vin de ly luan - tyu vupt bac ve phat trien xa hpi va thuc tiin qua 30 nim ddi m&i (1986-2016)quin lyphat trien xa hpi nhin dinh: Ding da nhin thue eing cu Nhdco su tang trudng kinh te kha eao va dn thi vi diy du hon tim quan ttpng, muc tieu dinh di tao dieu kien vat ehat de Dang va va ndi dtmg cua vile giii quylt cic vin dl xi Nha nudc ta quan tam dau tu va day manh hdi, die bilt li an smh xi hdi, phue lpi xa bpi vile thyc hien phatttienxa hoi va quan iy phat Khing dinh muc tieu chinh sich xa hdi li triln xa hgi cang co hieu qua hon nhim xiy dyng vi phit trien ngudi, dem Cic ehinh sach ve lao dgng va viee lam da lai cudc sdng hanh phue cho eon ngudi, gdp cang phu hgp hon vdi thuc tiln nen kinh phin lanh manh hda xi hdi va phit trien bin tl thi truong dinh hudng XHCN Bp luat Lao viing dit nudc Nhan thue ro honradiquan he ddng duoc sua ddi nhieu lan qua cic nam giua tang tnrdng kmh tl vdi tiln bd vi cdng 2002, 2006, 2007 va 2012, da tao hinh lang bing xi hdi ttong tiing bude va tung phip ly eho viec hoan thien cac tieu chuan lao ehinh sieh phat triln; vai ttd cua cMnh sieh ddng, thiet lap quan he lao dgng giira cac chii xa hdi, su thdng nhit va kit hgp hai hda giiia the, dilu chinh cac quan he xa hpi co lien chinh sieh kinh tlvdi ehinh sich xa hdi ""^' quan din quan he lao dpng "Mdi nam binh Nhuviy, eac quan dilm co ban nlu tten da quan tao 1,5-1,6 trieu viee lam mdi Nam dinh hinh he ly luin eua Ding ve phit trien xa 2014, lao dpng khu vuc chlnh thuc dat hdi vi quan ly phit triln xa hdi ttong thdi ky tten 30% va lao dgng da quan dao tao chilm ddiradi.Trong dd, Nha nudc giu vai trd la chu khoing 49% tdng sd lao dgng""^' Da xay dung thi quin ly phit trien xa hdi, ddng thdi cac vin vi triln khai Luat Viec iam va nghien cdu xay di chinh sich xa hdi diu gai quyit theo tinh dung Chuong trinh viec lam cdng than xahdi hoi, dongvien mdi ngudi din, cac Cdng tie xoa ddi giam ngheo dat dupc kel doanhnghidp, cic td ch&c xahdi, ciccaqui diy an tupng Trong gan 30 nam ddi moi, nhan vitdchdcn u&c ngoii cimg tham gia giai Dang va Nha nude ludn nhat quan ve chinh quylt nhtrng vin dl xa hgi Vdi tu cieh la chu sich giam ngheo ben vung di doi vdi khuyen thi chinh tri, Nha nudc xay dyng cMIn lugc kMch lim giau hpp phap; day manh viec trien phit triln, thong qua he thdng the che, ehinh khai thyc Men cac ngM quyet ciia Chinh phii va sich, CO chl tao ddng luc cho phit trien xi hdi Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve giam ngheo, tgo su hii hda phatttiengiu:a ei nhan ttong dd chu ttgng chinh sach giam ngheo da vi cpng ddng Nhin dan va cac td chue xa hdi cMeu vi khic phuc nguy ca tai ngheo Da tien cd vaittdhit sue quanttpngttongvile tham hanh dilu chinh chuan ngheo theo timg thdi ky gia vio quatiinhphittiienxa hpi va dinh gii phil hpp voi dieu kien kmh te - xa hpi ciia dai ehinh sieh phit trien xa hdi nudc Theo chuan quoc gia, ty le hg doi ngheo Nhiing budc tiln ttong tu ly luan cua da giim tir 30% nam 1992 xudng khoang 9,5% Dang vl phittiienxa hdi vi quan ly phit triln nam 2010 Theo Ngan hang tiie gidi (WB) va xa hdi ttong gin 30 nam ddi mdi da dem lai Tdng eye Thdng ke, ty le ngheo chung (bao gdm nhimg thinh tuu to ldn ttong tit ci eac hnh ca ngheo luong thuc, thuc pham va ngheo phi vuc eiia ddi sdng xa hdi, dd cd nhung luong thuc, thuc pham) da giam tir 58,1% nam LfLUAN CHfNH TRf-So 9/2015 m Mgt goc khu tdi dinh cu thi xa Mudng Lay (tinh Di^n Bien) 1993 xudng 29% nam 2002 va cdn 7,8% vio nam nim 2013, hiu hit tuyen xi da cd ttam y te, 2013, 5,8-6% nim 2014 va phin diu din bet 95,9% sd thdn, bin cd nhin vien y te; 74,9% nim 2015 hd ngjieo ttong ei ntrdc cdn dudi cic ttam y te xa cd bic sy, khoang 96%ttamy 5%"* Nhu vay, A/ilt Nam da "hoin thinh sdm tlxi cd y sy, niihd smb Nhddd, viec tilp cin hon so vdi kl hoach toan cau: giam mdt nua ty dich vu cham sdc, ehiia tri benh cua ngudi dan 11 ngheo vio nim 2015", ma Mye tilu TMIn da dugc cai tMen"^' men ky (MDGs) cda Liln Hgp qudc da dl ra'^^' Chinh sach uu dai ngudi cd cdng dupe Sy ngMep giao dye cd budc phat triln radi Dang va Nha nude die bilt quan tim "Ca vl quy md, da dang hda vl loai hinh trudng nude Min cd khoing 8,8 trilu ngirdi cd edng, ldp tu mim non, tieu hpc din cao dang, dai cMlm khoing 10% din sd, cd khoing 1,4 trilu hpc Ty le ngudi dan (tii 15 mdi trd len) biet ngudi dupe hudng ttp cip thudng xuyin Bio chii di tang ttr 84% cudi nhiing nim 1980 len dam miie sdng cda ngirdi cd cdng bing hoic 90,3% nam 2007 Ttr nam 2006 din nay, Oimg eao hon muc sdng tnmg binh cua din cu ttIn binh hing nim quy md dao tao tmng hge diabancutni"'^''' Chlnh sieh an sinh xi hdi ngiy cing md chuyin ngMep ting 10%; eao ding vi dai hpe tang 7,4% Nam 2009, ttIn 1,3 trilu smh vien rdng vi hieu qui Xiy dyng hi thdng an sinh ngheo duoc Ngin hing ehinh sich xa hdi cho xa hdi cd tinh chia se giiia Nha nudc, xi hdi va ngudi dan, giua cie nhdm dan cu vay vdi lii suit tm dii de theo hpe Cic dich vu y te, ehim sdc sue khoe nhin mdt thi hi vi giua eic the he, dd Nhi din di cd nhung tiln bd vtrpt bac Tinh din ntrdc giu vai ttd chu dao "Den nim 2014, ca LfLUAN CHfNH TR!-Sd9/2015 ^ NGHIEN COfU-PHATTRliN LFLUAN nufic CO hon 11 trieu nguoi tham gia bao hiem xd hpi bdt bupc, 190 nghin nguoi tham gia bao hiem xd hpi tu nguyen, hon trifiu nguoi tham gia bao hifim that nghiSp vd hon 61 trieu ngufii tham gia bdo hifim y tfi™ Cung voi dfi, Nhd nuoc dang xiic tifin xdy dung Luat An sinh xa hpi va sua doi Luat Bao hifim xahpi Ngodi ra, de dinh huong, nang cao hifiu qud phdt ttifin xa hpi, ttong thfii ky doi mm Dang va Nhd nuoc ciing chii ttpng day manh cfing tdc quan ly phdt trien xd hfii thfing qua xay dung va hoan thien he thfing chlnh sdch, phdp luat ttong cdc linh vuc xa hfii khdc Difin thu huong chinh sdch ngdy cdngmfifrfing, mirc hfi ttp dtrpc nang Ifin Ngufin lite ddu tu cdc linh vuc xa hfii ngdy cdng dupc tang cufing vd da dang boa Nha nufic da ban hdnh va tfi chirc thuc hifin nhieu chinh sach dfi xdy dung, phdt huy vai trfi ciia cdc giai tang xa hfii ttong su nghifip dfii mfii, vfi hinh dang gifii, vi chdm sfic bd me va tre em, hfin nhdn va gia dinh, cham sfic ngufii cao tufii, chfing te nan xa hfii, bao luc gia dinh Ben canh nhimg ket qua dat dupc, van khfing it nhirng han chfi, bat cap phdt ttifin xd hpi vd quan ly phdt ttifin xd h p i Dfi Id: "Mpt sfi chinh sdch xa hfii cham dfii moi, chua sdt thuc tiln, thifiu co so' khoa hpc; thifiu nhung chinh sach dac thii cho nhimg viing djc thu; thifiu co chfi chinh sach difi'u tiet hop ly quan he lpi ich, difi'u hfia cdc quan hfi xa hfii, kiem sodt cdc riii ro, mau thudn, xung dot xd hpi Tien luong chua dam bdo cupc sfing can bo, cfing chirc, vifin chirc Cdi cdch tifin luong Ugn hanh cham, chua dat muc tieu, yfiu cau de ra" Dfing thoi, "Quan ly xd hpi cfin nhieu bat cap, liing tiing, chong chfio, thifiu hifiu qua; tifiu cue xa hfii, tfi nan LVLUAN CHiNH TR|-So9/2015 xd hpi, tai nan xa hpi, tpi pham xa hfli co chieu huong gia tang""'*' Do do, can phai tifip tuc nghifin ciiu, bfi sung vd hodn thien chii tnrong, chinh sdch vi quan ly phdt trien xa hpi Cimg vol phdt trifin kinh tfi vd quan ly phdt trien kinh tfi, phdt ttign xa hpi Viet Nam phdi vtrpt qua quan niem truyfin thong de phat trien ben viing, gdn lifin xa hpi, cpn nguoi va vol mfii trudng tu nhifin Qudn ly phat trien xa hpi a nuac ta theo dfi phdi tinh dfin tinh chinh thfi vd dfing b$, dfii hoi khfing ngiing nang cao ndng luc ciia chi the quan ly Trong dieu kien moi, Nha nufic can phdi tifip tuc huy dpng dupc sue manh tfing hpp ciia cdc luc lupng xd hfii vific thuc hifin phdt ttifin xd hfii vd quan ly phdt trifin xd hpi, cfi nhu vdy mfii cfi thfi tao dung mfit xd hfii phdt trifin ben vihig theo dinh huong XHCN • (1), (2) DCSVN: Van kien BangToan tap t.47, Nxb Chinh tn qufic gia Ha Nfii, 2006, tr.420,455 (3), (4)Sdd,t.51,tr.l00,139 (5), (6), (7) Sdd, t.53, tl 216,217,217 (8) DCSVN: Vin kien Dai hOi dai biiu toan qudc lan thu Vin, Nxb Chlnh tti qufic gia Ha Npi, 1996, tr.lI3-114 (9), (10) DCSVN: Vin ki$n Dai hdi dai biSu toin qudc Ian thuX, Nxb Chinh tri qufic gia, Hd Noi, 2006,0.178-179,101 WBCSm-.VinkienDaihQiaaibieutoinquoclSn thtiXI, Nxb Chinh tri qufic gia, Ha Noi, 2011, tt.79 (12), (13), (14), (17), (18), (19) DCSVN: Bio tdng ket mdt so vin de ty luan • thuc tiSn qua 30 nam ddi mai (1986-2016), Nxb Chinh tti qufic gia, HaNpi,2015,tt.l05,109,110, 111, 112,114  ... thiet lap quan he lao dgng giira cac chii xa hdi, su thdng nhit va kit hgp hai hda giiia the, dilu chinh cac quan he xa hpi co lien chinh sieh kinh tlvdi ehinh sich xa hdi ""^'' quan din quan he... binh Nhuviy, eac quan dilm co ban nlu tten da quan tao 1,5-1,6 trieu viee lam mdi Nam dinh hinh he ly luin eua Ding ve phit trien xa 2014, lao dpng khu vuc chlnh thuc dat hdi vi quan ly phit triln... thien chii tnrong, chinh sdch vi quan ly phdt trien xa hpi Cimg vol phdt trifin kinh tfi vd quan ly phdt trien kinh tfi, phdt ttign xa hpi Viet Nam phdi vtrpt qua quan niem truyfin thong de phat