NGHIEN cuu-TRAO 001 BlNH IDAN HUONG UC^CTfflO OAC D O LDAT HOP D6II PHAM QUANG HUY Tom tdt: Trin ca sd khdi niim hap ddng, hgp dong cdng dong vd ddi chiiu, so sdnh v&i ndi duni htnh thiic cua huong udc, bdi viit binh lugn vd dua mgt sd kien nghi vi vice sogn thdo huong i^ hiin dgi Ben cgnh dd, tdc gid cOng binh ludn mgt so npi dung liin quan din phdp lugt hgp ddng V^ Nam hien hdnh TH khod: Hgp ddng cgng ddng; hirang u&c; le lang Absn-tict: On the basis of the concepts of contract arui community contract in comparision wfiS the contents andfoms of village covenants, the paper offers comments and some proposals on dn0ng modem village covenants Also, the author seeks to discuss some issues relating to the current contm law of Vietnam Key words: Community contract; village covenant; village custom Huong uo^c lang Viet Ldng Id ncri dan cu an minh dang sau nhiing lily tte va truyln thdng dugc luu giii tir ddi qua ddi khdc Them vdo dd, lang d mien Bac Viet Nam thudc ve khu vyc lanh thd da bi quan xdm luge phong kien phuong Bac dd hg sudt ban mdt ngan nam trudc day.''* Trong ket cdu xa hgi Viet Nam, lang ddng vai ttd to ldn, dae biet ttong qud ttinh hinh thdnh nhan thiic cua mdi ngudi dan Lang khdng chl don thudn la mgt don vi hanh chinh ma cdn la su cd ket cgng ddng dam dac cua ngudi Viet Lang Viet ed truyln "trong chung myc Id ti bdo cda xd hdi".^^^ Trudc ddy, mdt thdi lang, xa, thdn Viet Nam "sau dugc trieu dinh edng nhgn, mdi xd thdn diu cd tu each phdp nhdn vd dugc coi nhu mgt td chiec ty tri Bdi vgy mdi lang diu ed mgt ten riing, cd cong diin edng thd vd phgt nhiing ngu&i phgm din quyin lgi chung cua ldng hogc cua cd nhdn, lap huong u&c di quy dinh hit thdy tuc li cua ldng cho mgi nguai biit md tudn theo" Nhd bac hgc Le Quy Ddn, dan theo sffl;li "Phii dng tgp kf' cho rdng dm tu "khoan uoc" ed tir thdi Hdn den thai nha Tdng nhung dii duge coi la khe ude ttong budn ban.'^ Hoc gid Ddo Duy Anh dinh nghTa "huong udc la quy ludt Idng".^^^ Theo Lenh ban bo cua vua Le Thanh Tdng 20 thdng Tu nam Hong Diie thii 7, Dilu quy dinh: "Nhdt cdm ddn tyc thiet lap tu u&c"P^ Nhu vgy cd Ae thdy rdng, vao didi dilm trudc nam 1471, ^ cgng ddng lang xa Viet Nam da tdn tgi nhieu hinh thiic khdc cua buong udc CiJng ttong Lenh nay, Vua Le Thanh Tdng y\k "Niu ldng xa ndo cd nhiing tue khdc la lap khodn u&c vd cdm li, dt phdi nh& vi^/i mdt ca quan qudn tri ngu&i ldng tie cdt dgt ra".'^' Vi 16 la mdt td chirc tu tti nhu vay nen Idng phdi "ddt cdc khodn le di trimg * Thac sT luat hpc, luat su Vin phong lual su Han Sy Huy TAP CHI LUAT HOC S6 4/2016 NGHIEN CUU - TRAO OOI :hiee nho gid ngu&i ndo dimg tudi, cd due hgnh thdng, m&i cd thi tudn hdnh Khi id lgp khodn le roi, phdi trinh len quan 7hiec, cdc nha mdn xem xet ro cdc diiu l^ ten theo, si phe chudn thita hdnh Niu thdy irong khodn u&c cd diiu thiin tu gian td thi ohi cha "bde", de cho khoi sinh nhieng gian muu Neu ngu&i ndo khdng dy vdo viic lap uac dy md lu hgp rieng thi cho phep xa quan to cdo lin nha mdn di tri tgi, di bd ti tuc, Idp hdn sy cu&ng hdo tiim dogt Cde nhd chiec trdch khdng thi dung thu^'.^^^ Khai lugn ve hgp dong vd hgp dong cgng dong Cd the khang djnh rang, "huong u&c, I? ldng Id mdt nhimg di sdn vdn hod phdp li dgc sdc cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam".^'^^ Theo nghi6n ciiu ciia nhd ddn tdc hgc Nguyen Diic Tir Chi, ban buong udc cd nhdt dugc tim thdy la "Mg Trach xa cuu khodn" - ban huong udc cua ldng Mg Trgch xii Hdi Duong ndm 1665 Ban cuu khodn gdm 30 dieu khoan, dugc siia ddi, bd sung 16 lan Sau lan sda ddi cudi ciing vao ndm 1797 (sau 132 nam), bdn cuu khodn gdm cd 82 dilu.'"*' Nhd dan tdc hgc Tir Chi khang dinh: "Du khdng phdi la mot bg ludt hodn chinh, huang u&c, vdi nhiing diiu quy dinh vi mgt sd net sinh hogt rieng biit eua ldng xa vdn ddng vai trd mgt cucmg ITnh, cd the cdn Mid chung chung nhung dit vdn ddng duge xem la mdt cuang ITnh ve nep sdng hdng ngdy cua ldng xd md mgi cd nhdn, mgi td chuc ldng, xd phdi tudn thu".^^'' Tuong ty, gidi sir hgc ciing nhin nhan: "Huang u&c gidng nhu bg ludt rieng (chua hodn chinh) cua ldng nhdm ddm bdo tinh chdt ty qudn, ty tri cd muc dg di tri trgt ty vd sy dn dinh cita ldng xd tne&c mgi biin dgng xd hgi" - Hdnh vi phdp li: sy the hien ^ chi ldm phat sinh cde be qua phdp li; TAP CHi LUAT HOC s6 4/2016 2.1 Khdi ni?m hgp ddng Ddi vdi khdi niem hgp ddng, BLDS Phdp quy dinh: "Hgp ddng Id sy thod thudn giiia cdc ben, theo dd mgt hogc nhiiu ngu&i cam kit v&i mgt hogc nhiiu ngu&i khdc vi viqe ehuyin giao mgt vdt, ldm hogc khdng ldm mdt cong viec ndo (i?d"."'" Tren co sd dd, cac nhd lugt hgc Phdp nhin nhgn hgp ddng la mgt hdnh vi phdp li vd Id su thoa thuan giita ede ben theo md thiic: *'** - Tinh chat hgp dong: sy thdng nhat y chl giiia hai hay nhieu ngudi; - Myc dich ciia hgp ddng: mSi ben theo duoi nhiing lgi ieh rieng ciia minh Hgp ddng la ket qua ciia su dung hod Igi ich ddi lap nhau; - Thoa thuan: sy thong nhdt ^ chi lam phat sinh cac he qua phdp Ii Trong dn le ciia Pbap, toa an "coi khe u&c nhu ludt /e"''^' vd chi phan xet ve y chi cua eac ben ket udc thdng qua lap ludn rSng: "Trong mdt uac song phuang, neu y ehi ehung cua ddi bin kit u&e khdng duge minh bgch thi hiin vdn ty, tod dn cd quyin gidi thich vd xdc nhdn tinh chdt that sy cua ude chiiu theo ede sy kien thyc ti cua hd sa Tod dn Ididng bi bd huge cde danh tie md ddi ben da ddng de minh danh KWC"."^' Chiu anh hudng eua ddn luat Phdp, cdc Bg ddn lugt Bac ki va Trung ki cua Viet Nam dinh nghia: "Khi u&e Id mgt hgp u&c eua mot ngu&i hay nhiiu ngu&i cam doan vai mgt hay nhiiu ngu&i khdc de chuyen hiiu, tde dgng hay bdt tdc dgng".^^''^ Cu thl, Dilu 680 NGHIEN CUU - TRAO 001 Bg ddn luat Trung ki quy dinh: "Hiep u&e la mdt hay nhiiu ngu&i ddng y di lap hay chuyin di, ddi di hay tiiu di mot quyin lai thudc ve cua cdi hay vi nguai Khe u&c la mdt hiep u&e cua mgt nguai hay nhiiu ngu&i cam doan v&i mgt hay nhiiu ngu&i khde di ehuyen giao, di ldm hay khdng ldm cdi gi".' ' Hon niia, chiu anh hudng d tu tudng ty y chi ttong ket udc cua ddn luat Phdp, Bd ddn ludt Trung ki cdn chi rd: "Ngu&i lap u&c duac ty giao u&c nhau, miin la dimg u&c djnh diiu gi trdi v&i phdp lugt, vol phong hod hay trdt ty cdng chung" Trong dd, ngudi My dinh nghTa ngan ggn hgp ddng (contract) Id; "Mdt l&i hiea ed quy dinh biin phdp khdc phuc (remedy); hodc thyc hiin cde nghTa vu md phdp ludt edng nhgn; mgt giao dieh bao gdm hay nhiiu cd nhdn ed quyin ddi ung yiu cdu bin edn lai thuc hiin l&i hiia".^ * Cac nha nghien ciiu luat hgc ngudi My ciing chi td cua hgp ddng gdm: - De nghi (giao ket hgp ddng); De nghi dugc thuc bien bdi mgt bSn (ben de nghi) cho mdt ben khdc (ben duge de nghi) cho biet san sang tham gia vao hgp ddng - Chap thuan (de nghi giao ket hgp ddng): Ben dugc de nghi ddng '^ bi rdng budc bdi cdc dieu khodn ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng; Dong thudn: De nghi va chdp thuan song hanh de tao sy ddng thuan hoac "mgt cugc hgp eua y chf Sy ddng thuan ed the bi pha buy bdi gian lan, xuySn tac, sai lam, cuong ep hoac anh hudng khdng dang cd; - Nang Iyc: phdp ludt gid dinh mgi chu the tham gia hgp ddng deu cd nang luc phap li, Tuy nhien, tte vi thdnh nien thudng dugc mien ttach nhiem hgp ddng ciing nhu cac eg nhdn khdng dii ndng luc vl tinh than vd hi ep dung thudc hogc say; - Su xem xet va biia hen (consideratiffli): Sy xem xet va biia hen Id dieu cd gia tn hiia hen ciia mgt b6n nham ddi lay ddi tugng Hik cd gid tri cua ben cdn Igi ttong hop ddng Sir trao ddi rang budc cac ben vdi nhau; Tinh hgp phdp: Cdc b6n khdng duoc phep tham gia hgp ddng lien quan din thyt hien hanh vi bdt hgp phdp Mdt sd hgp dong bdt hgp pbap lien quan tdi thod thugn thirc hien tgi pham hoge vi phgm dan sy, mot so khac lien quan tdi hdnh vi bat hgp phap theo luat dinh Trong do, BLDS ndm 2005 quy dinh ve khai niem hgp ddng dan sy nhu sau: "Hgp ddng tidn sy Id sy thod thudn giua m: bin ve viec xdc lap, thay ddi hogc chdm dut quyin, nghia vu ddn sy" (Dieu 388) Binh ludn ve Dieu 388 cdc nha nghien ciiu cho rang, ve nguyen tac ehung, mgi thod thuan nham xae lap, thay ddi, cham diit eac quyen va nghta vu dan su phdi tuan theo cac quy dmh chung ve giao dich dan su vd hgp dong ddn sy Bg ludt ddn su Theo do, hpp ddng dan su dugc chia 02 nhdm: 1) Nhdm hop ddng ed ddi tugng la tai sdn; 2) Nhom hgp ddng cd d6i tugng la cdng vi?c phai Idm.'^'* Quan dilm ndy chu trgng tdi d6i tugng thyc thi hgp ddng nhilu hon la y chi ciia ngudi ket udc ttong qua trinh thucmg thao, thyc hien hgp ddng Xudt phat tu quan diem chu ttgng tdi ddi tugng kit udc nen dan den viec chu ttgng tdi "tinh dii dieu kien" ciia ddi tugng chuyin nhugng giao dich ddn sy.*'^^' TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 4/2016 hgp ddng, ddi edn cd hieu luc vai cd nhung ngu&i khdng phdi la thdnh viin nhdm (thod u&c lao dgng tdp the)" Cac hop ddng cdng ddng ti6u bilu nhu thod u6c lao dgng tap the, hiep thuong giQ;a gidi chu va gidi thg; eac hgp ddng ttong phap nhdn (nhu nghi quyet dgi hdi ddng cd ddng ciia cdng ti c6 phdn; nghi quylt cda hgi ding thdnh vien ciia edng ti ttach nhiem hiiu ban ) hoSc phap nhdn giao ket vdi ngudi thii ba; cac nghi quyet ciia hgi nghi chii ng '^^' Khdc vdi hgp ding ca nban (hgp ddng chii the dan), hgp ddng cdng ddng (hgp ddng tap thl, hgp ddng chu the kep) ed hon mgt ca nhdn, td chiie tham gia giao kit tryc tiep hogc khdng ttyc tilp Vi du ro rang nhat cho hgp ddng cgng ddng la thoa udc lao ddng tdp 2.2 Khdi niem hgp ddng cgng ddng thl (collective conttaet/colleetive bargaining) Trong phdn logi hgp ddng, hgp ddng cd Theo do, thoa udc lao dgng tap the duge nhan va hgp ddng cgng ddng cdn dugc ggi la dinh nghta Id "thuang thdo giira cdng nhdn hgp dong ca nhan va hgp dong tap the Doi v&i gi&i ehd vi luang, th&i gian vd diiu kien vdi cap phan loai nay, ddi cd su nham ldm viic".^^^^ Nhu vgy, ehii the cua hgp dong Ian vdi hgp ddng cd mgt ngudi vd hgp ddng cgng ddng la cac bSn tham gia diuong thdo, cd hai hay nhieu ngudi.* ' Trong do, cae dam phan, thod thudn vd thdng nhdt cdc dieu nhd luat hgc ngudi Phdp phan biet cap hgp kien vd dieu khoan ciia hgp ddng Trong ddng chil the don vdi hgp ddng chii die kep trudng hgp thod ude lao dgng tap thl, cdc nhu sau: "Hgp ddng chit the dan Id hgp ddng ben d ddy gom ede cdng nhdn, ngudi lao md mdi ben ehi bao gdm mgt ed dgng (d Viet Nam, dai dien bdi cdng dodn nhdn hay mat td chiec nhdt; cim hgp CO sd; tai MJ, dgi dien bdi nghiep doan, ddng chil thi kep Id hgp ddng mdi bin chit cdng dodn - trade union) va gidi chii (ngudi the bao gdm mot nhdm cd nhdn, td chiec''; sir dyng lao dgng) Soi chieu vao cac huong phan biet giiia hgp ddng ca nhan vdi hgp udc ldng Viet, cac ben ciia vdn ban ndy Id dong tap thl nhu sau; "Hgp ddng tap the Id ngudi ddn xa, dai dien chinh quyen trung logi hgp ddng dugc giao kit giiea nhieu cd nhdn hay td chuc, cd hieu luc dp dung ddi uong (thdng qua xdc nhan vao van ban huong v&i tdt cd cdc thdnh vien nhdm, eho diiudc), dai dien ehinh quyen dia phuong (huong tieng thdnh viin ndy khdng giao kit tnec tiep trudng, Ii trudng, chdnh tong), Hien nay, tten thyc te ciing nhu phuong dien li ludn cd su nham ldn eoi ttgng vdn bdn giay ciia hgp ddng md cdc b6n ki ket hon la bdn chat thyc tl ciia hgp ddng Hgp ddng the hien ban chat cua minh thdng qua cdc thuong thao, bien ban ghi nhd, thoa thudn bang van bdn hoac bang mieng giiia cdc ben, cac td trinh, phe duyet xin y kien cap cd tham quyen (neu cd, ddi vdi phdp nhdn) ttong qud Uinh thuong thdo hgp ddng Chinh vi su coi trgng van bdn giay ki ket hgp ddng nen nhieu trudng hgp, chinh ngudi ket udc ciing kbdng thyc sy hieu ban chat cita hgp ddng Viec hieu khdng thdu dao bdn chat thuc sy eua hgp ddng dan den thue thi khdng dung hogc khdng thue thi hgp ddng, tu dd dan den cdc ttanh chap TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 4/2016 NGHIEN CifU - TRAO 001 Tucmg ty nhu cdc phan logi hgp dong khac, hgp ddng cgng ddng gdm quyen vd nghta vy ciia cde ben giao ket hgp dong, hieu luc, trinh tu giao ket gia nhgp ciia hgp dong Dudi day la mgt dilu khodn ve dien dia cua huong udc ldng Phiic Xa, tdng Phiic Ldm, huyen Hoan Long, phd Ha Ngi (lap 15/3/1923): "Mua bdn dien thd Dieu thie 39 - Hdi ddng tri sy ldm mgt quyen cdng bg biin nhieng ngu&i mua bdn edng tu chdu thd cho phdn minh, giao cho li truang phung thu, hi nguin ndo mua bdn diin thd phdi trinh li tru&ng xet biin so vdn ty vdo so cdng bg, cie mgt trdm phdi nop vdo cdng quy 1,00$ Thu quy biin lai, li tru&ng dp triin Ngu&i mua edng diin thd, ehi ed huy mdt nam cUng phdi trinh vdn ty vdo sd cdng bg nhu tren Cdng diin nop quy moi mdu 0,50$, cdng thd mdi mdu nop 0,30$ Ngu&i ndo khdng theo li nop tiin vdo sd, ngdy sau cd viic ldi thdi, hdi ddng khdng xet'P''^'' Ngi dung ciia van ban dp dung doi vdi ngudi ddn lang Phdc Xa va dugc ngudi dan lang true tiep hodc gian tiep tham gia vao viec xay dung van ban va cam ket thyc hien thong qua cac nghi le cdng bo huong udc va thyc hien tren thue te Mgt vi dy dien hinh cho loai hinh hgp dong cgng dong la thoa udc lao dgng tap the Bg luat lao dgng Viet Nam nam 2012 (BLLD) danh rieng 01 myc tai Chuong V "Ddi thogi tai noi lam viec, thuang lugng tap the, thoa udc lao dgng tap thl" dl quy dinh vl thoa udc lao dgng tap thl (tir Dilu 73 din Dieu 82) Theo do, "thod uac lao dgng tap the Id vdn bdn thod thugn giUa tdp thi lao ddng vd ngu&i sie diing lao ddng ve ede diiu kien lao ddng md hai ben da dgt dugc thdrt^ qua thuang lugng tap the" (khodn Dieu 73 BLLD) Theo do, ve trinh tu giao ket va gia nhdp, BLLD quy dinh thoa udc lao dgng t^p thl dugc ki kit giira dgi dien tap the lao dgng vdi ngudi su dyng lao dgng hode dai dien ngudi sii dung lao dgng vd phai cd tten 50% s6 ngudi ciia tap the lao dgng bieu quylt tan thdnh ndi dung thuong lugng tap thl da dat dugc ttong trudng hgp ki thoa udc lao dpng tap thl doanh nghiep vd cd tten 50% s6 d^ dien ban chdp hdnh cdng dodn ca sd ho^c cdng dodn cap ttSn co sd bieu quyet t^ thdnh ngi dung thuang lugng tap the da dat dugc ttong trudng hgp ki thoa udc lao dong tap thl nganh (Dilu 74 BLLD) Ngoai cdc loai hgp ddng edng dong ke tten, hge gia VQ Van Mau cdn nhln nhan mgt sd logi hgp ddng cgng ddng nha lam luat ap dgt nhu trudng hgp ngudi thue nha dugc quyen luu cu sau hgp dong thue nha da het hay ttudng hgp tnmg dung cae nhan vien cua mdt td ehiie.^^^' Trong cudn Huong udc Ha Ngi (gom tap, 1.503 ttang), tdc gia Truang Sy Hiingda bien dich gan nhu ddy du cac huong udc tir trude tdi cua Ha Ngi Trong tac pham nay, tdc gia cho biet cgng ding dan xa, cac bac cao ni6n da ban bac dl du thao nSo huong udc Sau dugc nhuan sac bdi cac bac tlic nho cua lang, huong udc dugc chuan thugn va trinh Ign chinh quyln trung uong thdng qua viec de trinh huong udc va ki chi vao hucmg udc Vi du, ddi vdi buong uit lang Phiic Xa neu tren, sau "ldm tgi lang Phdc Xd, ngdy hdm mdng mu&i thdng hai TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 4/2016 NGHIEN COU - TRAO OOI Tdy ndm mgt nghin chin trdm hai muai ba", lln ngdy 14/3/1923, Tdng ddc Hd Ddng Hoang Trgng Phu da ki chi.*^'' V l hinh thiic, iau dai dien chinh quyln ttung uong dugc de trinh va khdng ed phan ddi, huong ude cd hieu Iyc Hu-ung u-dc va hgrp d6ng cgng d^ng 3.1 Huang u&e Khdi thuy, huong udc la le lang, ludt lang cd tinh each rang budc ddi vdi cde cu dan cua lang Khi ciing chung tay ki kit huong ude, chiic sac va cu ddn ldng xa khdng nhdt thiet can nhgn thiic day la mgt phan loai hgp ddng cdng ddng Tuy nhign, tiieo tac gid, hieu luc, hinh thiic b ' kit, ndi dung va ban chat phdp li rang budc cae thdnh vien ctia lang da cho thay hucmg udc la mgt dang hgp ddng edng ddng Trong ban kgt ude edng ddng ay, theo nhiing luat le udc dinh, duge ddn xa tuan theo Khodn le lang Nghi Tam thugc quan Tdy Hd dugc md dau bang cau: "Khodn l^ cua mdt ldng cUng nhu ludt li cda mdt nuac"} * Tuong ty, ttong ldi tua eiia huong tuc dieu le ldng Tuong Mai, tdng Thinh Liet, huyen Thanh Tri, tinh Ha Ddng dugc md ddu bang edu: "Mot ldng l&n thi vi nhu mot nu&c, nhd thi vi nhu mgt hgi Neu muon cho sy cai tri mgt nu&c, mgt ldng, mdt hdi cho cd trdt ty, cdng bdng thl mgt nudc phdi ed lugt li mdt nu&c, mot hgi phdi cd diiu li mdt hgi, the thi mgt ldng khdng cd khodn u&c cita ldng hay sao?".^^^^ Tuy nhien, khdng vi le ay md "le ldng" dugc trdi vdi "phep nude" Ngugc lgi, le ldng bd sung phan khuyet thieu eho phgp nudc nhu ldi tua huong ude lang Tdy Mo da vilt; "Ddi v&i ldng tiec la ddi v&i nuac TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 4/2016 vi gdp ldng lgi thdnh nu&e ldng Id goe nu&c, ldng cd hay thi nudc m&i thjnh vgy".^ ' Dogn md ddu eua hucmg udc ldng Quynh Ddi cd su dung tir hgp ddng de chi sy giao ket giiia quan chiie ehinh quyln, ngudi ddn vdi ngudi dan qud trinh lap udc: "Ndm thie tu hiiu Duang Hod (1636), ngdy 20 thdng 8, quan Cdng bg vien ngogi hgp ddng v&i ldng thugng hg di ldm them khodn udc "} ' Ve mat hieu luc, buong udc cd phgm vi dp dyng d6i vdi toan bd Idng, ngudi ddn lang Ve hinh thiie, buong udc thudng dugc soan thao bdi cac chiic sac ttong lang, quan vien cap tten hoac ngudi cd chii nghia ttong lang 3.2 Tuang quan giiea huang u&c vd quy dinh phdp ludt Theo hgc gia Phan K I Binh, "chdn huang thdn thu&ng cd u&e hen riing v&i lap sd sdch, ddng ddn ki kit, ggi la hucmg u&c Trong khodn u&c cd thu&ng cd phgt, tru cdc vi^c l&n dd cd phep cua nhd nuac, cdn vi4c nhd thl ddn thdn thi hdnh v&i nhau"} Ndi dung chinh cua khodn udc (huong udc), theo Phan Ke Binh, gdm cd: - Thudng: nhiing trudng hgp dugc thudng cdng Vi du: ldng cd ngudi bdt dugc ke ttdm - Phgt: phgt ke say rugu ndi can, xdm pham danh ngudi tdn trudng - Chu tudt: cd cudp din phdp ldng dn cudp, tuan phu va ddn ldng tiep ciiu, bat hanh bi thuong thi dan lang dera ve dieu tri thudc men cho, neu bat hgnh bi chet thi ddn ldng Idm ma, dfing dan dua ddn ttgng vgng vd c ^ dudng cho vg eon mdi tiiang gidm ba ddng bgch hodc thudng cho mdt ten nhieu nam NGHIEN CLTU-TRAOOOI - Tinh bieu: nhiing trudng hgp suy tdn ngudi da bd ciia, bd sue, dl Idm viee ich chung cho ca ldng (vi nhu tu bd chua ldng, xdy cdu, dap cfing) - Cdm Hnh; nhiing trudng hgp cam doan hoac nhdm bao ve an ninh (vi nhu cam chiia ngudi Ig) hoge nham bao ve dgo li (yi du: cam edbgc, ttai gai).'^^* Phdn biit hgp ddng edng ddng v&i tap qudn vd quy dinh eua dia phuang ^"""" •^.^^^ Loai hinh Noi dung ^~""^-, ^^^ Hpp dong cgng dong Tgp quan dja phuang Quy dinh dia phucmg Doi tucmg dieu chinh Cpng dong dan xa tai dia phuang Cgng dong dan xa tai dia phuang Cgng ding dan xa tgi' dia phuang Pham vi ap dung Ap dung ph^m vi lang Khong ro, tu^' dia Don vi hanh chinh nho nhat cua chinh quyen phuang dja phuang Ban chat Le lang Tap tuc, phuang thiic Phep nudc ling xir lau ddi, thudng ve dgo diic Vg hinh thiic, "khodn u&c dinh xong, ddn cua ddn tdc ta vd cdng tiin v&i ngu&i ma ldng ki kit, ed nai dem trinh quan xin chU khong ldn v&i ngu&i Mudn dugc nhu thi, ta phi de ldm ludt nhdt dmh cho ldng rdi giao phdi biet phdn biit cdi hay cdi da, khdng cho mgt nguai thu khodn giie hogc td ldm hai ham mudn nhung cdi huyen hdo be ngodi, ba bdn tiin chi vd li truang moi ngu&i giie rdi ddng tdm hiep lye v&i md ldm mgi mdt bdn niia"} viec eho thdnh cdi hieu qud mi man"} Nhu vdy, so sdnh vdi quy dinh cua dia phuang thi "tuy dugc ty tri, Viec xdy dung huong udc eho "lang van song xdm thdn eiing phdi tudn theo lugt phdp hoa", "van hod ndng thdn mdi" phdi tren ca eua trieu dinh Id ludl phdp ehung cho cd sd di vao cugc sdng ndng thdn, tir cugc nuac Phep vua thua le ldng ehi cd thi cd sdng ndng thdn ma Nguyen tic "ty duge phgm vi sinh hogt rieng eua tung y chi" thuc sy Id ndng cdt cua mgi cau xd thdn".^^'^'' chuyen hgp ddng Neu thieu cai nguyen li Tdng kit Hch sir Viet Nam, hgc gid Trdn mudn ddi dy, khdng hgp dong cgng dong Trgng Kim nhan manh: "Cd mot dieu thiet nao, khdng huong ude ndo cd ddi sfing thuc tu&ng nin nhdc lgi la ta nin giie lay nhiing te hieu qua Chi nao huong udc la tieng dieu hay eua ta vdn cd, bd nhung diiu hu noi cua cgng ddng ngudi dan xa ndng thon bgi di vd bdt ehu&c lay nhieng diiu hay cita thi huang udc dy mdi tdn tgi ldu bin Bgn ngu&i, di gdy lay edi nhdn edch dgc biit canh do, can phat huy dan ehu ttong viec TAP CHi LUAT HOC s 4/2016 NGHIEN cuu-TRAO OOI xdy dung huong udc, tap hgp eac cao nien, tri thiie vd mgi ngudi ddn ldng xa gdp f cho huong ude Khi nao ngudi dan th^y rang huong udc la san pham eua ehinh hg thi ay huong udc mdi phdt huy tac dyng vd di vao cugc sdng./ (I5).Xem: Tran Thiic Linh, Danh tii phdp lugt luge gidi, Khai Tri, SJii G6n, 1966, tr 31 (16).Xem; Tran Thiic Linh, 1966 sdd, u 33 (17),Xem: Vij Van Mlu, Le Dinh Chan, Luu Van Bmh, Ho Thdi Sang, Tiiu tir diin ludt • kinh ti Dai hpc Lu§t khoa Sai G6n xudt ban, Sai G6n, 1971, tr 55 (18).Xem: Dgi Nam Hoang D l , sdd, tr.l86 (l).Xem: John Kleinen, Ldng Viit doi di^n tuong lai, (19).Xem: Dai Nam Hoang D^, sdd, tr 186 hdi sinh qud kha, Hpi khoa hpc lich sit va Nxb D i NSng 2007, tr (2).Xem: Nguyen Tir Chi, Gop phdn nghiin cint vdn (20).Xem; Gifis, Steven H, Dictionary hoa va tdc nguai Nxb Van hoa dSn t^c va Tgp chi van hoa nghe thuSt, Hh Noi 2003, tr 228 (3).Xem: Luang Diic Thi?p, Xd hgi Viet Nam (Cudn I: Viit Nam lien hod su: cuon • Xa h^i Viit Nam), LiSn hi?p xuat ban Siii G6n, 1950, tr 173 (4).Xem: Le Quy Don Ta Quang Phat (djch), Vdn ddi logi ngu - tap I (Quyin I, vd 3) Uy ban dich thuat ddn su Viit Nam (tdp 2), Nxb Gido due Vi?l Nam Phu Quic vu khanh dac uach van hoi xuai ban, Shi G6n, 1972, tr 175 (5).Xem: Le Quy D5n, Tg Quang Phdt (dich), sdd, tr 223 (6).Xem: Dao Duy Anh, Hdn - Viit Tir diin, Trudng Thi xuit ban, Sai G6n, 1957, tr 465 (7).Xem: Truong SJ* Hiing, Hucmg u&c Hd Ngi (tap I) Nxb Tir dien BSch Khoa, Ha Npi, 2009, U" 21 (8).Xeni: Truang SJ Hung, sdd, tr 21 (9).Xem: Le Dire Tilt, Vi huang udc 14 ldng Nxb Chmh trj quic gia Ha Noi, 1998, tr 7,1998 Ha Npi, 2010, tr 102 (22).Xem: Phgm Quang Huy, "Binh luSn ve hgp ding chuyen nhupng bat dpng sSn hinh ihanh tuong lai", Tgp chl nghien cuu l^p phdp, s l 06, thang 3/2014, tr, 29 (23).Xem: Ngo Huy Cuong Gido trinh ludt hap dong - Phdn chung (ditng cho ddo tgo sau dgi hgc) Nxb Dgi hpc quic gia Ha Npi, 2013 u 214 (24).Xem: Corinne Renault Brahinsky, Dgi cuang vi phdp ludt hap ding, Nxb Van hod thong tin Ha Npi, 2002, tr 26 (25) Xem: Ngo Huy Cirong, sdd, tr 215 (26) Nguon: hHp://www.thefi:eedicdonary.com/ CoUectivef contracts, truy cgp ngiy 01/02/2016 (27).Xem: Truong SJ H&ng, sdd, u 194 (28).Xem: Vu Van Mau, 1963, sdd, tr 71 (29).Xem: Tmong SJ Hung, sdd, tr 204 1984, tr 103 (12}.Xem: Vu Duy Men {chu bign), Hoang Minh Lpi, Huang u&c ldng xd Bde Bg Viet Nam v&i Ludt ldng Kanto Nhdt Bdn (the ki XVII - XIX), Vi^n sir hpc Ha (33).Xem: Le Dtic Tilt, sdd, tr 263 2002, tr TAP CHl L U A T HOC S 4/2016 Legal (21) Xem: Le Dinh Nghi (chii bien), Gido trinh Lugt (lO).Xem: Btii Xuan Dinh, 14 ldng phip nudc Nxb Phap \\, Ha Npi, 1985, tr 189-195 (11 ).Xem: Tran Tir, Ca cdu td chuc cua ldng Viet cd truyin a Bde Bg, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, Npi 2001, tr (13).Xem: Nha phip luat Vi§L - Phap, Bg lugt ddn sy Phdp Nxb Tu phap Ha Noi, 2006, tr 399 - 667 (14).Xem: Corinne Renault Brahinsky, Bgt cuang vi phdp ludt h(rp dSng, Nxb Van hod thong tin Ha Npi, of Terms, Barron's, New York, 2008 Pp 107 (30).Xem: Le Diic Tilt, sdd, tr 45 (31) Xem: Le Due Tilt sdd U 45 (32).Xem: Le Di^c Tiet, sdd, U 47 (34).Xem: Phan KS Binh, Bd qudc sit: Viit Nam phong tuc, Phong trao van hoa xuat ban, Sai G6n, 1972, tr 156 (35) Xem: Phan KiBinh, sdd, tr 156, 157 (36).Xem: Phan K l Binh, sdd, U 157 (37).Xem: Luang Due Thiep, sdd, tr 175 (38).Xem: TrSn Trpng Kim, Viit Nam sie luge, (In iSn thii tu) Tan Vi^t xuSt ban, Sdi G6n, 1951, tr 574 ... vd Id su thoa thuan giita ede ben theo md thiic: *'** - Tinh chat hgp dong: sy thdng nhat y chl giiia hai hay nhieu ngudi; - Myc dich ciia hgp ddng: mSi ben theo duoi nhiing lgi ieh rieng ciia... thay ddi, cham diit eac quyen va nghta vu dan su phdi tuan theo cac quy dmh chung ve giao dich dan su vd hgp dong ddn sy Bg ludt ddn su Theo do, hpp ddng dan su dugc chia 02 nhdm: 1) Nhdm hop ddng... hucmg udc la mgt dang hgp ddng edng ddng Trong ban kgt ude edng ddng ay, theo nhiing luat le udc dinh, duge ddn xa tuan theo Khodn le lang Nghi Tam thugc quan Tdy Hd dugc md dau bang cau: "Khodn