Thach thuc doi vol sy phat trien lang xa Viet Nam hien Nguyin Duy Thuy^ ' Vi?n Khoa hgc xa hgi viing Tay Nguyen, Vign Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi$t Nam Email: thuycongtuoc@gmail.com Nhan 11 thang 10 nam 2018 Chip nhan dang 14 thang 11 nam 2018 Tom tat: Trong lich sir Viet Nam, lang xa dong vai ho hit su:c quan hgng ddi vdi ddi song kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hgi ciia ddt nudc Vigt Nam la mpt nudc n6ng nghiep, lang xa la xa hgi thu nho cua dat nudc Lang xa cbiia dung nhieu tinh hoa cua ddt nudc va ngudi Viet Nam Song, hong lang xa Viet Nam hien ton tai mgt s6 ban che, la thach tbiic dli vdi sy phat trien cua nong thdn mdi Cac thach thirc chit ylu dli vai su phat triln ciia lang xa Viet Nam hien la: tinh tu hi ciia lang xa, sy bien tudng heu cue ciia huong udc lang xa, cudng hao lang xa Tir kh6a: Lang xa, phat trien, thach thiic, Viet Nam PhSn loai nganh: Sir hgc Abstract: In Vietnam's history, villages played a very important role in the country's economic, political, cultural and social aspects Vietnam is an agricultural country, with the village being a miniature society of the country Villages contain a lot of the quintessence of the country and people of Viemam However, there remain things to be improved in the Vietoamese village, which are challenges for the development of the campaign of new rural areas The main challenges for the development of Vietnamese villages today are those related to the autonomy of the village, tbe negative changes in the village conventions, and tbe powerful villagers who oppress others Keywords: Villages, development, challenges, Vietnam Subject classification: History Dan n h a p Lang xa Viet Nam da cd tir rdt lau ddi Nd nhu la nhung "te bao sdng", nhiing "cau kien due sdn" de tao nen ndng thdn Viet Nam xua Cho den nay, cd le ttong mdi ngudi Viet Nam, tdm hdn vdn danh nhiing tinh cam than thuang ve nhung lang que Lang Viet cd la nhiing don vi cu tni cua dan Viet ed, tdn tai ttong khodng thdi gian tir 1.000-2.000 nam trudc Cdng nguyen den khoang 1.000 nam sau Cdng nguyen, tiic la 17 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so - 2019 khdi ddu ttr thdi ky cac Vua Himg dung nudc cho din thi ky X sau Cdng nguyen Thdi bdy gid, dd la nhiing cdng xa ma theo each gpi cua C.Mac la nhiing "cdng xa ndng thdn hinh thai A Chdu" [2] Con ngudi sdng dya vdo rudng ddt, lay rudng dat lam xudt phdt diem Rudng dat la chung cua edng xa Rudng dat ay dem chia cho cac viSn, eac vien hgp cdng xa va sdng kh^p kin Mdi vien (eu dan) cdng xa nhan rudng ddt eay eay va ddng nhdt bdn than minh vdi cdng xa Cac lang Viet el (duge gpi Id "ke") duge hinh thdnh mdt each ty phat tir sy giai the cua cac cdng xa nguyen thiiy hay eae bd lac nguyen thuy, chinh la cac lang tieu ndng dau tien ciia xa hdi ed giai cdp Ph.Angghen da chi rang; chi can nhiing sy phan chia lai chdm dut mdt each ty phdt, hay bi xda bd bdng mdt nghi quylt dac biet, thi la chiing ta da cd dugc mpt lang tilu ndng Lang Viet cd hay lang tieu ndng (tire Id cac "ke", nhu ke Gidng, ke Set, ke Md, ke Sat ) la nhimg tl bao ciia xa hdi cd giai cap dViet Nam, Id chd dua cua ehi chiem him no Ie d vao giai doan dau cua nd, hic la giai doan che nd le gia trudng, khong cd dilu kien de phat ttiln chi chiem hiiu nd le diln hinh Trong nhiing "ke" nhu vdy, giiia ngudi vdi ngudi ed hai quan he vdi nhau: quan he huylt thdng vd quan he Idng gilng Tdt ca diu dugc khep kin ttong mdt khodng khdng gian nhdt dinh Vao nam 43 sau Cdng nguyen Ma Vien kinh ly Viet Nam (ddt Au Lac cii) va lap sd dinh, sd diln, gpi nudc Au Lac cu la dk Giao Chi [5] Khi lap sd dinh, sd diln thi ngudi Hdn phai phien am tilng Viet thdi dd chii Han dl ghi van tu (md ttudc het la phian am cac lang, hg) Vi du, ke Gidng ddi lang Phu Ddng, ke Set ddi thanh Idng Set Ma Vien chii truang ddng hda ngudi Viet ngudi Han; bat ngudi Viet theo phong tue ciia ngudi Han; ddi ten nudc Au Lac qudn Giao Chi, nam ttong ban hanh ehinh ciia ngudi Han, xda ten nudc Au Lac, do edng xd da chuyen tu "ke" lang va "ke" tir dd mat dan y nghia ban dau Bat ddu til the ky thii X ttd di, cac lang Viet da chuyen sang pham trii cda Idng Vi$t mdi Thyc ra, d cac Idng ngudi Viet hien tai, dudng nhu da cd sy "hda tan" cua cac lang Viet cd vao ttong co chi eua cac lang Viet mdi, hay la, ttong cac lang Viet mdi cdn bao luu mpt sd dac tinh eua lang Viet cd Lang Viet mdi xuat hien cd nhilu ten gpi khac tiiy timg dia phuang Da sl duge ggi la lang, nhung cdn dugc ggi la huong, xa, thdn, phudng, sach, giap Dac bigt, tir "ke" cua ngudi Viet cd khong thi hieri ttong cac thdng ke, khai hao hanh chinh cdp co sd (ma chi cdn la ten hic hay ten Ndm) Nam 905, sau gianh lai chmh quyln tir nha Dudng, hg Khiic khdng chu ttuang thay thS toan bd chinh quyln ciia nha Dudng d Viet Nam, ma chu truang hi cau tnie he thdng chinh quyln dy (do ngudi Viet ndm gift) Cac lang Viet mdi tir hd di chinh quyln nha nude quan Ii mdi co ten ttong danh sach Khiic Hao nhd vao co nghiep cii; giu Idy La Thanh; ty xung Tilt Dp Sli; ehia ddt cac Id, phu, chau va xa d cac xii; dat chanh lenh ttudng, ta lenh ttudng, binh qudn thul rudng; tha bo lao dieh; lap sd khai hp khiu; ke rd ten que quan giao cho gidp trudng ttdng eoi [3] Nam 938, sau chiln thdng Bach Ddng, Ngd Quyln xung vuong len ngdi vua, budc ddu ddt nin ty chii cho ddt nudc Ngo Quyen lap lai hd khdu tren pham vi ca nudc, quy dinh xd la don vi hanh chinh cudi Nguyen Duy Thuy cimg; va dat chiic xd quan dl quan ly Tir dd, tii "ke" khdng cdn giii vai trd ban ddu, nhtmg vdn cdn giii mai ten Ndm cua lang eho den tan Lang Viet mdi, dii d loai hinh thira ki tir lang Viet cd hay mdi xudt hien, deu phai cd ten gpi rieng va thudng ten bang Han - Viet thuan tliy Tir budi sa khai ciia lich su, mdi ngudi dan Viet Nam deu la mdt thdnh td cua cdng ddng lang xd Trdi nghin ddi, vdi bao thang ttam, bien ddng, bao thir thaeh khde nghiet, lang xa Viet vdi nhirng net van hda rieng ddc dao va dae sac dugc gin giir, ttao truyen vd tdn bdi, da ttd net ban sdc ciia van hda Viet Nam Ldng, ttong radi quan he hihi co vdi nha va nudc, da trd lihan td quan ttgng cd ket cdng ddng de tao nen sue manh doan kit khdng gi sanh dugc cua ddn tde Viet Nam Trudc nhung tdc ddng ciia ddi sdng hien dai, lang xa Viet dang ddi dien nhieu thach thiic to Idn Khdng it gia tri timg dugc xem la tjeu bieu ciia cdng ddng lang xa, dugc nhin nhan nhu nhiing vdt can ngan ttd dudng phat trien Su du nhap nhiing yeu td van hda ngoai lai eiing gdy nen nhilu tac ddng tieu cue, lam phai nhat net dac tnmg cua van hda lang Bdi viet phdn tich nhiing thaeh thiic ddi vdi sy phat triln cua lang xa Viet Nam hien Dd Id tinh ty tri cita lang xa, sy bien tudng tieu eye cua huang udc lang xa, cudng hao lang xa Tinh ty tri cua lang xa Trdi qua bao thang tram cua lich sir, lang xa Viet Nam vdn tdn tai mdt cdeh ben viing Cho du eae vuang trilu phia Bdc mudn ddng hda, cho dii eac the luc ciia tu ban phuang Tdy mudn chinh phyc bang bao lye, thi lang xa Viet Nam vdn tdn tai Tir nhiing dilu kien ca sd hinh va chiic nang cua nd, lang xa Viet Nam da the hien siic sdng manh liet Lang xa Viet Nam tir xua den Id di san lich sir de Iai cho ddt nudc Ddy Id di san cua mgt xa hdi vdi nhiing cu dan ndng nghiep (hp cai tao ty nhien bang thii cdng thd so vd ggi dd la nhiing ngudi tieu ndng), vdi mdt nen kinh te tieu ndng san xudt nhd, manh mim, lac hau va cham phat trien Lang xa ddi ttong vdn minh ndng nghiep, lay ddt dai ldm co sd chinh cua kinh te Ddi sdng vdn hda d lang xa xoay quanh cac le hdi ndng nghiep Lang xa Viet Nam cd van hda rieng Lang la dem vi hanh chinh cua nha nudc quan ehu, cd nghTa vy vdi nha nudc Cu dan eac Idng ndi ddi la than dan eua hodng de Lang cd rudng ddt rieng, dat dd ehia eho dan dinh eua lang ma nha nude khdng can thiep Dd chinh la tinh tu tti eua lang Mat khac, nhiing ngudi dan sdng ttong lang cd t\i tudng eoi ttgng rudng ddt, eoi ttpng ndng nghiep, eoi thudng thuang nghiep Do dd, lang cd tinh ttang "trpng ndng lie thuang", cd lap vdi the- gidi ben ngodi Tu tudng kinh te cua ngudi tieu ndng khdng phii hgp vdi dieu kien mdi hien la kinh tl thi trudng Ngudi ndng dan it nghi den sy sinh loi, raa tdn ttgng dao dire sudng, ly luan suong, chiu ngheo khd chu khdng chiu tim each vuon de thoat khdi canh ngheo khd cua minh Ben canh do, nhiing ngudi ndng dan vdn dl cao tu tudng tdn tien, tich luy eiia eai de lam giau ngudi ndng dan ludn cd suy nghT "tich ede phong ea, tich y phdng han" Vi thd, ttong dilu kien ddt nudc phat triln theo kinh tl thi trudng nhu hien nay, thi ngudi ndng ddn phai hi thay ddi cho phu hgp Lich sir de lai di san ciia mdt egng ddng nha nude - ddn tgc ma truyin thong giu 19 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so - 2019 lang dl gin nudc Qua ttinh dd da dien hang nghin nam Nha nudc Viet Nam lich sir dugc hinh ttong cdng viee tri thiiy, dip de lam nong nghiep Tir cdng cudc chdng ngoai xdm, ngudi Viet cd ttuyin thdng cd kit, da san sinh nhiing ngudi cd net van hda rieng Hp cd the sdn sang tin theo nhiing tu tudng mdi cita thdi dai dl phat ttiln, hg cd the thay ddi lich sir lang xa de phat trien ddt nudc Lang xa la don vi kinh te, chinh tri cua ddt nudc Cu dan lang xa Id nhung ngudi nong ddn gan lien vdi kinh te tieu ndng, cd tu tudng tieu ndng, cd ban sac rieng Trong eae lang xa, ngudi ta thd dng ba td tien, thd Phat, thd than Iinh Dieu the hien h'nh chdt da nguyen ve van hda Ngudi Viet tin rang ngudi song ttong hai the gidi, the gidi ttdn gian vd the gidi eoi am Hg tin rdng cd sy qua bao Do quan niem ed hai the gidi, nen ttong vdn hda cua ngudi Viet Nam ed viec "keu ri" (len ddng) Hg eho rang cdi am - duang ed sy lien thdng vdi Cimg vdi Trung Qudc, Trilu Tien va Nhdt Ban, Viet Nam la mdt ttong bdn qudc gia Nho giao diln hinh Dilm ndi bat ttong vdn hoa lang la d chd, Nho giao da anh hudng sdu rdng, hda nhdp vdi ddi sing ciia lang hong viee xdy dyng gia dinh Nho giao cd tdc dung cung cd quan he hp hdng thdn tpc, cung CO quan he lang xdm lang gieng; ldm nen su doan ket, tao nen siic manh Tap qudn san xudt ndng nghiep theo hinh thtic tieu ndng dugc cd vti bdi hr tudng Nho gido Tu hidng "dT ndng vi ban" (Idy ndng lam goc) da giup cho lang xa Viet binh dn hang nghin nam Song, day Iai chinh la luc can sy phat ttien Khi eon ngudi ngai thay ddi, ngudi ta se khd ching dd duge nhiing doi thil ben ngoai 20 Sy bien tirdng tieu cue cua huong u-dc lang xa Lang xa Viet Nam ed mpt lich su rat lau dai Md hinh lang xa da dugc tri hieu qua qua hang nghin nam, chdng dd dugc nhieu thir thaeh khae nghiet cua thien tai Trong md hinh lang xa, ngudi ndng ddn Viet rat hieu thien nhien va biet tdn dung thien nhien, hda ddng vdi thien nhien; tham chi, rat sg thien nhien, khdng dam "coi ttdi bang vung" Khi lang xa phat trien len, ho hinh cac quy udc (hay hucmg udc) dl bdo ve cdng ddng Cae huang udc quy dinh rat rach rdi ve cac mat ddi sdng ttong lang He thdng cae quy dinh cua huong ude giitp lang xa van hanh dn dinh Cde quy dinh vl nghTa vu va quyln lgi cua ragi vien ttong cdng ddng dugc quy dinh rdt ro rang Dilu dd giiip cho bd may hdnh chinh quan Iy lang xa rdt ggn nhe, nhung hieu qua Mdi ngudi dii di dau, vl din lang thi diu phai theo Ie lang Thyc tl, huong udc la edng cu quan ly mem rdt hieu qua Nguoi ddn lang quan niem rdng, tha thilu thul vua han thua tyc dan, "phep vua thua Ie lang", "gdng lang vira mang vira hat" Huang udc vdn Id ngudi dan tu thdo luan, de va cimg vdi chinh quyln th6ng qua de thyc hanh Huong udc la quy dinh ty nguyen cua ngudi dan, khdng phdi ap dat Nhung d nhilu nai hien nay, huang udc dugc hinh chii ylu theo phuong thiie hi tten "ap dat" xudng Ci nhilu dia phuang, huang udc cac lang da phdn diu na na nhu nhau, chi thay ten lang Trong trudc ddy, huong udc cac lang diu co net rieng Vii Duy Men eho rdng: "Tdi da timg dgc mgt sd hucmg ude chii Han Nom, thi thay chu yeu Id thudng dan tham gia vao chuyen xay dyng ndi dung, vi dd la nhiing quy dinh lien quan tryc tiep den hg Hg cd Nguyen Duy Thuy mat tdt cua hg, la chd dya cho the lye cudng hao d lang xa va bi tang ldp cudng hao d lang xa Igi dung Cudng hao lang xd la nhiing ngudi cd ehiic sac ttong lang vd dp btie ndng dan Tii the ky XVII trd di, che dp quan chu khimg hoang, dan phieu tan nhieu nai, lang xa tieu dieu, ddi khd vi ehiln tranh, vi mdt mua ddi kem, thi tang ldp cudng hdo cang ed dieu kien thao tiing, long hanh Cudng hao sinh nguyen nhan khach quan Nguyen nhan dd la d chd, lang xa Viet Nam bi bao bpc xung quanh bdi liiy tre Idng; kinh te cua lang xa Id kinh te tieu ndng khep kin; ngudi dan lang xa thieu Cudng hao lang xa thdng tin, thieu hieu biet, gan nhu tach ban vdi the gidi ben ngoai; lang tdn tai Ndng dan Viet Nam ttdi qua bao ddi gan bd cde ddng hp, dang cap; ngudi dimg dau vdi lang, vdi dat, sdng nhd vao rudng dat; ddng hg, ke manh thudng Ian at, chi phdi, vi the, hg the hien tinh yeu lang, yeu que thao hing, long hanh trudc ke yeu Ddn ddn, huong Tuy nhien, ngudi tilu ndng cd tam cudng hdo ttd mdt te nan lang ly ciia ngudi san xuat nhd, khdng thich xa Khi ma ngudi ndng ddn sg dung cham ngudi khac gidng minh; cd tdm ly be phai thi cudng hao ed the be ngugc nhiing chinh Lgi dung tam ly dd, nhieu ngudi ttong bg sach ciia nha nudc theo hudng cd lgi cho may nhd nudc tao be canh de chi phdi ca minh; ngudi dan ttong lang xa mdt ddn tinh quan Ve mat kinh te ciing nhu nhiing mat ehat dan chu Tinh ttang keo be, keo canh ttong lang khdc, kem hon hg thi bi hg khinh thudng, nat no, ghet bd, bang hp thi bi hg ken tao dieu kien cho ke manh lung doan ddn eya Vi the, y nigra binh ddng giiia ngudi lang Bd mdy cai tri d thdn que dygc hinh vdi ngudi khd hinh thdnh mgt each thuc sy tten co sd hiep thuang, thda thuan Ma khdng cd binh dang thi khdng ed ddn giira cac phe canh ttong lang, chii ylu xung quanh cdc ddng hg Tinh chdt huylt tdc chii dugc ddng hp lam cho viec dieu hanh eiia ngudi Ngudi tieu ndng cd tam ly thich cdo cam quyen khd khdn Chii truong chinh bang, ghen ghet, khdng thich ngudi khac sach cua nhd nudc le cdn dugc ngudi dan ban minh Hp eho rang "dai bay hon khdn ban bac, nhung thuc te ngudi dan hdu nhu ldi", "khdn ddc khdng bdng dai doan" Do khdng cd quyen ban bac Ngudi dan khdng vdy, hg khdng phdt huy dugc sang kiln cd dan ehii vi mpi viee cudng hao quyet Ngudi tieu ndng ciing cd tam ly dam ddng, dinh Tir day ta cd the thdy rdng lye Iugng tdm Iy a dua Ngudi cd tdm Iy dd thi thy can trd ddn chu d ndng thdn cd xua va ddng, khdng can phan biet phai trai Nhu la eudng hao lang xd Trudc cd cudng vay, tdm ly eua ngudi tieu ndng rdt phiie hao, ciing cd eudng hao, dd la cudng tap, cd tdm ly tich eye va tdm ly hao mdi Mudn dan ehii hda ndng thdn thi tieu eye Tdm ly tieu eye han chi nhiing phdi xda bd te nan cudng hao the rdt it hpc, nhieu ngudi khdng biet chii nen khdng biet ky ma diem chi vao huong udc, nhung da sd la thudng dan, ed nhtrng hucmg udc din 80-90% ngudi thara gia diera chi Nhxmg hp Id ngudi thi hanh Cdch thiic xdy dyng huong udc theo kieu tir tten xudng hien dang lam eho huang udc mdt di gia tti, vi nhiing quy dinh dd khdng gan lien vdi quyen lgi va nhdn thirc tryc tiep ciia ngudi dan Thanh thii, mpt cdng cu mem de quan 1^ lang xa rat hieu qua da bi xem nhe, bd qua" [7] Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, sd -2019 Ket luan Xa hdi ndng thdn Viet Nam dang cd nhieu thay ddi Con ngudi cd the ngdi d lang nhung bilt rdt nhieu ehuyen eiia the gidi Nhieu ngudi cho rang, van hda cd truyen la vdn qu;y, can phai giii Iai ttong qua trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi Tuy nhien, ta edn phai cdn trgng nhin nh^n xem nen gift Iai cai gi Dac diem tmyen thdng nao khdng edn phu hgp nua thi-ciing khdng nen gift lai Ndng thdn Viet Nam can phai dugc phat trien theo xu hudng hien dai, gidng nhu cac nudc phat trien Con dudng phat ttien cua ndng thdn la hien d^i hda Chiing ta dang tien tten dudng dy, nhung sy nghiep hien dai hda ndng thdn van chua dat dugc ket qua mong mudn De tao da eho sy phat ttien ciia cac vimg ndng thdn, edn cd phuang thftc qudn Iy phit hgp va nguon lye xa hgi Con dudng d l phat ttiln lang xa la dudng lau dai De xay dyng ndng thdn mdi hien nay, ehiing ta edn thu tiSu ca chi lang xd cu, cac mat ban che cua nd Giai quylt mgt each hai hoa radi quan he giua nha nudc va lang xa la ehia khoa cua sy phat trien ndng thdn ben vting Tai lieu t h a m khao [1] Alvin Toffler (1992), Lan song thir ba, Nxb Thong tin 1;^ lu^n, Ha Ngi [2] Cac Mac (1976), Nhimg hinh thuc co truac sdn xudt tu bdn cht) nghTa, Nxb Sir that, HaNgi [3] Quoc Sic quan trilu Hau Le (1998), Dgi Viit sic ky toan tiiu, 1.1, Nxb Khoa hgc xS h^i, H4 Ngi [4] Quoc Sli quan trieu Nguyen (1908), Quoc triiu chinh bien todt yiu, q.2, Nxb Dai hgc Tong hgp, Ha Ngi [5] Quoc Sli quan triSu Nguyin (1957), Viet sU thdng gidm cuang muc tien bien, t.l, Nxb VSn Sli Dia, Ha Ngi [6] Tan Phong (1945), "Viec chinh tri a thon que", Dac san Thanh Nghi, s6 100-104 [7] http://www.nhandan.com.vn/cuoitiiaii/item/ 32029402-van-hoa-lang-xa-viet-nam-trongthoi-hien-dai.html ... bang bao lye, thi lang xa Viet Nam vdn tdn tai Tir nhiing dilu kien ca sd hinh va chiic nang cua nd, lang xa Viet Nam da the hien siic sdng manh liet Lang xa Viet Nam tir xua den Id di san lich... chi cdn la ten hic hay ten Ndm) Nam 905, sau gianh lai chmh quyln tir nha Dudng, hg Khiic khdng chu ttuang thay thS toan bd chinh quyln ciia nha Dudng d Viet Nam, ma chu truang hi cau tnie he... ciia van hda Viet Nam Ldng, ttong radi quan he hihi co vdi nha va nudc, da trd lihan td quan ttgng cd ket cdng ddng de tao nen sue manh doan kit khdng gi sanh dugc cua ddn tde Viet Nam Trudc nhung