Xa hgi hoc, s6 (148), 2019 79 THACH THirC DOI VCil NGLTCJI KHUYET TAT TRONG TIEP CAN GIAO DUG v u THI THANH* Tom tat: Dua tren kit qud nghien ciru tgi hai xa a huyen Thdi Thuy, tinh Thdi Binh - mgt nhitng dia phuong co ty le nguai khuyit tdt cao nhdt cd nuac - bdi viet tim hieu nhimg kho khan da vd dang cdn tra ca hgi vd khd ndng tiep can gido due ciia nguoi khuyet tdt Cg the, bdi viet phdn tich su khong sdn co cdc dich vu gido dgc cho nguoi khyet tat; su khong phu hop cua moi trudng vgt chdt; su hgn chi vk khd ndng cua bdn thdn nguai khuyet tat vd gia dinh hg; su hgn che nhdn thuc ciia cgng dong, cua gia dinh doi vai gido due hoa nhdp cua nguai khuyit tat Tit khoa: ngudi khuyet tat, tiep can giao due, hda nhap xa hdi, phat trien ngudi Nhgn bdi: 13/9/2019 Giri phdn bi^n: 4/11/2019 Duy?t ddng: 28/11/2019 Dat van de Khuylt tat la mpt khdi niem phuc tap va da chieu Theo Td chdc Y te The gidi vd Ngdn hang T h i gidi (World Health Organisation vd World Bank, 2011), khuyet tat Id sy suy ylu v l ciu tnic hoac chdc nang cua co the gay han che vd boat ddng vd sy tham gia cua mdt cd nhdn vao ddi sdng Nhu vdy, khai niem ve khuyet tdt khdng chi Id van dd sde khde ma Id mpt hien tuong phdc tap phdn dnh sy tucmg tac giua dac tinh ve ca the ciia mpt cd nhan vd dac tmh xd hdi cua ngudi ddi sdng xa hpi cua hp Theo dinh nghia nay, To chdc Y t l Thi gidi (WHO, 2011) cho ring dl ngudi khuylt tat (NKT) cd thi vupt qua dupe nhdng khd khan thi can cd su can thiep de loai bd nhung rdo can ve mdi trudng va xa hdi Cdng udc qudc te ve quyen cua NKT (Lien hpp qudc, 2006) nhdn manh ring khuylt tat Id kit qua cua sy tuong tdc giua cac ca nhdn bi suy yeu vd co the vd phdi ddi mat vdi nhiing rao can v l thai do, mdi trudng lam can trd sy tham gia mot each diy du va hieu qua eua hp vdo xa hoi tren ca sd binh ddng vdi nhung ngudi khac Theo Luat Ngudi khuylt tdt cua Viet Nam (dupe Qudc hdi nude Cdng hda Xa hdi chd nghia Viet Nam thdng qua ngdy 17 thang nam 2010), NKT duac dinh nghia la ngudi bi khiim khuyet mgt hogc nhiiu bg phdn ca the hogc bi suy gidm chicc ndng dugc biiu hien dudi dgng tgt khiin cho lao dgng, sinh hogt, hgc tap gap kho khan Luat ndy da xdc dinh cd cac dang khuyet tdt khac bao gdm khuyet tat van ddng; khuyet tat nghe, ndi; khuylt tat nhin; khuyet tat thin kinh, tdm than; khuyet tat tri tue vd cdc khuyet tat ' Vi?n Nghien ciru Con ngudi Vi^n Hdn lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam Thdch thiic doi vdi ngudi khuyit tgt khac Viet Nam la qudc gia cd ty Ip ngudi khuyet tat cao khu vyc chau A Thdi Binh Duong (United Nations, 2012) Ty le NKT d Vidt Nam nam 2016 la 7,1% vd cu hp gia dinh d Viet Nam thi cd hd gia dinh cd NKT (Tdng cue Thdng ke vd UNICEF, 2018) Cac ket qua khdo sdt d Viet Nam cho thay trinh dp hpc vdn cua NKT cdn kha han che, the hien d ty le khdng biet chii cdn khd cao, ty le di hpc dung tudi cdn thap vd trinh dp hpc vdn cua NKT cdn cd sy each biet rit Idn so vdi ngudi khdng khuyet tdt (Tdng cue Thdng kd va UNICEF, 2018; UNFPA, 2011) Tuydn ngdn qudc te ve nhan quyen cua Lien hpp qudc (1948) chi rd ring tit cd mpi ngudi deu cd quyen dupe hudng gido due (Dieu 26) Cdng udc qudc tl vl quyIn cua NKT cda Lien hap qudc dupe ban hdnh nam 2006 da khdng dinh tim quan trpng cua viec tiep can giao due De dam bdo quyen cua NKT, Cdng udc chu trpng din viec ndng cao n h ^ thdc de thuc ddy thai dp tdn trpng quyIn cua ngudi khuylt tat d mpi cip dp cda hd thdng giao due (Lien hpp qudc, 2007) Mot nhiing nguyen tie cua cdch tiep can dua tren quyen ddi vdi gido due Id binh ddng, hda nhap vd khdng phan biet ddi xu giua cac nhdm xa hdi khdc Trudc day, cac md hinh gido dye ddi vol NKT thudng chu trpng den su giao due chuydn biet d dd, NKT thudng dupe gido due nhiing mdi trudng chuyen bipt theo su khuyet tat cda hp Tuy nhien, nhdng nam gan day, giao due hda nhdp dupe the gidi khuyen khich dp dyng ddi vdi tre khuylt tat Theo UNESCO (2005), hda nhap gido due Id qud trinh chi va dap dng nhiing nhu cau da dang cua ngudi hpc cdc mdi trudng gido due chinh thdc va phi chinh thdc Sy hda nhap giao due chu trpng den viec md rpng ca hdi dl nhung NKT bit cu ndo cung cd the tham gia mpt cdch binh dang vdo gido due va cung tao nhung co hdi de cdc cd nhdn cd the lya chpn dupe nhung sy hd trp dap dng nhu ciu cua hp (UNESCO, 2005) Le Minh Hdng (2013) cho rdng giao dye hda nhgp tao CO hpi de tre khuyet tdt dupe tiep can binh dang vdi nen giao dye ma tre em khdng khuyet tdt nhan dupe, nhd dd, NKT cd the cd them co hdi viec lam, giup hp sdng ddc lap vd tao dyng thai dp tich eye thdc day mdt xa hdi hda nhap Hien nay, viec hda nhap gido due ddi vdi NKT da trd mdi quan tdm cua nhieu qudc gia va td chdc tren thi gidi Ludt NKT dupe Qudc hdi nude Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam thdng qua ndm 2010 xac dinh gido due hda nhdp Id phuang thuc gido due chung ngudi khuyet tdt vdi ngudi khdng khuyet tdt co sd gido due vd chi ro day Id phuang thdc gido due chu ylu ddi vdi NKT Mac du vay, viec tiep can gido due cua NKT cdn gap rit nhilu khd khan Nghien cuu cua Le Bach Duong va cac cpng sy (2005) da chl nhung thdch thdc md NKT d Viet Nam phdi ddi mat (trong dd cd nhung thdch thdc ddi vdi viec giao due) Id viec phd bien chinh sach cdn yeu; nhdn thdc va sy chi dao cua ehinh quyIn dia phuong cdn kem; ngudn luc han che va sy phan bd ngudn lyc khdng hieu qud; thieu thilt bi, dd dung hpc tap phu hop vdi NKT De hilu ro hon vl co hdi vd kha nang tilp can giao due cua NKT, bai viet tim hieu nhdng rao cdn ddi vdi su tilp can giao due cua NKT tren cdc phuong dien nhu sy sdn cd ciia dich vu gido dye, khd nang cua NKT vd gia dinh NKT, sy phu hpp cua mdi trudng vat chit, thai dp cua ngudi dan va gia dinh ddi vdi gido due hda nhdp eua NKT Tu dd, bai vilt dua mdt sd giai phdp nhdm thuc diy tilp can gido dye cua NKT Bdi viet la kit Vu Thi Thanh 81 qua td de tdi nghien cdu nam 2018-2019 cda Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, Vien Nghien cdu Con ngudi Id co quan chu tri "Hda nhdp xa hpi vi myc tieu phat trien ngudi d Thdi Binh: Thyc trang va gidi phap" Cac kit qua bai viet dupe thu thdp dya tren khdo sdt dinh lupng ddi vdi 150 dai dien hp gia dinh NKT, 150 ngudi dan dai dien cho hd gia dinh khdng cd ngudi khuyet tat va cac ket qua nghien cdu dinh tinh (phdng van sau, thao ludn nhdm) vdi NKT, ngudi ddn vd cdc co quan chdc nang d dja phuang Nghien cdu dupe trien khai tai xa Thuy Hai va xa Thai Nguyen thupc huyen Thai Thuy, tinh Thai Binh Cac ket qua nghien cmi Khdi quat ve hgc vdn cda ngudi khuyet tdt Trong sd nhung hp gia dinh cd NKT dupe khdo sat, cd tdi 114 hd gia dinh (76%) cd ngudi bi da khuyet tat (bi hon mdt loai hinh khuyet tat) Loai hinh khuyet tat phd bien nhit la khuyet tat ve khd nang hpc tap (74,7%) vd Ichuyet tat ve kha nang nhan thdc (68,0%); tilp din la khuylt tat van dpng va khuyet tdt khd nang nghe, ndi (khoang tu 3050%) Loai khuylt tdt it phd biln nhdt la khuylt tat kha nang nhin (20,7%) Chinh vi ty le khuylt tat kha nang hpc tap vd khuyet tat khd nang nhan thdc cao nen trinh dp hpc van cua NKT nghien cuu Id rdt thdp Tuong ddng vdi sd lieu ve hpc van cua NKT tii Tdng Dilu da ddn sd vd nha d 2009 (xem UNFPA, 2011), kit qua khdo sat tai Thai Binh cho thiy trinh dp hpc vdn cua NKT thip ban rat nhieu so vdi nhung ngudi khdng khuylt tat (KKT) Cd tdi 39,6% NKT d dp tudi tii tudi trd len chua tdng di hpc khdng cd trudng hap ngudi KKT nao nghien cdu chua tdng di hpc Phan Idn NKT dung viec hpc d bdc hpc trung hpc co sd hoac tieu hpc (chiem ty le Idn luat Id 37,3% va 21,1%) Ty le NKT cd hpc vdn tu trung hpc phd thdng trd len la khdng dang ke, chi chiem 4,2% - thip ban rit nhilu so vdi nhung ty le cua ngudi KKT Day cung la dilu dupe phan dnh qua phdng vin can bd hpi NKT tinh Thai Binh, theo do, hdi vien ciia hdi NKT thudng chi hpc hit cap 11 va it ngudi hpc hit cip III Hinh Trinh d6 hoc van cua NKT va ngu-di khong khuyet tat Don Vf: % NguSn: Sd lieu khdo sdt cua de tdi tgi Thdi Binh ndm 2017 82 Thdch thuc doi vai ngudi khuyet tdt Tinh san co cua dich vu gido due Mpt khd khan ddi vdi NKT tiep can giao due la sy khdng sdn cd nhirng dich vu giao due phu hap vdi NKT Tinh Thai Binh cd trudng chuydn biet ddnh cho tre khiSm thinh Trudng chuyen biet danh cho tre khuyet tat vda day chu, vda day nghe cho ngudi bi khilm thinh vd khuylt tat van ddng Ci thdnh phd Thai Binh, viec thuc day hda nhap ve giao due cho tre khuylt tdt dupe cai thien ban cd cac trudng, ldp danh cho NKT Vi vay, ca hdi hda nhdp giao due cho tre khuylt tdt cao ban so vdi tre d khu vuc ndng thdn Co nhirng truang a thdnh co su ho trg rdt tot de tre khuyet tdt dugc hda nhdp, vi du nhu hd trg mien gidm hoc phi, ho trg chi phi hgc tap Tren thdnh cha me ciing CO diiu kien ddu tu hem cho cdc chdu Hgi nguai mil cung tiep nhdn cdc em vd cho cdc em hgc chii: noi nen chung hoa nhdp tot, nhieu dua sau ndy tu- lap dugc (Nu cdn bd, Sd Lao ddng, Thuang binh & Xa hdi tinh) d viing ndng thdn, viec thuc day hda nhap ve giao due cho tre khuyet tat gap nhieu thdch thdc vd hieu qud khdng cao Do huyen Thai Thuy each xa trung tdm phd (khoang 40km) nen rit khd dk NKT cd the theo hpc tai cac trudng chuyen biet, tren dia ban huyen van chua cd cac ca sd giao due chuyen biet cho NKT Ket qua thao luan nhdm vdi ngudi dan cung cho thdy sy han che ciia vung ndng thdn viec thuc ddy sy hda nhap giao due cua NKT Muon md mang cho thi phdi bo me chu khong den md md mang kien thuc dugc cho nhd minh dugc (TLN xa Thai Nguyen) Can bd cua Sd Lao ddng, Thuang binh & Xa hdi cua tinh cung bdy td sy quan ngai ve viec tiep can giao due ciia tre khuyet tat d ndng thdn Thyc su a nong thon gia dinh ciing chi cho tre khuyet tgt den trudng ngoi vdo day cho ggi Id co di hgc thoi chir khong nhu & tren thdnh cdc em duac ddo tgo d cdc ca sa ddnh cho NKT la se tu luc dugc (Nu can bp, Sd Lao ddng, Thuang binh & Xa hdi tinh) Do tai dia ban ndng thdn chua cd trudng Idp danh rieng cho NKT cho nen 96,7% sd hp khdng duac tiep can cac trudng chuyen biet Mdt sd NKT dupe tham gia hpc chung vdi ngudi KKT va hp it nhan dupe sy hd trp qua trinh di hpc Day la mdt nhung nguyen nhan chinh lam can trd co hdi hpc len nhdng bdc hpc cao han cua NKT So sanh gida cac loai hinh khuyet tat cho thay nhdng NKT van ddng cd trinh dp hpc vin cao hon so vdi cac loai hinh khuyet tat khac Sd di nhu vdy la nhieu NKT cd thi theo hpc tai cac trudng hpc danh cho tre khdng khuyet tat Trong do, tiep can giao due cua nhdng ngudi khiem thi, khiem thinh ddi hdi can phai cd trudng ldp, giao vien chuyen biet hoac cd su hd trp dac biet ve cdng nghe, sdch vd thi hp mdi theo hpc dupe ma nhung dilu ndy lai chua sdn cd tai huyen Thai Thyy Vi the, co hdi hpc tap cua nhimg ngudi khiem thi, khiem thinh la rdt han che Vu Thi Thanh 83 Ket qua phdng vin sau cho thdy cd mdt sd NKT tdng dupe di hpc d nhdng trudng chuyen biet ddnh cho NKT nhung cung rit khd de hp cd the theo hpc nhimg bac hpc cao hem Mdt ngudi khilm thi (nu, 41 tudi, xa Thuy Hai) chia se rang chi va em trai ciia chi deu bi khiem thi bdm sinh Nam 1992, chi tdng dupe cho di hpc chu ndi Hdi Ngudi mu cua huyen td chdc Tuy nhien, chi da nhieu tudi nen luc chi dupe hpc vdi thdng de xda mu chu Em trai cua chi van dp tudi di hpc nen duoc dua len thdnh phd Thai Binh hpc tai trudng Le Hdng Phong den het ldp Sau do, em trai ciia chi khdng dupe hpc tiep len ldp 10 vi duoc Hdi Ngudi mu chi cd the hd trp de hoc het ldp Viec khdng duac tiep tue di hpc ddi da gay nhirng tdn thuang rat Idn ve tam Iy ddi vdi NKT Chi tdm sy ve trudng hop cua em trai minh: Luc biet khong dugc di hoc len nira, no thdt vgng qud nen dap phd a truang roi sau bo ve nhd Tir ve sau, no khong bao gia noi chuyen vai bdt cu cdu ndo nira Da han 10 ndm roi, no chdng noi chuyen vai nen ddn ddn tra nen giong nhu nguai tdm thdn (NKT, nu, 41 tudi, xa Thuy Hai) Tim hieu thuc te cho thay chinh quyen va nhd trudng d dia phuang da cd mdt sd bien phap gdp phdn thuc day sy hda nhap ve giao due ddi vdi tre khuyet tat Theo chia se cua can bd Phdng Lao ddng, Thuang binh & Xa hpi huyen Thai Thuy, de tao dieu kien tiep nhdn vd cham sde tre khuyet tat d cac trudng mam non thi mdt ldp cd mpt tre khuyet tdt se dupe tinh tuong duong vdi tre khdng khuyet tat Anh cho biet: "Vidu, neu bien che mgt lap la 30 tre nhirng lap co mgt chdu bj thieu ndng thi ldp se gidm SI so xuong 25 chdu, vi gido vien se mdt nhieu cong sire han de cham cho mgt chdu bi khuyet tgt" Tai cac trudng phd thdng, hpc sinh khuyet tat dupe hd trp bang mdt sd hinh thuc, vi dy nhu dupe mien mdn the due Tuy nhien, gia dinh NKT it nhan duac sy ho trp vl tai chinh, nhit la cho hpc len trung hpc phd thdng Gia dinh NKT van ddng cd dang hpc ldp 10 chia se: Chdu no hgc cdp 111 khong dugc mi tien gi, dong cdc khoan nhu mgt hgc sinh binh thuang Gia dinh ban ddu cung dgt vdn de ndy vai co gido chu nhiem nhimg co bdo cdp 111 chua CO tien le ve viec ndy nen minh thoi v'l minh khong muon tgo dp luc hay lam kho nguai ta Nhu nguai ta khoe mgnh thi thoi chdu no bi the ndy dd thiet thoi roi, neu duac uu tien han thi tot (Gia dinh NKT, nam, 50 tudi, xa Thai Nguyen) Trong khdng cd cdc dich vu giao dye chuyen biet danh cho NKT tai dja phuong thi NKT cung rdt khd theo hpc tai cac trudng hpc danh cho hpc sinh khdng khuylt co sd vat chdt tai dd khdng dupe thiet kl de NKT tilp can dupe Mdi trudng vat chit khdng phu hpp dupe xem la mpt nhung rao can ddi vdi sy hda nhap xa hpi cua NKT (World Health Organization va World Bank, 2011) Dieu cung dupe phan anh qua kit qua khao sat d Thai Binh Do dieu kien kinh te d dja phuang cdn khd khan nen cdc trudng hpc chua dupe xay dyng, cai thien dap dng kha nang tiep can cua NKT dap dng theo Quy chuan ky thuat qudc gia ve xay dyng cdng trinh dam bdo ngudi khuylt 84 Thdch thiec doi vdi nguai khuyet tdt tat tiep can sd dung (QCVN 10:2014/BXD) cua Bd Xay dyng Vi co sd ting khdng phu hpp nen NKT di hpc thudng can den sy trp giiip tu phia gia dinh, ban be de cd the di lai dupe Mdt NKT van ddng chia se: Nguai khuyet tdt kho nhdt Id viec di lai Co di den day roi chi co vdi buac Id di len tren truang nhung khong co ndng len bdc thang, buoc phdi ggi nguai ta de ndng len, vi the, bdn thdn NKT cUng cdm thdy nggi roi (Nam, 56 tudi, xa Thuy Hai) Nhin chung, cac cdng trinh xay dyng va co sd vat chdt cua trudng hpc tai dia phucmg diu chua dupe thilt ke de phu hop vdi NKT Cac trudng hpc chua cd ldi di lai, nha ve sinh va ban ghi phii hpp vdi tre khuyet tat Mdt ngudi bd cd khuyet tat van ddng tam sy vl nhung khd khan cua di hpc sy khdng phu hpp vdi ca sd vat chat nha trudng: Cdc ban thi buac mgt buac chdu hai ba nhip mai len duac mot bac Ban vdo lap duac mgt luc thi chdu mai buac vdo lap dugc Cdi ghe ngoi chung vai cdc bgn thi Igi cao qud, no phdi vdi mdi hogc bgn phdi giiip mai ngoi len dirge Hgc chung thi phdi the chu chdng co sir uu tien cho NKT Minh cho minh vdo hgc Id phdi chdp nhgn, phdi co gang vdy thoi (Gia dinh NKT, nam, 50 tudi, xa Thai Nguyen) Hgn che ve khd nang cua NKT vd gia dinh NKT Mpt thach thdc rat Idn ddi vdi NKT viec hda nhap xa hdi tren phuang dien tiep can giao due Id sy ban che ndng lyc ciia ban than Phan Idn nhdng tre hi khuyet tdt ve kha nang nhan thuc, hpc tap d hai dia ban nghien cuu khdng den tnrdng di hpc Mdt sd gia dinh cd bi thieu nang tri tue cho em ciia minh di hpc tai trudng mam non, mau giao de tre dupe hda nhap vdi ban be nhung nhung tre em ndy lai khdng dupe gia dinh cho di hpc tieu hpc den tudi den trudng khdng cd ca sd ddo tao thich hop d dja bdn huyen Ddi vdi tre khuyet tat van ddng, mac dii nhieu em cd kha nang nhan thdc tdt nhung cung klidng thd den trudng di hpc tre khd cd the ty cham soc ban than, Mdt phu nu (23 tudi, xa Thyy Hai) cd bi khuyet tat van dpng cho biet mac du chi da qua tudi den trudng di hpc (8 tudi) va rat thdng minh nhung chi khdng dang ky cho di hpc vi chi khdng the ty 1dm ve sinh ca nhdn Vi the, chi phai cd gang ty day hpc d nhd Tucmg ty nhu vay, bd cua mdt NKT tdm sy: "Con minh khong ddm dua di hpc vi cdc nhu cdu ve sinh, uong nude chdu khong noi vai co gido duac nen khong ddm cho di hgc" (Nam, 38 tudi, xa Thai Nguyen) Nhiing chia se tren day ciia gia dinh NKT cung tucmg ddng vdi cdc ket qud nghien cdu ve su san sdng cho giao due tre khuyet tdt Bd Giao dye va Dao tao, Dai hpc Toronto, Chinh phii Australia vd UNICEF (2015) thyc hien tai Viet Nam da chi rang sy lo ngai cua gia dinh ve an todn cua tre khuyet tdt den trudng chinh la mdt can trd han che viec den trudng cua tre khuyet tat Khd nang tilp can giao dye cua NKT phu thupc rdt nhilu vao sy hd trp cua gia dinh vl mat tai chinh vd nhan lyc Viec cho em khuylt tdt di hpc ddi hdi gia dinh phai cd ngudi phu trach viec dua ddn di hpc Theo phan anh cua nhieu NKT, dilu kien VG Thi Thanh 85 trudc day khd khan nen hp da phai dimg hpc vi gia dinh hp khdng the dam nhan dupe viec dua ddn di hpc Ngdy xua anh di hgc la anh em, bgn be, bo me vd ong bd deu phdi cong di hgc vi khong CO xe dgp Len den cdp III phdi di hgc xa nen khong di hgc dugc nira (NKT van ddng, nam, 48 tudi, xa Thai Nguyen) Day cung la dieu dupe phan anh nghien cuu cua Bd Giao due & Dao tao va cac ddi tac (2015) cho thay khd khan ciia gia dinh viec giup tre khuyet tat di chuyen den trudng hpc Id mdt rao can ddi vdi viec hda nhap ve giao due cda tre khuyet tat Do d dia phuong chua cd trudng, ldp ddnh cho NKT nen neu gia dinh mudn cho di hpc tai cdc trudng, Idp ddnh cho NKT thi budc phai dua len thdnh phd Dieu thudng dan den viec gia dinh se phdi mat di mdt nhan lyc lao dpng phdi di ciing cham sde cho NKT Chinh vi dieu kien kinh te cdn khd khan nen mac dii cd nhung gia dinh biit d tren thdnh phd cd trudng, Idp ddnh cho NKT nhung hp khdng the cho minh theo hpc dupe Gia dinh cua mdt tre khuyet tat tai xa Thuy Hdi tam su: Noi chung bo me ndo ciing muon tot cho cdi minh nhung dieu kien kinh te khong CO nen ddnh chiu, chi bdo a day ddn bien di cUng chi du dn thoi chir khong du dd dugc (Gia dinh NKT, nam, 40 tudi, xa Thuy Hai) Tuy nhien, ben canh ciing cd nhung gia dinh nhan thdc dupe vai trd ciia giao due ddi vdi NKT va cd dilu kien kinh te da tao dieu kien va khuyen khich cai minh hpc len cao Mdt ngudi cd bi khuyet tdt van ddng dang hpc cap chia se mong mudn ve viec hpc tap cua con: Minh c6 cho chdu hgc, neu chdu muon hoc gi thi cho chdu hgc, ke cd hgc nghe niia vi tuang lai cua chdu Sau ndy gid minh co theo dugc no ddu nen minh phdi dinh huang cho no du rdng tu thdn no kho van dong du-gc (Gia dinh NKT, nam, 50 tudi, xa Thai Nguyen) Nhdn thuc vi gido due hoa nhdp doi v&i ngudi khuyit tgt Tu tudng vd thai dp xuit phat tu nhung djnh kien ve NKT dupe coi la mdt nhung rao cao ddi vdi sy hda nhap xa hdi ciia NKT (JANI va cac td chdc khac, 2013) Nghien cdu dinh tinh v l nhdn thdc, thdi dp, hanh vi ddi vdi ye khuylt tat cua Bd Lao dpng, Thuang binh & Xd hdi va UNICEF (2011) cho thiy cd tdn tai sy ky thi gida tre khuylt tdt va tre khdng khuylt tat Nghien cdu ndy chi rang, cdn nhieu rdo can h^n che tre khuylt tat tilp can vdi gido dye cd chdt luong, mat khdc, hd tra cua chinh quyen dia phuang cho tre khuylt tdt cdn rit khiem tdn Kit qud nghien cdu d Thai Binh cho thdy hien giao due hda nhap dudng nhu vdn chua duac chip nhan cua ngudi KKT va ban than gia dinh NKT cung chua sdn sang vd yen tdm d l tre khuyet tat hpc chung cung tre khdng khuylt tat Dilu ndy lam han chl co hdi hpc tap ciia NKT Tim hieu quan diem ve viec giao due ddi vdi NKT cho thiy phdn Idn ngudi KKT va gia dinh NKT khdng tan ddng vdi quan diem cho rdng tre khuylt tat nen hpc chung vdi tre khdng khuylt tat Ty le 86 Thdch thiec doi vai nguai khuyet tdt ngudi KKT va gia dinh NKT tan ddng vdi quan diem cho rang NKT nen hpc chung vdi cac hpc sinh KKT chi chilm Idn lupt la 34,0% va 18,5% Mdt NKT van ddng tan ddng vdi viec giao due hda nhap cho biet: Nen hgc chung de cho hoa nhdp moi thir khong de cho nguai ta miet thi minh, duac nhu the Id tot nhdt chir hgc rieng thi nhieu nguai khuyet tdt Igi tu ti, gi bdng hoa nhdp cgng dong (NKT, Nam, 52 Uidi, xd Thuy Hdi) Cd ngudi ddn vd gia dinh NKT vdn cd xu hudng de cao viec giao dye NKT cac mdi trudng chuyen biet hon la giao due hda nhdp Ty le tan ddng vdi quan diem cho ring NKT nen hgc a trudng ddnh rieng cho NKT cua ngudi ddn va gia dinh NKT deu chilm ban 70% Mdt NKT van ddng d xd Thuy Hai cho biet ly mudn NKT duoc hpc rieng: "Neu hgc rieng dugc thi tot qud chu cu cho vdo hgc chung, nhieu tuoi tdc cua nhimg nguai khuyet tgt khdc tuoi cua cdc chdu hinh thuang thi hgc chung cUng kho" (NKT, Nam, 56 tudi, xa Thuy Hai) Ngodi ra, mdt sd hinh thuc khae it dupe ngudi ddn ciing nhu gia dinh NKT lua chpn bao gdm "'Thue nguai ve dgy tgi nhd cho NKT" va "De nguai gia dinh tu dgy cho NKT" Bang Quan diem cua gia dinh NKT va ngirM dan ve viec hpc ciia NKT Dan vL % Hinh thiic giao due doi \in NKT Gia dinh NKT Ngirfri KKT NKT nen hpc chung vai cac hpc sinh binh thuong ** 18,9 34,0 NKT nen hoc truong danh rieng cho NKT 78,4 70,7 Nen thue ngudi ve day hpc cho NKT tai nha * 0,7 6,0 Nen de nguoi gia dinh tu day hoc cho NKT 5,4 6,0 Nguon So lieu khao sat cua detai tai Thai Binh nam 2017 Ghi chu: Micey nghia thong ke *p