ThUc trang hon nhan giufa ngi/di MUdng va ngirdi Kinh d Viet Nam hien nay* NGUYEN THI SONG HA** Md d a u tning ciia tdc ngUdi, gdp phdn thUe Mdn tot viec xdy diing ddi sd'ng ndng thdn mdi tai Ke tfl kM nude ta thUc Mdn edng cude dia phUOng Doi mdi, cac tdc ngUdi tMeu so d Viet Nam ed nMeu cd hdi d l md rdng giao luu, hdi Mgt so d ^ c d i e m h d n n h a n giiZa nhdp, phdt trien kinh t l - x a hdi vd vdn ngtfcfi Miiiing v a ngiicFi K i n h hda Trong qua trinh md rdng giao luu vd 1.1 Quan niem cua ngUcd MUitng ve hdi nhdp dy, van hda ciia cde tde ngUdi cd su Men dli khdng ngfltig, tie'p nhdn vdn hon nhdn khdc tgc hda ciia cde tde ngudi sing e$n eU, timg Theo quan nidm eua ngUdi Mudng, hdn budc ldm eho vdn hda tdc ngudi thdm da nhdn ed y nghia dac biet khdng cM ddi vdi dang vd phong phd La mdt tdc ngUdi tMlu cd nhan md cdn hd trpng dd'i vdi gia dinh, s i cd so lupng dan cU khd ddng, heh hp tde Vdi ngUdi dan dng, hdn nhdn Id sfl vd'n ed md'i quan hd mdt t h i l t vdi ngudi budc chuyen de ngUdi dan dng trd Vidt (Kinh), ngudi Mudng da vd dang tie'p dflc ea, tfle la ngUdi cd tU each dai didn cho nh$n kha nMlu vdn hoa eua ngudi Kinh, mdt gia dinh, mdt n6e nha tham gia vao dd the Men ro qua vide ed ngdy cdng cac eong viee eua gia dinh, dong ho vd lang cd nMeu cude hdn nhdn gifla ngUdi Mudng xdm Vdi ngudi phu nfl, hdn nhan ddnh vd ngudi Kinh Dilu ndy ldm eho bflc dau sfl trudng thanh, khang dinh ngUdi tianh vdn hda ciia ngUdi Mudng duge the phu nfl cd kha nang quan xuyen cdc cdng Mpn qua hdn nhan vd'n rat phong phu viee gia dinh, sinh de cai de tri noi edng trd nen da dang hon Trong bdi vidt gidng cho gia dinh nha ehdng Trong nay, chung tdi mud'n gidi tMdu dd'n ban dpe truyin thd'ng, ddc biet Id tnidc kM da't ddi net ve thUe trang ke't hdn gifla ngUdi nude ta dUOe hoan todn giai phdng, Mudng vd ngudi Kinh nhdm eung cap tU quan dilm eiia ngUdi Mudng ehii yd'u mong Ueu can tMd't vd b l ieh cho cdng tde bao mud'n eon edi minh lay ngUdi cimg ban, ton vd phdt huy cae gid tri vdn hda ddc mUdng, eiing ddng tde de song gan eon edi * Nghien cflu ndy dupc tdi trg bdi Quy Phdt triln Khoa hoc vd Cdng nghd Qul^c gia (Nafosted) de tdi ma s i IV5.3-2012.07 ** TS Nguyin Thi Song Hd, Hpc vi|n Khoa hpc xa hgi, Vien Hdn lam KHXH Viet Nam 62 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, sd 3/2016 1.2 Th^ trgng ket hon gii&i ngUiti MiHtng vd ngUlcd Kinh nhdn thay rdng, thUe trang k i t hdn hon hgp ddn tdc cua ngudi Mudng ngdy c ^ gia tang vd cd xu hudng dUde day manh thdi gian tdi Hdn nhdn gifla nguM Mfldng vdi nguM Kinh eM ddng sau h6n nhdn gifla ngfldi Mudng vdi ngUdi MuEfng Tuy nMen d nhflng khu vUe cu tru khic tM thUc trang hdn nhdn ndy eung co su khde nhd't dinh, nhdt la vl phdn » i a t than, que qudn Niu nhU nam nfl men i^iidi MUdng d tinh Hba Binh chu yeu ke't hdn vdi ngUdi Kinh sinh song, dinh cU tai dia phUong va mot so tinh thude m i l n nui phia Bde nhU Hd N^i, Son La, Cao Bang, Ldo Cai, Lang Son, Thai Nguyen, Hai Phdng, Hai Duong., di hpc, lam vide tai cac khu cdng n ^ e p is nhflng dia phflong nay, tM ngUdi Mudng S Thanh Hda, Ddk Lak phdn ldn lai lay ngudi Kinh d khu viic mien Trung di cUvko Tay Nguydn sinh song hodc n ^ M Kinh h khu vUc Tay Nam Bd, Thdnh Ho Chi Minh Vide k i t hdn gifla ngudi Mudng vdi ngudi Kinh d ede vung, miln khdc nhau, c6 n i n van hda khdc dang titog bU& ldm thay doi cdn ban ddi sing vdn hoa cua ngUdi Mudng cdc gia dinh cd h6n nhan h l n hgp dan tdc MUOng - Kinh, tflag budc ldm cho vdn hda tdc ngU^ Mu£mg cdng trd ndn da dang vd phong phu htfn (Xem Bang 1) Cd t h i ndi, M§n sU phdt triln ehung cua xa hdi, ngudi MUdng da dUdc tilp can nMlu hon vdi thdng tin dai chiing ndn ho da c6 nMeu thay dli v l tU duy, nhdn thfle linh viic hdn nhan, ddc bi$t Id hdn nhdn h l n hgp ddn tdc Trong ede chuyin dilu tra, khdo sdt thUe dia tai mdt so dia phUdng ed ngUdi Mudng sinh song nhu Hba Binh, Thanh Hda, Ddk Ldk vdo ndm 2013, 2014, 2015 ehung tdi Nhin vdo bdng thong kd cd t h i thay ty Id k i t hdn gifla ngUdi MUdng v ^ ngi^ Kinh ngdy edng tang, ddc bi$t Id d cae xa, thi trdn ed n i n Mnh t l phdt triln, co dieu Mpn di lai thuan lgi vd c6 nMlu cO hdi tiep xuc vdi bdn ngodi Ngodi ra, vipc kit hdn gifla ngfldi Mfldng vd ngUdi Kinh gia tdng bdi ti 1$ nam nfl Ihanh men di hpc v& ldm dn cd dilu Mdn ^ p gd d nMlu ndi khdc them lao ddng gia dinh va de Mlu vl vdn hda Chinh vi vdy, tinh trang kit hdn vdi cdc tde ngUdi khdc, dd cd ngudi Kinh Id khd Mem, ddc biet Id d vung sdu, vung xa, cd dia ban di lai khd khdn Tuy nMen, sau kM Dang vd Nhd nUde ta thUc Men chinh sdeh dUa ngiidi Kinh tfl ding bdng Bae Bd ldn cdc tinh miln nui xay dung ddi song kinh t l mdi vdo nhiing ndm 1960 tM bdc tranh vdn hda tpc ngUdi t h i Men qua hdn nhdn ed sU thay dli, da bat ddu xudt Mdn hdn nhan khae tdc ngUdi, dd ed hdn nhdn vdi ngUdi Kinh ma ehu yeu Id hdn nhan giiia nfl ngflM Mudng vdi nam ngUdi Kinh len lam dn kinh t l vd dinh eU tai dia phuong K l tfl Mii Doi mdi dat nude (1986) ddn nay,' tinh trang hdn nhdn giiia ngUdi Mudng vd ngudi Kinh ngdy edng dUge md rdng tde ddng cua nMlu ylu to nhU dilu Mdn kinh t l , dudng sd di lai thudn lgi, co hdi giao luu, tilp xdc vd Idm vide gifla mdn nam nfl ngfldi Mudng vdi ngUdi Kinh ngdy edng ldn, nen it nMlu da tdc ddng den quan mdm, nhan thfle aia ngUdi Mudng kMin cdc cu^c hdn nhan hon hgp dan tgc, dde bidt hdn nhdn gifla ngudi Mucmg vd ngudi Kinh d khu vUe thdnh thi cdng tdng len m§t cdch dang kl Nguyen Thf Song Hd - Thuc trgng hdn nhdn giUa ngUdi Mudng vd ngUdi Kinh 63 B&ng 1: T i n h t r ^ n g h d n nhfin gifia ngifcti MvCbng vcri ngi^M K i n h d t i n h H o a B i n h ( q u a so l i ^ u c u a m ^ t s6' h u y $ n ) TT Huy$n N&m K£'t h d n giiia ngitUi MU6ng vk ngitdi K i n h 200 Lac ScJn j 2010 - 2016 KimBSi 2010 - 2015 55 TSn Lac 2010 - 2015 161 NguSn: Phong Tu phdp cdc huy$n Lgc San,T&n Lgc, Kim Bdi, ndm 20151 Ty Id kd't hdn gifla i ^ O i Mudng vdi ngudi Kinh cdng nMeu khdng ehi dien r a d tinh Hoa Binh md cbn ngdy cdng gia tdng d Thdnh p h i Budn Ma Thudt, tinh Dak Ldk (day la ndi n^idi Mudng tii Hba Binh di cU vdo cae tinh Tdy Nguyen tfl sau 1954 de'n nhflng ndm 1990 khd ddng) Theo s i hdu m a ehung tdi cd duge qua eudc diln da thfle dia vdo Thanh Budn Ma Thu^t, tinh Dak Ldk thdng 12 ndm 2014 eho thay, xu hudng k i t hdn vdi thdnh phan ddn tde khdc, c6 ngUdi Kinh diln khd manh me d cac xd Hba Thdng vd EaKao Cu the, d xa Eakao tfnh tfl ndm 1978 dd'n nay, sd lUpng edp vg ehing dang ^ k i t hdn la 310 cdp, dd k i t hdn gifla ngUdi MUdng vdi ngUdi Mudng Id 127 cdp, k i t hdn gifla ngUdi Mudng vd dan tdc khdc Id 184 cap Mdt khdc, xd Hba Thang ed vi tri sat trung tdm ehinh tri, Mnh t l , xa hpi eua thdnh p h i Budn Ma Thudt ndn nhflng thay doi vl quan nidm, vdn hda la dilu khd t r a n h khdi CM tinh tfl nam 2009 - 2014, sd' cdp k i t hdn ndi tpc ngUdi Mudng Id 312 cdp, kd't hdn gifla ngudi Mudng va cdc dan tpe khdc: 506 cdp Trong sd cdc trudng hgp k i t hdn ngoai tOc; cd tnidng hdp ngUdi Mudng k i t hdn vdi ngUdi Tdy va 02 tnidng hgp ngUdi Mudng k i t hdn vdi ngUdi E Dd, edn lai 109 trudng hgp ngudi Mudng ket hdn vdi ngUdi Kinh Bd Dmh Thi LUU, xa Hba Thdng eho bilt: "ddn tgc Mudng chiing tdi Id ddn tgc cd mot trinh dd tiin bd rdt nhanh, hg tham gia hgc tap, vd da sd di ngodi cdng tdc, ldm viic nhiku nin hg khdng ngdn each vdi xd hot, vdy kit hon vdi ngUdi Kinh rdt nhieu O xd chiing tdi, nU ngiM MuOng kit hdn vdi nam ngidn Kinh khd nhiiu, thdm chi co cd dda kit hdn vdi ngiM Viit minh sdng d ni^c ngodi O xd ndy cd dda kit hdn vdi Viet kiiu d My chung di hgc d bin dy Bdy gid xd hgi cdng cdi md han nhiiu so vdi thdi chung tdi lay vg, ldy chdng nin viic ldy ngUdi khdc ddn tdc, nhdt la vdi ngUdi Kinh cdng xem nhU binh thidmg, quan trgng la bgn tri chung nd yiu thuang vd hiiu nhau, b6 me cdng khdng dp ddt nhu trUdc nda" Nhu vdy, ed t h i nhan thay, vide cU tni dan cdi gifla cde ddn tde trdn cung mpt dia ban, cung vdi dd Id sU giao lUU cdc hoat ddng hpe'tap, lao ddng, tdp huan da tao dilu Men d l cae tdc ngUdi cd t h i xich lai gan va xda dan di nhiing khdc biet v l mat van hda gifla cdc tdc ngUdi 1.3 M$t so' p h o n g t u c , t ^ p q u a n v a n g h i le h o n n h a n gifia ngiicd Mitcfi^ v a ngi^cd K i n h h i ^ n n a y Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, sd 3/2016 64 1.3.1 Tnidng hgfp trai Mudng lay gai ngi£cd Kinh ngiicd Hien nay, eon trai ngUdi Mudng vd gdi ngfldi Kinh gap gd r l i men nhau, sau di dd'n hdn nhan mpt each ehu dpng ma khdng cin de'n ngUdi ldm mdi nhU vdn hda truyen thd'ng De c6 the cd dupe ngdy cudi td't dep cho ddi vd chong tre, gia (Mih nha trai nhd thay bdi dd ro (eon gpi Id bdi rua) KM thUc Men hdn nhan ma nha trai la ngUdi Mudng tM ngUdi ta vdn sd dung lieh Mfldng "ngdy lui thang tdi" so vdi lich cua n ^ d i Kinh dang sfl dung Khae vdi ngUdi Kinh, ngUdi Mudng Mdng dung vg ga chong vao thang vd thdng 10 am lieh vi theo quan niem day Id thang Mdng kMdn ddi vg chong khdng may man, hanh phuc va eai sinh hay dm dau, bdnh tat Cung gid'ng nhu ngudi Kinh kM lo viec cudi hdi cho eon chdu, ngUdi Mudng eung thudng tranh thang "ngdu" (dl cMa each) va gid "sdt ehu" lam anh hudng tdi cudc song Ida ddi vd viec sinh Hdn nhan eiia trai ngUdi Mudng ldy vg ngudi Kinh Mdn thUdng duge to ehflc theo phong tuc, tap quan cua dan tde minh kM dang d nhd hp, nhu chu re theo phong tuc ciia ngudi Mudng, cd ddu theo phong tuc ngudi Kinh Trong thUe te, Mdn da so ede dam cUdi trai ngudi Mudng lay vg ngUdi Kinh d cdc vimg diu gdp hai ngM thfle Di thdm db, lim Men {ti ldm thiing) vd Dat vdh de {Ti khdo thiing) thdnh ll Dam ngo Sau kM ll dam hdi dUpc tien hdnh va dupe su dong y eiia nha gai la Li an hdi Trong quan mem cua ngudi Mudng, ngM thfle eiia ngudi eon tiai Mudng mang nd y ngMa thdng bao eho ea vCmg Met vl tid'n trinh eua Id cudi sau kM da c6 sU tiao doi, thda thudn eua ben hai gia dinh Theo quy dinh cua tdc ngudi, sau chpn ldnh, thdng td't de t l ehflc fa6ii II eho ddi tre, hg nhd trai eiing ehuan bi hai qugc mia (gdm eay budc cap ddi theo so ehdn), 20 kg lgn, 20 kg gao, 20 lit nicfti, buong eau, 100 Id trau theo phong tuc cQa ngfldi Mudng vd trdp dn hdi gom co banh com, banh phu thd (hoac su sud), mdt sen, che, rUdu, trau eau, thud'e Id va cd them xdi, thu lgn theo phong tue eua ngudi Kinh So lugng trap sang an hdi thudng la so le 5, 7, , nMdn s i d l l l d l tren phai la so chdn Tuy Mdn le vat dung cho ngdy dn hdi, le eUdi eua ngfldi Mudng da co nMlu thay dli so vdi tn^^en thing, song quan mdm eua ngUdi Mudng v l y nghia cfia le vat van khdng he thay dli, nd the Mea long bie't on ciia nha trai dli vdi cong on dudng due ciia cha me cd gdi; mat khac ciing bieu thi dugc sU quy men, tdn trpng cua nha trai dd'i vdi cd ddu tUong lai Thanh phan tham gia dodn ciia nhd trai sang nha gai ngdy l l an hdi bao gIm ngudi hp ndi, ngoai, anh em chdu cua nha trai, chdng re tUong lai va phu re {piing) vd mdt so mdn chiia vg de be trap Nhd trai efl mdt ngUdi dn noi trdi ehay hp tde de ldm Tniottig doto sang nhd gai Nd'u nhU xUa kia, cac ngM II eua hdn nhdn, bd me chdng trai khdng tham gia vdo cde ngM thfle sang nha gdi an hdi hay ddn ddu md trao toan quyln eho dng md'i tM Men khdng cbn thuc Men nhu vdy, da phdn cdc ddm cUdi, bd' chdng trai da cd mat dodn sai^ nhd gai Sang de'n nha gai, sau kM dd ban bae, trao doi, nha trai trao lai l l dn hoi, nhd gai lay mdt it thap hUOng bdo to ti§n vd gifl lai thudng Id phdn va dua tia lai nha trai phan theo phong tuc cua T\g0 Kinh Do IS nhd gdi gifl lai dupe diing de Nguyin Thj Song Hd - ThUc trgng hdn nhdn gida ngudi Mudng vd ngudi Kinh mdi eUdi Dilu ddc bipt can lUU y l l dn hdi Id nhd trai phai chudn bi phong bi dung tiln (ggi Id le den), mdt phong bi ddnh eho nhd ndi ed ddu, mpt phong bi ddnh cho nhd ngoai ed dau vd phong bi cbn lai d l thap huong trdn bdn thd nhd cd dau S I tiln tdy thudc vdo nhd gdi thoa thudn vdi nhd trai Nhung thdng thudng hidn ngudi ta chuan hi mdi phong bi khoang d i n tridu ding, theo dilu Mdn kirih t l cua tflng gia