Mô hình an sinh xã hội khung khổ lý thuyết và phác thảo ở việt nam

VIET NAM - CAI CACH VA HOI NHAP Md hinh an sinh xa hoi: Khung kho ly thuyet va phac thao o* Viet Nam PCS TS BUI VAN HUYEN Khong CO mo hinh an sinh xd hoi mang tinh khuon mdu dp dung cho cdc quoc gia md thuoc boi cdnh, tinh hinh thuc te, lua chon chinh tri cua chinhphu cdm quyen md cd nhitng dieu chinh thich hap Nhin lgi lich suphdt trien cdc mo hinh an sinh xd hoi tren the gidi tic cdc hogt dong mang tinh an sinh manh nha a giai dogn ddu cua xd hoi loai ngudi den giai dogn trdeh nhiem cua cdc chu the duac ludt hoa co the thdy moi mo hinh vd cdc chuang trinh chinh sdch, bien phdp an sinh xd hoi deu xoay quanh ba nhdm chit the chinh: Chu the thiet ke, chu the van hdnh vd chu the thu hudng Su khdc biet ve vai tro, trach nhiem cua nhd nudc cua xd hoi, cua cong dong vd cdc td chdc phi nhd nuac tiiy thudc vdo moi qudc gia moi giai dogn phdt trien khdc Dua tren ba nhdm chu the, bdi viet khdi qudt nhung mo hinh ly thuyet an sinh xd hgi a cdc quoc gia cdc giai dogn khdc nhau, qua do, phdc thdo khung kho ly thuyet cho mo hinh an sinh xd hoi a Viet Nam Tit khda: Mo hinh an sinh xd hoi, nhom chu the, he thong an sinh xd hoi • Mo hinh Iy thuyet ve an sinh xa hoi Xet tren tdng the cd thfi md hinh hoa ca che boat ddng ciia mdt he thdng an sinh xa hdi la co chl hoat ddng ciia mdt gudng may gom ba chu till tham gia: chu the thifit kfi chuang trinh; chu thl thyc thi chuang trinh (chu the van hanh) va chii the thy hudmg chuang trinh Chutilltiiifitkl cd chiic nang thilt ke chuong trinh cho an sinh xa hdi gdm: dinh hudng chuong trinh; ndi dung chuong trinh; cac chinh sach lien quan; xac dinh ddi tugng thu hudng; each thiic chuang trinh an sinh xa hdi van hanh bao gdm mirc dp ddng gdp, each thu hudng, each chi fra ciia chuong trinh cho ddi tugng thy hudng Ching han, ddi vdi chuong dinh bao hiem xa hdi Viet Nam, bd phan thiet kfi la Nha nudc (cy tiie la Bg Lao ddng - Thuang binh va xa hdi) 'Hgc vi^n Chfnh tri Quoc gia H i Chf Minh Chil the van hanh la co quan chuyen mdn tryc tiep difiu khifin co may an sinh xa hgi boat ddng Dya tren chii truomg, chinh sach, dudng ldi va quy dinh tir bd phan thiet ke, bd phan thyc thi trien khai cac boat ddng cu thfi cua an sinh xa hgi: thu, chi Hoat ddng thu cd thfi nhan tai chfnh tir chfnh bd fftian thifit ke (chang han cac hoat ddng cihi trg), cd the nhan tir chfnh ngucri thu hudng thdng qua cac khoan ddng gdp (chang ban bao hiem xa hgi va bao hiem y te), cd the nhan tir cac ngudn ket hgp khac Chil the thu hudmg la ngudi xa hdi thuc hifin an sinh xa hdi Xet frfin tdng thl cd the hifiu dd la toan dan Nhung xet fren bg phan an sinh xa hgi thi bd phan thu huong gdm nhifiu ddi tugng khac nhau, ching ban bd phan thu hucmg bao hilm xa hdi, thu hudmg bao hilm y tfi, thu hudmg trg cap dac biet khd khan NhOng vin di KINH T £ VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI So 12(224) 2014 - Bul Van Huyfen Md hinh an sinh xa hpi: Hinh I: Guong may v^n hanh cua he thong an sinh xa hoi / • - \ Chu the thy birong •Nlia nuoc •Tocliirc (tpc lap •Naitoi thu liiroiig •Nlia nuoc +16 chuc (toe lap •Nlia lutoc + Nguai thv hiiona •To chuc Ape lap + Ngiioi tlm luroiig •Nlia imoc + To diitc -c The che tdi chi'nh The chl to chiic, cdn b6 ' Nguyin Hai HCru va cong sir (2006): Hi thing an sinh xa hoi a Viet Nam, Tham luan tai Hoi thdo q u i c ik "Xay dimg He thong an sinh xa hoi vl muc lieu phdl triin nguai a Viet Nam ", Hd Npi, 30/11 t^ihOng vin di KINH i t Mk C H I N H TR! TH^ GIOI S o 12(224) 2014 - -39: Bui Van Huyen Md hinh an smh x i hQi: Hinh bieu dien md hmh tdng thfi an sinh xa hdi qudc gia, nham phac thao mdi quan he giua nguyen tic, muc tieu, chiic nang, dp bao phu, bd phan ciia an sinh xa bgi, ddng thoi su phu hgp va tuong thich vdi nhimg muc tifiu tdng quat cua kinh tl thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa d Viet Nam (dan giau, nudc manh, cdng bang, dan chil, van minh) dugc xem nhu yeu td nfin tang nham xay dung he thdng an sinh Do che phu ciia chuong trinh tdng the la toan dan, la tit ca cac vifinfrongxa hdi Voi md hinh tdng thl an sinh xa hdi, toan bd bp phan cau nfin he tiidng an sinh xa hdi dugc dua vao md hinh: bao hifim xa hdi; bao hifim y te; trp giup xa hgi; frg gilip dac bifit Vi bao gdm tit ca cac bd pban ciu an sinh xa hgi nfin da dang boa md hinh vdi nhifiu loai hinh thfi che tai cbinh, chfnh sach va td chiic, can bd (da dang hoa cac chu thl tham gia thiet keva thyc hien) Co sd cua thiet kl chuang frinh an sinh xa hdi bao gdm ting: i) - xac dinh muc tifiu cbung; ii) - xac dinh ddi tupng thu hudng (dp che phil); iii) - xac dinh bd pban va chiic nang ciia an sinh xa hdi tucmg img vdi ddi tupng thu hudng; iv) - thifit kl md hinh Md hinh tdng the la co sd ly thuylt dk xay dyng cac md hinh bd.phan an sinh xa hgi, vi trfin thuc te mdi mdt md hinh bd phan lai cd each thirc thilt kl va td chiic thyc hifin khac (khac vl the chl tai chinh, thl chl chfnh sach va thfi chl td chiic, can bd) tiiy thupc vao muc tieu cu thl Thl chl tai chinh khdng chi la nhan td quyet dinh dfin chit va lugng cua an sinh xa hdi ma cdn la nhan td quylt dinh din hai the chfi^ cdn lai Vific cd xay dyng dugc cac md hinh diu_2 (cac td churc ddc lap) hay khdng la thfi chfi quyfit djnb Nlu cac td chiic ddc lap CO thl dam bao dugc thl chl tai chinh (ty can ddi dugc cac ngudn thu - chi) thi khdng nhit thifit phai cd sy ho trg va tham gia cua nha nudc Trfin thyc tfi, nlu khdng cd su can thiep cua nha nudc, thl chl tai chinh cho an sinh xa hdi khd phat trifin hoac phat triln dl bi meo md, can kiet va khdng bin vung Vdi md hinh tdng thl, bao gdm toan bg cac md hinh bg phan, khdng thl khdng cd sy tham gia ciia nha nudc Tham chi thdi gian diu, vai 40 trd ba da ciia nha nudc ddi vdi cac md hinh bd pban la rit quan trgng Trfin CO sd md hinh tdng the dd, cac md hinh bd phan an sinh xa hdi dugc xay dung trfin mdi quan he gifia muc tieu - nguyen tac - dp che phii - chiic nang - tai chinh Dinh hu-drng hoan thien mo hinh an sinh xa hoiffViet Nam thM gian tdi Md hinh tdng thfi an sinh xa hgi qudc gia bao gdm nhifiu md hinh bd phan, frong mdi md hinh bg phan lai cd nguyfin tac, muc tieu, chiic nang, che phu, he thdng chfnh sach va co chl van hanh rieng Dinh hudng hoan thien md hinh tdng quat an sinh xa hdi d nuoc ta thcri gian tdi tap trung vao mdt sd ndi dung chfnh sau: Mgt la, vdn dung cdc mo hinh nham chia se giiia cdc chu the Bfin canh md hinh chii dao nha nudc thilt kl, nha nudc thyc hifin (md hinh 11 frong Bang 1), thdi gian tdi, Viet Nam cin triln khai manh md hinh nha nudc thilt kl, td chiic ddc lap thyc bifin (md hinh 21) Md hinh 21 phu hgp vdi nhQng qudc gia dang phat triln nhu Viet Nam, vdi ngudn ngan sacli ban hep, cin huy dgng cac ngudn lyc ngoai nha nudc nhim thyc hifin cac chuang trinh, nhifim vy an sinh cu thfi Md hinh 21 cfing se huy ddng dugc ngudn luc tir cac td chiic dpe lap, cac quy tin thac, quy bao hifim cac td chiic, cac don vi, cac hiep hdi nganh nghfi lap Cung md hinh 21, Nha nudc chi dam nhan khau thiet kfi chuang trinh an sinh, xay dyng va hoan thifin cac van ban quy pham phap Iuat dl tao hanh lany phap Iy cho cac chuong trinh boat ddng, ddng thai thifit lap he thdng kilm tra, giam sat qua trinh thyc hien Trong bdi canh ngan sach va ngudn luc khac ciia Nha nudc chua thl bao phil toan bd cdc vien xa hgi, viec trien khai md hinh 21 se khic phuc nhfing id hdng he thdng an sinh, ddng thai cfing se phap ly hda cac md hinh cu thl, tranh tinh trang "trai luat" nhu sy kien nudi dudng tre em d chua Bd Dl, Ha Ngil http://dantri,com.vn/xa-hoi/thanh-uy-ha-noi-cho-phepchua-bo-de-tiep-tuc-nuoi-tre-934176 htm -NhOng vin di KINH rt VA CHINH TRj THt G\&\ S6 12(224) Md hinh an sinh xa hpi: Bui Van Huyen Song song vai triln khai manh md hinh 21, frong thdi gian tdi, ciing can nghifin ciiu va timg budrc ap dung cac md hinh 31, 41, 51, 61 va 71 Trong cac md hinh nay, viec trien khai tiiyc hien cd sy chia se gifia cac bfin nha nuac - td chiic dgc lap - ngudi thy hudng Tuy timg chuang trinh an sinh, thudc vao pham vi ddi tugng ma cac md lunh dugc van dyng cy the, linh boat giao frach nhifim cho mdt diu mdi (Bg Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hgi) chu tri, thuc hien quan ly nha nuac va fra, kilm fra; ii) cip the an sinh cho mgi ngudi dan va thdng nhat quan Iy thdng qua ma an sinh Bdn Id thdng nhdt nhiihg noi dung cdu thdnh an sinh xd hoi cin thdng nhit quan niem ca vfi Iy thuyfit va Hai Id, mdi mo hinh bo phdn cdn ddm bdo thyc tien cac bd phan hgp he thdng an nguyen tdc vd muc tieu chung sinh qudc gia d nudc ta hien bdi cdn nhifiu He thdng an sinh gdm nhifiu he thdng "con" quan niem va each phan loai khac d hgp thanh, tiiy thudc each tifip can phan loai chfnh cac co quan cd frach nhiem thiet kfi, td Trong qua trinh thiet kfi md hinh tdng thfi va md chiic trifin khai he thdng an sinh nhu Bd Lao hinh bd phan, can dam bao nguyfin tic cbung ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi, Uy ban Cac van ciia he thdng (binh dang - chia se - cdng bing - dk xa hgi cua Qudc hdi Mac dii hien da cd frach nhiem - bfin viing) Sy binh dang vfi co nhirng bd luat cu the vfi mdt sd bd phan he hgi, dieu kien thu hucmg, binh ding frong ddng thdng an sinh xa hdi nhu Luat Bao hiem xa hdi, gdp - thu hudmg la nguyen tac mang tinh nfin Luat Bao hifim y tfi nhung van can mdt bg luat tang cho mdi md hinh bd phan cung nhu md chung vfi an sinh xa hdi, dd quy dinh cu hinh tdng thfi Cac nguyen tac chia se, cdng the ndi dung, pham vi dieu chinh, ddi tugng bang, frach nhiem va ben vung ciing can dugc dieu chinh nham lam can cii cho hoan thien he tdn trgng thifit ke va van hanh he thdng an thdng an sinh xa hdi o nudc ta thoi gian toi, sinh De dam bao nguyen tic tren, dinh hucmg ddng thdi ciing se Ioai bd nhung ndi dung khdng thudc he thdng an sinh xa hdi, tranh sy • ddi mdi thdi gian tdi nen tach hai chdng cheo hay long ghep bat hop ly hgp phin moi md hinh bg phan cfing nhu md hinh tdng thfi, dd, mdt hgp phan Ndm la ddm bdo tinh tuang thich ciia cdc chung cho tat ca mgi ddi tugng, mdt hgp phan chuang trinh vai mo hinh tdng the vai the che cdn lai tiiy thugc vao miic ddng gdp ciia mdi ca tdi chinh, to chiec vd chinh sdch nhan Ching ban, mdt ngudi buac vao tudi 60 Mdi chuong trinh an sinh, mdi md hinh bd cd thfi nhan dugc mdt khoan thu nhap gdm phin, mdt phan "ciing" bang vdi tit ca mpi ngucri phan can dugc thifit ke nham dam bao tinh frong dien nay, phan cdn lai se phu thugc vao sy tuong thich vdi md hinh tdng the, vay, can ddng gdp ciia chinh ca nhan frong thai gian thifit lap mdt dau mdi chju trach nhiem tdng the vl tit ca cac chuong trinh, chinh sach an sinh xa trudc (mirc lucmg, tham nifin cdng tac ) hdi, khic phyc tinh frang cac chuong trinh cu Ba Id, phdn dinh cu the cdc mo hinh bo phdn the dang dugc trien khai mgt each ddc lap nhu vd nhom ddi tugng thu hudng, trdnh chong hifin cheo trien khai cdc chuang trlnh an sinh Sdu Id thiit ki he tieu chi ddnh gid vd diiu xd hoi chinh chinh sdch To chiic lai cac chuong trinh an sinh, cac Do cd nhifiu bg phan cau vdi myc tieu, chinh sach dang trien khai hifin nay, tranh tinh trang mdt ca nhan, hd gia dinh cu the dugc thu ddi tugng khac nen rat khd xac dinh tifiu hucmg nhilu chuong trinh De thuc hifin ndi chi danh gia tdng the an sinh xa hgi qudc gia, dung nay, can thyc hifin ddng bg ca hai ndi dd cin thifit ke cac tieu chi danh gia dinh dung: i) Ra soat, td chiic Iai cac chuang trinh, lugng cho timg md hinh bd phan cua he thdng cac dy an, cac chinh sach va bien phap an sinh an sinh xa hgi tren nhihig tieu chi co ban nhu dangfrifinkhai d Viet Nam hien nay, ddng thdi miic bao phii, sy thay ddi cua ddi tugng NhOng vin di KINH i t VA CHINH TR| IHt Giai So 12(224) 2014 - -41 Bill Van Huyfen Md hinh an sinh xa hgi:- trudc va sau thu huong, mirc dp ben vung vl tai chinh Song song vai nhimg tieu chi do, can thyc hifin danh gia theo dinh ky nhim tifip tuc dilu chinh, boan thifin chinh sach Bdy let, hodn thien cdc gidiphdp ky thudt cin tich hgp cac giai phap ky thuat dfi xay dung he thdng quan trj an sinh xa hdi thdng nhit fren toan qudc He thdng se cho phep ddi tugng thu hudng bifit dugc nhiing thdng tin ciia chinh minh (difiu kifin thu huong, cac miic hudng, sd tiln dugc hucmg, cac quy trinh hudng dan ), cac nha quan ly cfing dfi dang loai bd sy chdng cheo cac chuong frinh ddi vdi mpt ca nhan cu till thdng qua viec kifim soat ma an sinh ca nhan, ddng thdi cung nim bit kip thdi su thay ddi vfi ddi tugng cua timg chuang trinh cu thl dl cd nhfing chfnh sach phii hop (ching ban kilm soat sd that nghiep thdng qua ma an sinh ca nhan)* xai lieu tham khao: Alicia H Munnell (2014): Bring Back Social Security Replacement Rates', Center for Retirement Research, Boston College Cunberto Jose Maldonado (2005): Income Security for Our Older Ccitizens, Vital Speeches ofthe day, Dec 15 Frans Pennings (2005): Co-ordination of Social Security on the Basis ofthe State - ofEmployment, Market Law Review, Fed 2005 ILO (2014): World Social Protection Report 2014-15 Le Bach Duong, Dang Nguyen Anh, Khuat Thu Hdng, Le Hoai Trung, Bach, Robert Leroy (2005): Bdo tra xd hoi cho nhirng nhom thiet thoi a Viet Nam, Dfi tai nghien ciiu khoa hpc cap Bd Magaret S.Malone, Staff Director (2001): Angendafor social secutity: Challenges for the new congress and the new administration, social secutity Advisory board, February Mai Ngpc Cudng (2009): Xdy dung vd hodn thien he thdng chinh sdch an sinh xd hqi a Viet Nam, NXB, Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Ndi Ngd Quang Minh, Pham Van Sang, Biii Van Huyfin, Nguyfin Anh Dung (2009): Ly thuyet vd md htnh An sinh xa hdi - phdn tich thuc tiin a Ddng Nai, NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Ngi Nguyen Hai Huu va cdng sy (2006): He thdng an sinh xd hoi a Viet Nam, Tham luan tai Hdi thao qudc tl "Xay dyng He thdng an sinh xa hdi vi muc tieu phat triln ngudi d Viet Nam", Ha Ndi, 30/11 10 Virginia P Reno (2013): What's Next for Social Security? Essential Facts for Action, National Academy of Social Insurance, USA 11 Virginia P Reno, Jasmine V Tucker, and Elisa A Waike (2014): Social Security: It Pays lo Wait National Academy of Social Insurance, USA 42 -Nf)Ong vin di KINH i t VA CHINH TRj T H £ GIOI So 12(224) 2014 ... su tach bifit rd rang gifia chiic nang quan ly, tao lap khung khd phap ly va mdi trudng cho an sinh xa hdi va chiic nang dieu hanh boat ddng an sinh xa hdi Nlu coi cung cap an sinh xa hdi nhu mdt... thdng an sinh xa hpi dugc bieu dien la mdt banh rang frong gudng may hoat ddng cua he thdng He thdng an sinh xa hdi van hanh dugc ca ba banh rang boat ddng dugc va cd su kfit hgp vdi Nfiu mgt banh... nghTa d Viet Nam (dan giau, nudc manh, cdng bang, dan chil, van minh) dugc xem nhu yeu td nfin tang nham xay dung he thdng an sinh Do che phu ciia chuong trinh tdng the la toan dan, la tit ca