Trao quyền kinh tế của phụ nữ trong bối cảnh cải cách kinh tế ở Việt Nam

Nghign ciiu Gia dinli va G i i S^ - 2019 Trao quyen kinh te cua phu nii boi canh caicachl(inhteo[Vie!Nam Pham Thu Hi§n Hgc vi$n Chinh tri quoc gia H6 Chi Minh Tom tat: Trao quyen kinh te cua phu nil dugc thira nhan la mot nhang vin de cot loi de hien thirc hoa cac quyen cua phu ntt, hirdng toi viec dat dugc cac muc tieu phat triln nhir tang truong kinh te, nang cao hieu qua giam ngheo, cai thien giao due va sue khoe Trong b6i canh Viet Nam dang tiln hanh nhung budc di quan vS cai each Idnh te va doi moi mo hinh tang trudng, qua trinh tai co cSu nIn kinh tl dem 1^ ca ca hpi va thach thiic cho ngudi lao dpng, c6 lao d6ng nil D^ra tren viec soat cac bao cao phan tich, cac nghien ciiu va so heu, bai vigt chi moi hen h§ gi&a trao quyen kinh te ciia phu nO va cai each kinh te, cac vln dl hiSn vl quyin nang kinh te cila phu niJ boi canh tai ca cau nen kinh te va cupc each mang cong nghifp 4.0 va mpt s6 trao dii vh chinh sach Tir khoa: Phu niJ; Trao quyin kmh tl ciia phu nii; Cai each Idnh te; Lao dong; Viec lam Ngay nhan bai: 20/12/2018; chinh sura: 7/1/2019; duyet dang: 1/4/2019 Mdi lien he giCra trao quy§n kinh t§ cua phu nLr va cai each kinh t6 Khai niem ve trao quyen kinh te ciia phu nir Trao quyan kinh ta ciia phu nii (Women's Economic Empowerment) co nhieu each hieu khac Theo Ngan hang tha gidi, a cap chinh sach 46 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 29, sd 2, tr 45-58 trao quyan kinh ta cho phu nu' dugc hiau la lam cho thi trudng trd nan thuan Igi ddi vdi phu nir; a cap cd nhan., la nang cao nang lire de phu nu canh tranh dugc tren thj trudng (Australian Government, 2017) Trao quySn kinh xk dugc dinh nghTa la kha nang ciia phu nii tham gia, ddng gdp va hudng Igi tir qua trinh tang trudng thong qua viec ghi nhan nhirng dong gop ciia hg va phan phdi Igi ich cua tang trudng mgt each cong bang (OECD-DAC Network on Gender Equality, 2011) Trao quyan kinh te cdn bao gdm nang cao ky nang va tiep can vdi ngudn luc kinh te, cai thien moi trudng tha cha va hd trg phu nii' cd kha nang quyat dinh va hanh ddng da cd tha hudng lgi tir qua trinh phat trian (Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, 2013) Nhu vay, cd the hieu mgt each ngin ggn ve trao quyen kinh t^ cho phu nCr la thuc ddy sir tham gia, dong gdp, hudng Igi mgt each cong bang doi vdi nii gidi, cong nhan gia tn va tdn trgng nhan pham ciia hg mgt each thuc chat Qua trinh dd giiip phu nii tiap can cac nguon lire va ca hgi, ddng thdi lam tang kha nang dua nhimg lira chgn hiau qua thdng qua dieu chinh chinh sach de giai quyat nhung rao can doi vdi hg qua trinh phat trien Anh hirdng cua cai each kinh te den vi$c trao quyen kinh te ciia phu nu Viet Nam da ban hanh nhiau van ban, nghi quyet quan trgng ve cai each kinh ta Dian hinh la Nghj quyat s6 05-NQ-TW/2016, Nghj quyat so 24/2016/QH-14, Nghi quyat sd 27/NQ-CP/2017, Nghi quyet s6 24/2016/QH-14/2016; cac Nghi quylt 19/NQ-CP (tir nam 2014 den nay), Nghi quyat sd 35/NQ-CP /2016 Cac ngi dung ca ban ciia cai each kinh ta bao gom: DSi mdi md hinh tang trudng, nang cao chat lugng tang trudng, nang suat lao dgng, siic canh tranh ciia nen kinh ta, cai thien moi trudng kinh doanh, ca cau lai nan kinh ta, hd trg va phat trien doanh nghiep Cac nghi quyet da ban hanh chua nhan manh true tiep dan khia canh dam bao va bao ve quyen ciia phu nii khoi tac dgng tiau cue tir viec ca cau lai nen kinh ta (Australian Aid and CIEM, 2018) Tuy nhian, cac khia canh va gidi da dugc de cap mgt so van ban phap luat nhu Luat Ho trg doanh nghiep vira va nhd (2017), Luat Lao ddng (2012), Luat Thua thu nhap doanh nghiep lien quan den lao ddng nii, doanh nghiap x\\i lam chii va doanh nghiep sir dung nhieu lao dgng nCr Doi mdi tang trudng theo hudng nang cao chat lugng, nang suat lao dgng, phat trian ban vCmg la ca hgi da phu nu- va nam gidi dugc tham gia vao nen kinh ta co siic canh tranh Tang trudng bao triim tao ca hgi cho tat ca cac doi tugng khac xa hdi dugc tham gia, dong gdp va dugc Phgm Thu Hiln 47 ghi nhan, dac biet ddi vdi nhom da bi tdn thuong Cai thien chat lugng cac dich vu cong giiip phu nu dugc hudng Igi tir he thdng cham soc siic khde Dau tu vao ca sd tang (dien, nude, dudng ) cai thien cugc s6ng cua ngudi dan thdng qua tiep can vdi cac dich vu, giao thdng, ngudn lire kinh te va xa hgi mgt each thuan lgi hon Ap dung tri thirc va cong nghe la ca hdi tao viec lam mdi cho xa hdi ngudi lao dgng dap ling dugc cac yeu cau ve trinh va ky nang Tuy nhian, nhirng tac dgng tich cue tiam tang chi c6 tha hien thuc hda cac chinh sach tinh den nhirng yeu td riii ro, nhihig bat lgi doi vdi nhdm de bi tdn thucmg *'' qua trinh cai each kinh ta Cu thi nhu sau: Thu nhat, viec doi mdi md hinh tang trudng vdi trgng tam la nang cao chat tugng, nang suat lao dgng va siic canh tranh ciia nan kinh te cd the mang lai tac ddng, ca hgi va thach thiic khac ddi vdi nam va nii Vdi nii gidi, trinh chuyen mdn va ky nang nghe nghiep han cha la mgt thach thiic qua trinh chuyen dich viec lam Thir hai, ca cau lai nln kinh ta tao su chuyan dich lao dgng, nhat la viec giam lao ddng khu vuc nong nghiep, nai ma hien va tucmg lai gin vln la viec lam chinh cua sd ddng phu nii nong thdn Thie ba, viec cat giam lao ddng doanh nghiep nha nude qua trinh co phan hda dan din nguy ca mat viec lam cho ngudi lao dgng, trudc hat la ddi vdi lao ddng khdng cd ky nang, cd lao dgng nir Thu tu, cac chinh sach kinh ta vT md khdng phai liic nao cung cdng viec tich hgp cac chinh sach xa hgi, vl vay, trudng hgp tach biet cac chinh sach kinh te va chinh sach xa hSi thi ca cau lai nan kinh ta cd the mang lai nhiing tac dgng tiau cue dan cac nhdm dl bi tdn thuomg NhiFng nganh nghh chju tac dong nhi§u nUit cua cai each kinh t l t o goc nhin v6 gi6i Nhirng nganh nghe san xuat sur diing nhieu lao dgng nu - nguy cff mat viec lam doi vdi phu nir qua trinh t u dgng hda Mac du ty le lao ddng nir Viet Nam chilm 48,4% luc lugng lao ddng (Tong cue Thdng ke, 2017), song lai cd su phan hda ro ret giiia cac nganh ngha Trong mgt s6 nganh nghi co ty le nii rit thap nhu xay dung (9,8%), nang lugng (16,1%), van tai va kho bai (9,8%) Lao ddng nir tap trung nhilu han vao cdng viec giiip viec gia dinh (93,0%), giao due va dao tao (71,1%), khach san va nha hang (69,6%) (T6ng cue Thong ka va Ngan hang Thi gidi, 2015) Cac nganh cong nghiep ma nir cdng nhan chiem ty le cao bao gom hang det may, che bian thiiy san, va da giay Ngoai cdn cd 48 Nghign cii'u Gia dinh vi Gidi Quy^n 29, sd 2, tr 45-58 mgt mo hinh phan biet theo chiau dgc manh me, vdi ty le phu nii thap hem nhiau so vdi nam gidi d cac vi tri quan ly d ca khu vuc cdng va khu vuc tu (UN Women, 2015b) Cugc each mang cong nghiep 4.0 va thdi dai ky nguyen sd tao nhihig thay doi Idn vl lao dgng - viec lam ciing nhimg thach thirc lien quan den cung cau lao dgng va ca cau lao dgng Do su biing no ciia cdng nghe cao va viec sii dung may mdc qua trinh san xuat, nhieu phu nii phai doi mat vdi nguy ca mat viec lam hem so vdi nam gidi Trong cac nganh lao ddng truyin thong ddi vdi lao ddng nir, hien cong nghe tu dgng hda va tri tue nhan tao da thay thi lire lugng lao ddng ciia ngudi, dac biet la lao ddng khong cd ky nang va cac hoat dgng mang tinh lap lai Lay vi du, hien nay, nganh det may d Viet Nam cung cap viec lam cho hai trieu ba tram ngan cdng nhan, 78% la phu nii Trong nganh det may, quy trinh thay thi may moc ciia ngudi se diin nhanh han d mgt sd cong doan nhu det vdi ty le thay thi khoang 40-50% nhihig thap ky tdi (Nguyin Tra My va Tran Tuan Anh, 2018) Viet Nam, phu nir co kha nang gap 2,4 lan nam gidi lam viec nganh ngha cd nguy ca tu dgng hda cao va 86% lao ddng lam cdng an lucmg tai Viet Nam nganh det may va da giay co the mat viec lam tien bd cdng nghe (Phii Huynh va Rosamaria Dasso Arana, 2016) Day la nhung nganh co nguy co cao nhat ve tu dgng hda Mgt nhirng van da gidi mdi ndi thi trudng lao dgng lian quan den viec su dung han che phu nii tir 35 tudi trd lan (Nguyen Tra My va Trdn Tuan Anh, 2018; Australian Aid and CIEM, 2018) Bao hiam xa hdi mgt lan that nghiep la dang bao dgng viec dam bao quyen va an sinh xa hgi lau dai cho ngudi lao dgng*^* Kat qya khao sat ciia Vien C6ng nhan va Cdng doan (Tong Lien doan Lao dgng Viet Nam) cho thay tudi trung binh ciia ngudi lao ddng doanh nghiep chi la 31,2 nam Thdi gian trung binh cua cong nhan lam cho doanh nghiep la 6-7'^' Nhdm cac nganh ngha cd ddng lao ddng nu" la may mac, giay da hay lap rap linh kien dien tu vdi ty le lao ddng ntr tran 70% (Phii Huynh va Rosamaria Dasso Arana, 2016) Day la nhung nganh nghe khong ddi hoi cao ve tay nghe va trinh chuyan mdn ky thuat, chii yeu cac doanh nghiep dao tao tai cho vdi chi phi diu tu cho dao tao thap, nhung cd nguy ca mat viec qua trinh tu ddng hda Lao dgng nir ITnh vuc nong nghiep doi mat vdi nhirng thach thiic chuyen dich lao dong Luc lugng lao dgng ciia nude ta tap trung d khu vuc ndng thon chiem ty trgng' kha cao, 68,3% t6ng luc lugng lao dgng chung ciia ca nude, va hoat dgng chu yiu ndng nghiep (T6ng cue Thong ke, 2016) Tinh den nam Pham Tliu Hiln 49 2014, 48% luc lugng lao dgng nir va 45% luc lugng lao dgng nam gidi tham gia vao ndng nghiep (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2014) CJ khu vuc ndng thon, sir khac biet ve gidi tham chi cdn ro ret han, vdi 63% phu nir lam viec ndng nghiep so vdi 57% lao ddng nam (UN Viet Nam, 2016), nghi ndng gin vdi nang suit thip va thu nhSp thap Viet Nam, cung nhu nhilu nude dang phat triln, dang trai qua nhung thay ddi ca ciu viec lam Chuyin dich lao dgng khdi ndng nghiep da va dang diin qua nhieu kanh khac nhu tham gia vao cac hoat dgng phi ndng nghiep d nong thdn, di cu tim kilm viec lam phi ndng nghiep, viec lam phi chinh thirc d nai khac Can nguyen ciia su chuyin djch lao ddng bao gdm nhieu yeu td khac nhu xuat phat dilm thdp va ban chat ndng nghiep cao ciia nln kinh tl, Igi thi lao dgng tre tham gia vao cac nganh nghe cd nang suat lao d6ng cao nln kinh tl tang trudng nhanh, nhung cai each ndng nghiep va hdi nhap qudc tl (UNDP, 2016) cau hoi dat la ngudi lao ddng da dugc chuan bj nhu tha nao cho qua trinh chuyan dich dd? Xau chuoi cac phan tich va thdng tin cho thay nhimg thach thiic Idn dat ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng dl hg cd the dap irhg dugc nhung yeu cau ciia thi trudng lao d^ng mdi la trinh chuyen mdn ky thuat va ky nang ngha nghiep Bang Ty IS lao dgng dugc dao tao chuyen mon ky thuat (2015-2017) 2015 Thanh thj 2016 2017 Chung Nam Nit Chung Nam Nil Chung Nam Nit 36,6 39,5 33,4 37,4 40,3 34,4 40,0 43,3 36,4 Nong thon 12,9 14,9 10,7 13,1 15,2 11,0 15,6 18,1 12,9 Chung 20,3 22,6 17,8 20,9 23,3 18,4 23,5 26,2 20,5 Nguon: Tong cue Thong k£: Difiu tra lao d^ng vi?c lim nam 2015-2017 So lieu tran cho thay ty le lao dgng dugc dao tao chuyen mdn k^ thuat d khu vuc ndng thdn rat thdp so vdi khu vuc thj Tir goc gidi, ty ie nu: lao dgng ndng thdn la thap nhat so vdi ca lao dgng nam ndng thdn va lao ddng niJ thi 50 Nghian ciiu Gia dinh vi Gidi QuySn 29, s6 2, tr 45-58 Bang Ty le lao dgng ndng thon dudi 45 tuoi qua dao tao chuyen mon ky thu^t (%) N3m Nir 2010 8,6 Nam 10,3 2011 9,4 11,1 2012 10,9 13,0 2013 12,2 15,0 2014 12,7 15,3 2015 14,4 17,5 2016 16,3 19,8 2017 17,5 21,6 Nguin: T6ngcucTh6ngke: Dilu tra lao dgng viec lam nam 2010-2017 Nghian ciiu khac cung chi rang phu nir trung tudi, khong co trinh do, khong cd dat san xuat hoac bj mdt dat qua trinh dd thj hoa, phu nii dan than, khuylt tat la nhihig nhom cd it kha nang hda nhap vao thi trudng lao ddng dugc cau tnic lai va it cd kha nSng tiep can ca hgi viec lam mdi (Nguyin Thj Bich Thiiy va cgng su, 2009) Su thay doi ca cau viec lam cho thay phu nii chuyen doi Ichoi ITnh vuc nong nghiep cham hem nam gidi Cac rao can ddi vdi phu nir chuyen dich tir ndng nghiep bat ngudn tir vai trd gidi thi trudng lao dgng va gia dinh Theo truyin thdng, phu nir tham gia nhiau hem vao nong nghiep, cong viec cham sdc khong dugc tra luang, trinh hgc van va ky thuat thap hem nam gidi Nhi>ng thach thirc viec thuc day trao quyin kinh t l cua phu niF b6i canh tai co* cau kinh te cua Viet Nam Thii nhat, phu nir tap trung nhieu a khu vuc phi chinh thiic va nhirng viec lam cd chat lugng thap Viet Nam, vao nam 2013, cd 62,7% tdng sd lao dgng lam viec khu vuc phi chinh thirc (H6 Thanh Thuy, 2018) Theo so lieu ciia T6 chiic Lien hlep qu6c tai Viet Nam, lao ddng dugc tra luang chiam khoang mgt phan ba dan so co viec lam, hai phan ba (32,8 trieu) la lao ddng tu va lao dgng gia dinh khdng dugc tra luang (UN, 2016) Day la Ph^m Thu Hlln 51 nhiing cong viae ma theo Td chiic Lao dgng Quoc tl (ILO) la "viec lam de bi tdn thucmg" Mgt nhiing van dl bat binh dang gidi cd lian quan dan chat lugng viec lam la phu nir chii yiu lam viec cac cong viec de bi tdn thuong va khu vuc phi chinh thirc Trong nam 2013, nir gidi chiam 41,1% tong sd lao dgng dugc tra luang va tra cdng nhung lai chiam tdi 64% tdng so lao ddng gia dinh khong dugc tra cong (Ngan hang The gidi, 2014) Trong nam 2016, ty le phu nir tham gia vao cdng viec gia dinh khong dugc tra luang la 22,1%, gan gap ddi nam gidi (10,4%) Trong ty le phu nir nhom "lam cong an luang" chi la 35,8%, so vdi 46,3% d nam gidi (hinh 1) Hinh Vi the viec lam phan theo gidi tinh (%) Nam Ngu6n: Vi?n Lao dgng Khoa hoc - Xa hgi (2016) 52 Nghien cii'u Gia dinh va Gidi Quy4n 29, s6 2, tr 45-58 Trong loai hinh cdng viec dugc tra luang cung cd su khac biet ro ret giiia nam gidi va nii gidi, cu the 31,4% tong sd lao ddng dugc tra lucmg lam viec theo hgp ddng mieng hoac khong co hgp dong Ty le lao ddng nii khdng cd hgp ddng cao han so vdi lao dgng nam, cu the so la 24,4% ddi vdi nii gidi va 16% ddi vdi nam gidi (Ngan hang The gidi, 2014) Khong cd hgp ddng lao dgng la yau td rui ro ve viec lam bin vChig va tilp can an sinh xa hdi Ci Viet Nam, phu nii it cd kha nang tilp can tdi an sinh xa hdi so vdi nam gidi bdi vi hg chiam ty le cao hon nam gidi lam viae d khu vuc phi chinh thiic (UN, 2016) Phu nii bi ket cdng viec chat lugng thap, diau kien lam viec, bao ve xa hgi va ca hgi dao tao han che Ngoai ra, khoang each ve gidi viec lam de bj tdn thuang tang theo tudi va dEtc biet phd bian d cac lao dgng nir tudi 50 Vdi cac loai cong viec nay, hg cd it kha nang doi phd vdi cac cii sdc va co rat it kha nang dau tu cho tucmg lai Thii hai, khoang each gidi ve trinh chuyen mon, ky thuat cua phu nir kha ro net Phu nir cd nguy ca bi mat vi|c nhieu hon Theo so lieu 2015, chi cd 20,3% lao ddng d Viet Nam dugc dao tao Khoang each gidi ve trinh chuyen m6n ky thuat la 17,8% phu nii d Viet Nam cd trinh chuyan mdn ky thuat so vdi 22,7% nam gidi (UN Women, 2016) Hinh Ty le lao dgng cd trinh chuyen mon ky thuat theo gidi tinh, 2015 Tong Nam gidi NQ gidi Ngu6n: UN Women (2016): S6 li^uvlphynO'va nam gidi giai doan 2010-2015 Ve dao tao ngha, theo Tdng cue Thdng ka, chi cd 2,2% t6ng so lao dgng nii so vdi 7,1% nam gidi cd trinh ngha so cap va trung cap (T6ng cue Thdng ke, 2012) Mgt nhung dac dilm vl gidi la phu nii chii yau tham gia dao tao nghe ngSn han, cac nghi truyin thing (det, thau, che biln P h a m Thu Hi^n 53 thuc pham ), Ichi nhiing cdng viec cd xu hudng mang lai thu nhap thap Quan niem va dinh kiln gidi dinh hudng va lua chgn ngha nghiep da can trd phu niJ- tham gia vao dao tao cac nghe phi truyin thdng va cac cdng viec mdi xuat hien Danh sach cac cdng viec trgng dilm quoc gia thdng qua dao tao nghi bao gom 134 ngha,*"*' nhilu nganh nghi ky thuat, cong nghe thdng tin, ca khi, dau khi, kian true, xay dung, dien, vien thdng la nhiing nghi theo quan niem truyen thdng thu hiit nhiau nam gidi tham gia Trinh chuyan mon thdp va ky nang lam viec han chl la rao can doi vdi phu nir tham gia vao thi trudng lao ddng thdi dai ky thuat so Nhiing khd khan ciia phu nii sir dung va van hanh cac cong cu cdng nghe lam cho hg kho cd tha dap ung vdi yau ciu cua thi trudng lao dgng ciia each mang cong nghiep 4.0 Thir ba, c6 sir chenh lech kha Idn ve ty l | nir lam chu doanh nghiep so vdi ty l | nam lam chu doanh nghiep Trong nhiing nam qua, nhCmg cai each vl mdi trudng kinh doanh da cd nhiing tac ddng tich cue den cgng ddng doanh nghiep, co doanh nghiep nu lam chii Mgt sd phat hien tich cue tir cac nghian ciiu la cac doanh nghiep nii lam chu thuc hien chinh sach xa hgi tdt han (ddng bao hiem xa hdi cho ngudi lao dgng tot han), sir dung nhilu lao dgng nii, can it vdn hon dl tao dugc mgt viec lam Cac doanh nghiep nhd va vira phu nir lam chii cung cd mirc liam chinh cao hem nhu ty 1? chi phi khdng chinh thurc thdp hem, tra ng ngan hang t6t han, ng xau it han (HAWASME vaMBI,2016) Tuy nhien, ty le doanh nghiep nii lam chii thap hem nhilu so vdi doanh nghiep nam lam chii va cd xu hudng giam quy m6 doanh nghiep tang CJ Viet Nam, ty le doanh nghiep nii lam chii hoac quan ly la 26,8% doi vdi quy mo doanh nghiep nho, 21,4% dii vdi quy md doanh nghiep vira va chi 19,8% ddi vdi quy md doanh nghiap Idn'^' Xet vl vj the viec lam ciia nam va nii', theo so liau ciia Vien Lao ddng Khoa hgc ~ Xa hdi, nam 2016, ty le nu la chii sir dung lao dgng la 1,9% (trong tdng so viec lam ciia nii), so vdi nam chii sir dung lao ddng la 3,8% (trong tong sd viec lam cua nam gidi) (xem Hinh 1) Cac nghian cim cung da chi nhihig trd ngai vl gidi va nhihig kho khan chinh ddi vdi doanh nghiep nii lam chii, bao gdm; (i) Thieu kian thiic, k j nang ve quan tri doanh nghiep, nhan sir, tai chinh va marketing Phu nii thuong thieu kinh nghiem va ky nang khdi nghiep; (ii) Khd khan tiap c|in nguon l^rc va thj trudng (vay vdn, xiic tian thuang mai) Ty la doanh nghiep nii lam chu gap khd khan cd xu hudng tang 54 Nghien cii'u Gia dinh va Gidi Quy4n 29, s6 2, tr 45-58 cac doanh nghiep nam lam chii cd xu hudng giam; (iii) Do nhimg dinh kiln gidi ma doanh nghiep nir gap bat lgi phat trian mang ludi kinh doanh, thach thirc viec can bang cdng viec kinh doanh vdi cham sdc gia dinh; thieu su iing hd cua gia dinh (HAWASME va MBI, 2016) Thir tu, ganh nang cong viec cham sdc khdng tra luang la rao can Idn doi vdi phu nii tham gia thi trudng lao dgng va tim kiem vifc lam CO chdt lugng Nhin chung, tran the gidi, cdng viec cham sdc khong luang dugc thuc hien chii yau bdi phu nii va tre em gai Mgt nghien ciiu da chi rang phu nii lam 75% khdi lugng cdng viec cham sdc khdng luang tran toan the gidi, udc tinh khoang 13% GDP toan cau (IDS, 2016) Tai Viet Nam, khao sat sir dung thdi gian dau tien dugc thuc hien tai tinh nam 2016, theo dd, trung binh phu nir danh 314 phiit va nam gidi danh 190 phiit mdi cho cdng viec cham sdc khdng dugc tra luang (Action Aid, 2016) va hon 20% phu nii khdng di lam vdi ly la ganh nang cham sdc, cong viec gia dinh so vdi ty le d nam gidi la 2% (Vien Nghian ciiu phat triln xa hdi, 2015) Trong nam 2015, udc tinh rang cdng viec cham sdc khdng luong dong gop tren % vao tdng GDP cua Viet Nam (Action Aid, 2016) Ganh nang cdng viec cham sdc khdng dugc tra lucmg cd tac ddng nhieu mat den cugc sdng va phat trian ciia phu nii, cd ITnh vuc kinh tl, lao dgng va viec lam Trach nhiem khdng can xiing cdng viec cham sdc khdng dugc tra lucmg la rao can ddi vdi su tham gia cua phu nii vao cac hoat dgng kinh te hay thi trudng lao dgng Khoang each gidi h-ach nhiem cham sdc cang Idn thi khoang each gidi tham gia luc lugng lao ddng cang cao (ILO, 2009) Cac nghien cim qudc t l cho thdy co mdi lien he chat che giiia ty le lao ddng nii va thdi gian danh cho cong viec cham soc khong lucmg "O cac nude nai ma phu nu- danh trung binh gid m6i cho cdng viec cham sdc khdng lucmg, thi cd khoang 50% phu nu tuoi lao dgng tham gia luc lugng lao dgng, d cac nude phu nii bd gid mdi da lam cac cong viec thi ty le nir tham gia luc lugng lao ddng la 60%" (OECD, 2014) Thii nam, thu nh^p cua phu nir luon thap hon nam gidi Khoang each gidi thu nhap mang tinh dai ding va la dac dilm dien hinh cua tat ca cac loai thj trudng lao dgng Tren toan cdu, thu nhap trung binh ciia phu nir it hon nam gidi la 24% Ty le la 33% d Nam A va 14% d Trung Ddng va Bac My Ve tdng thi, khoang each gidi tian lucmg da thu hep d miic khdng dang kl thap ky vira qua, su thay Ph^m Thu mha 55 doi dian cham va khoang each Idn vln tdn tai d hdu hit cac nude (UN Women, 2015a) Trinh chuyen mdn k^ thuat thdp, tham gia vao viec lam cd chat lugng thdp va thi trudng lao dgng khu vuc phi chinh thirc thilu bao dam vl an sinh xa hdi, va danh nhieu thdi gian cho cong viec cham sdc khdng luang dan dan he qua la thu nhap ciia phu nii' thdp hem nam gidi Viet Nam, khoang each gidi thu nhap cd xu hudng Idn han vong 10 nam vira qua Tinh trung binh, ty le thu nhap ciia phu nii so vdi nam gidi da giam tir 87% vao nam 2004 xuong 80% vao nam 2012 Khoang each gidi ve thu nhap dugc giai thich qua cac dac dilm co thi thdy dugc, sir khac biet gidi sii dung thdi gian ddng gop mgt phdn dang kl, nhat la cd nhiau phu nu lam cdng viec ban thdi gian hem so vdi nam gidi Ly quan trgng nhat giai thich cho su khan hilm vl thdi gian ciia phu nii danh cho cdng viec cd lucmg chinh la thdi gian hg phai danh cho cdng viec cham sdc khong luong hd gia dinh (Rodgers.Y, 2015) Trong cac nganh kinh tl thi khoang each gidi vl tien luang Idn nhdt ITnh vuc nong nghiep, theo dd chi s6 khoang each gidi chi la 0,69 (Bang 3) Bang Khoang each gidi ve tien Immg theo nganh kinh t l (nghin dong/thang) , , : Nganh kinh tl Nong nghiap, lam ;hi9p, lai ^ "^ nghifp va ighifp v£ thuy san Cong nghiep ^ ^ **^ va xay di/ng Dich vu 4833 Chung 3027 4355 Nam 3368 4655 5173 Ntt 2327 3883 4422 Khic bi?t theo gioi -1041 -773 -751 Chi s6 khoang each giai (Ntt/nam) 0,69 0,83 0,85 Nguon: Vign Khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hgi (2016): S6 li?u dugc ting hgp va tinh toan tir s6 li?u ciia Dilu tra lao dgng vi?c lam 2016 Mot sd trao doi: Han c h l v§ g i v i nhin tu* goc chinh sach Mot Id, lao ddng nir tap trung nhieu d khu vuc phi chinh thirc, Bg luat Lao ddng chi diau chinh khu vuc kinh tl cd quan he lao dgng Dieu 56 Nghien ciiu Gia dinli vi Gidi QuySn 29, sd 2, tr 45-58 dan din mgt thuc ta la nhiau lao dgng nu khdng dugc tiap can vdi he thdng-an sinh xa hdi va cac diau kien lao dgng co chat lugng tdt Tir gdc dg nay, trao quyan kinh te cua phu nii cd nghTa la lam the nao de ho tra phu nic chuyen doi tic nen kinh te phi chinh thicc sang nen kinh te chinh sack, lam tha nao giiip hg hda nhap tdt han vao nan kinh ta chinh thirc Hai la, chinh sach ho trg phu nii chuyen dich lao dgng sang khu vyc co nang suat cao va thu nhap tdt hem la van da quan trgng Hien nay, chinhsach dao tao ngha va hd trg viec lam sau hgc nghe chua thuc su cd hi?u qua, dac biet chua cd cac bian phap dl giam thilu va xoa bo dugc djnh kien gidi djnh hudng nghi nghiep va lira chgn nganh nghe dao tao Trong bdi canh vdi nhirng biln ddi ve ca cau viec lam, viec dao tao nghi cho ngudi lao dgng nam va nu ciing rat can phai linh hoat dl ca nii va nam c6 thi tiap can vdi cac loai cdng viec mdi cd nang suat lao d6ng va thu nhap tit Ba la, chua cd su cdng bang gi&a cac nhom lao ddng nQ tham gia va thu hudng chinh sach bao hiam xa hdi Cy the la nhdm tham gia bao hiem xa hgi ty nguyen chua cd che dd thai san Phu nii nong thdn lam viae ITnh vuc nong nghiep, phu nii lam viec khu vuc phi chinh thiic khong cd che thai san nhu nhdm lao d6ng nii lam viec khu vuc chinh thirc Nhdm cd tham gia bao hilm tu nguyen thi cung khSng dugc hudng chl thai san Bon la, viec thuc thi mgt sd chinh sach thuc te nhilu vudng mac, hieu qua chua cao, dien hinh la chinh sach uu dai d6i vdi doanh nghiep sii dung nhiau lao dgng nii Tran thuc tl cac cugc tham vdn cho thay viec cat giam thua sudt thul thu nhap doanh nghiep va khdu trir thul lien quan sii dung nhiau lao ddng nii khong thuc su cd hi?u qua, nen rat it doanh nghiep dugc hudng chinh sach Nam la, chua cd cac chuong trinh cu thi hd trg doanh nghiSp siau nho, nhd va vira nir lam chu Can cd nhung ho trg dl cac doanh nghiep nH lam chu chuyan tii hoat ddng phi chinh thiic sang hoat ddng chinh thiic; can long ghep yeu td gidi qua trinh xay dung chinh sach nham tao ca hgi tdt hem cho doanh nghiep nii va viec lam tdt hem cho phu n\i, dac biet khu vuc dich vu va san xudt xudt khdu • Chii thich '"' Nhom de bj tin thuong thudng dl cap den ngudi ngheo, ngudi dan tgc thilu so, phu nii, tre em, ngudi gia, ngudi khuylt tat, ngudi nhiem HIV, nhdm di cu Pham Thu Hien 57 Theo ba Vu Thi Thanh Lieu, Pho Giam die Tmng tam Djch vu viec lam Ha NOi, nhdm nh$n bao hilm thdt nghi?p tir 25-40 tuli chilm tren 80% (https://vov.vn/tin-24h/sa-thai-lao-dong-moi-35-xu-huong-tat-yeu-cua-kinh-te-thitmong-775794.vov) http://www.nhandan.com.vn/xahoi/item/36656802-noi-niem-lao-dong-sautuoi-35.html '"' Quylt djnh s6 1836/QD- LDTBXH/2017 phe duyet nganh nghg trgng dilm, truong dugc lya chgn nganh nghi trgng dilm giai doan 2016-2020 va dinh hudng din nam 2025 ^' S6 li$u dugc trich din tCr Bao cao Nghien ciiu cac tac dong ciia viec cai tiln moi trudng kinh doanh dii vdi phy nii' dugc thyc hien bdi du an H6 trg tai ca cdu kinh te nang cao nSng lye canh tranh (Restructuring for a more Competitive Vietnam) Chinh phii Uc ho trg, giai dogn 2014-2017 Xai li^u trich dan Action Aid 2016 Dingoi nha trd to dm Khuyin nghi chinh sach Australian Aid and CIEM 2018 Bdo cdo kinh tivTmo Quy 1/2018 Nxb Dan tri Australian Govemment 2017 Aus4reforms Program-Annex 7: Addressing gender equality objectives in Aus4Reform: overview of issues and preliminary suggestions Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada 2013 Women's Economic Empowerment: Guidance Note, 200 Promenade du Portage Gatineau, Quebec KIA 0G4 Canada HAWASME va MBI 2016: Bao cao nghien COTJ Doanh nghiep nho va vira phu nQ lam chu tai Vi§t Nam: Thuc trang va khuyen nghi chinh sach Ho Thanh Thuy 2018 "TSng trudng bao triim d Vi?t Nam boi cdnh hgi nh9.p", Tgp chi Ly lugn Chinh trj, S6 6, thang 6/2018 IDS (Institute of Development Studies) 2016 Policy Briefings: Redistributing Unpaid Care Work - Why Tax Matters for Women's Rights Issue 109 January ILO 2009 Moi lien h? giiia cong viec cham soc khong luong va cong viec dugc tra luang Tai li?u sd 86, trang Ngan hang the gidi 2014 Bdo cdo "Diem lgi cap nhat tinh hinh phat trien kinh ti Vi^tNam" Ha Ngi Nguyin Thi Bich Thiiy va cgng sy 2009 Tac dong kinh ti xd hgi cua viic gia nhgp WTO din phu nir nong thon Vi^t Nam Nguyen Tra My, Trdn Tudn Anh, 2018 Lao dgng nii nganh d?t may bli canh cugc CMCN 4.0; Ky yiu Hgi thao qu6c tl 2018: Doanh nghi?p nG each mang 4.0 Hgi Lien hi?p Phy nii Viet Nam va Quy Nafosted Nxb H6ng Diic 58 Nghien ciPU Gia dinh vi Gidi Quyin 29, s6 2, tr 45-58 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) 2014 Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes by Gaelic Ferrant, Luca Maria Pesando and Keiko Nowacka Paris OECD-DAC Network on Gender Equality 2011 Women's Economic Empowerment: Issues paper Phu Huynh va Rosamaria Dasso Arana 2016 ASEAN qua trinh chuyin doi: Cong nghe dang thay doi viec lam va doanh nghiep nhu the nao Bao cao tdm tat vl Viet Nam Van phong ILO tai Viet Nam Rodgers Y 2015 Gender Differences in Socioeconomic Status: Evidence from the 2012 Viet Nam Household Living Standard Survey Unpublished T6ng cue Thing ke va Ngan hang The gidi 2015 Bdo cdo rd sodf ve thu thdp die lieu cdc chi so thdng ke vi gidi tic h§ thong bdo cdo cua Tong cue Thong ke vd cdc hd/ngdnh Tong cue Thong ke 2017 Bdo cdo dieu tra lao dgngviic lam quy IVnam 2017 Ting cue Thing ke Dilu tra lao d6ng viec l^m 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015,2016,2017 UN Vietnam 2016 Bdo cdo torn tdt tinh hinh gidi a Viit Nam UN Women 2015a Progress of World's Women 2015-2016 UN Women 2015b Bdo cdo quoc gia ve bdo trgxa hdi ddi vai phu nH vd tre em gai a Viet Nam UN Women 2Q\6 So lieu ve phu nii vd nam giai giai doan 2010-2015 UNDP 2016 Tdng trucmg vi mgi nguai Bdo cdo phat trien ngudi Viit Nam 2015 vi tdng trudng bao triim Nxb Khoa hgc xS hgi Ha Ngi Vien Khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hgi 2016 S6 liiu duac long hgp vd tinh loan tie so lieu cua Dieu tra lao dgng viic Idm 2016 Vien Nghien cdu Phat trien xa hgi 2015 Cdc yiu td xd hgi quyit djnh bdt binh gidi a Viet Nam  ... nam gidi Viet Nam, khoang each gidi thu nhap cd xu hudng Idn han vong 10 nam vira qua Tinh trung binh, ty le thu nhap ciia phu nii so vdi nam gidi da giam tir 87% vao nam 2004 xuong 80% vao nam. .. luang, trinh hgc van va ky thuat thap hem nam gidi Nhi>ng thach thirc viec thuc day trao quyin kinh t l cua phu niF b6i canh tai co* cau kinh te cua Viet Nam Thii nhat, phu nir tap trung nhieu a... trinh phat trien Anh hirdng cua cai each kinh te den vi$c trao quyen kinh te ciia phu nu Viet Nam da ban hanh nhiau van ban, nghi quyet quan trgng ve cai each kinh ta Dian hinh la Nghj quyat s6 05-NQ-TW/2016,