Quan niệm mới về tình yêu và tình dục của phụ nữ di cư trẻ trong bối cảnh đô thị hiện nay ở việt nam và các nguy cơ tình dục

TCNCYH Phu truang 70 (5) -2010 QUAN NIEM MOll VE TINH YEU VA TINH DUC CUA PHU NLf Dl C U T R E T R O N G BOI C A N H D O T H I H I E N N A Y VIET NAM VA CAC NGUY ca TINH DUC Pham Tu'dng Van, Le Minh Giang Trtfdng Dai hgc Y Hi Nam 1986 chinh phu Viet Nam chuyin Ndi ddi nin kinh te qudc gia ttf mdt nin kinh te ttf cung ttf cap theo htfdng thi trtfdng djnh htfdng xa hdi chii nghia, lan sdng di cU cua nhtfng ngtfdi phu ntf tre ttf cac tinh phia bac Viet Nam vi Ha Ngi lam cdng nhan tai cic nhi may vdi khao khat cho stf giau cd va hien dai hda da't ntfdc Muc tieu: tim hieu bdi canh cugc sdng cua nhtfng ngtfdi phu ntf tre di ctf tic dgng len he ttf ttfdng tinh due va anh htfdng din cic van de sdc khde sinh san Ddi ttfgng va phtfang pbap nghien cffu: nghien cifu diin da dtfgc tien hanh vdng siu thing tai khu vtfc ngoai Ha Ngi vdi NO cdng nhan di ctf tre ngoai tinh ttf 18 - 24 tudi, sdng tai cac khu nha trg va lam viec tai nha may may Sdng Hong, Long Bien, Ha Ngi Phtfdng phap nghien cffu bao gdm quan sat khdng tham dtf, thao luan nhdm va phdng van diin da nham ghi chep lai trai nghiem cugc sdng ciia ngtfdi ntf cdng nhan di ctf tre tai mgt vimg ngoai Ha Ngi Ket qua: mang Itfdi xa hdi d phd da day ngtfdi phu ntf tre di ctf khoi mang Itfdi truyin thdng cua cac mdi quan he rang huge vdi cha me, bang xdm lang gling va hg tgc tai lang que Ban luan: mang Itfdi xa hdi mdi va the che xa hdi tao luong ttf ttfdng vi tinh due "lang man" ma stf pha tap gitfa cii cu va cai mdi, day ngtfdi phu ntf tre vao cac nguy cd mac cac van di sifc khde sinh san va tinh due bdi canh thay ddi ciia nin van hda toan ciu Tif khoa: Nd cong nhan tre, di cd, tinh yeu lang man, nguy CO tinh due I DAT VAN DE Nam 1986, ehinh phd Viet Nam quyet djnb van hda dai chung t i c ddng len e l c van d l sdc khde sinh s i n va nguy cd rinh dgc eua ho chuyen ddi n l n kinh t l qud'c gia td n l n kinh te II DOI TL/ONG VA PHU^ONG PHAP td cung td cap sang n l n kinh te thj trddng djnh NGHIEN c C u hddng xa hdi chu nghTa H I Ndi dd'i mat vdi Doi tddng nghien cii'u nhilu thay ddi v l mat van hda, kinh t l , ehinh trj va xa hdi de d i l u chinh n l n kinh te td eung td cap hdi nhap vao cude ddi mdi ve kinh te Do vay, nhilu ngddi nd tre td d c rinh phia Bae xung quanh Ha Ndi di ed len phd vdi khao khit tang thu nhap v l hien dai hda Vi vay, nghien cdu n l y nham muc tieu: Ngddi eung cap tin chinh dddc Ida chon cd ehu dich, thee kT thuat hdn tuyet lan nham dat tdi sd td'i da hda v l thdng tin theo d c tieu chi: (1) Nd cdng nhan tre tudi va di ed [2] tudi td 18 den 24 tudi [3] cd tien sd nhiem trung dddng sinh s i n , mang thai ngoai y moon, nao thai hoac mac benh lay truyen qua dddng rinh due Kham pha bdi ciknh cugc sdng ciia ngffdi nff cong nban tre va he tff tffdng lang man bdi canb di cff cua nff cong nban (4) tuyen dgng mdt edng ty may va sd'ng tai n h i tro tai mot vung ngoai d tai H I Ndi [5] Nhflng trddng hcJp rd'i loan v l tinh than va tam Bai bao nhan manh sd thay ddi he td than dddc loai trfl khdi nghien cflu [6] Dd'i tddng rinh dgc ddcic goi la "tinh yeu lang man" tflcJng nghien eflu cd the lap gia dinh hoae chfla sd thay ddi cda qua trinh toan c l u hda va lap gia dinh Thdi gian thu thap sd lieu tai thdc 165 TCNCYH Phu truang 70 (5) -2010 dja: - 11/2009 Ngddi eung cap thdng tin ehinh la ngddi ed h i l u biet v l cdng ddng nghien edu bao gdm: can bd td chdc phi chinh phu, bae sy, dddc sy, lanh dao nha m i y , chu nha trp va nhdm ban cda nd edng nhan Phdng van sau nham vi n h i may thu hut dddc mdt sd lddng ldn cae nfl cdng nhan trd ngoai rinh va h i u het tfl d c vung ndng thdn d phia bac Viet Nam Day la efla ngd vung Tay bac Ha Ndi va tap trung n h i l u d i u md'i giao thdng quan cua thu dd Lfle lddng nd edng nhan lao ddng ngoai rinh k h l m p h i thai cung cap djch vg cho nhdm dddc thu hut v l kiem viec treng nganh cdng di bien ddng, dae biet 11 nhdng phg nfl tre di nghiep det may ed, va rim hieu eude sd'ng cua ngddi di ed td C5 mau va chon mau quan d i l m ngddi cude mang lddi xa Nghien cflu dddc tie'n hanh tai met nha may hdi eua ho- d Ha Ndi bang phddng phap chpn m l u ed ehu Thie't ke nghien cifu dich, hdn t u y l t lan de dat tdi dd giau thdng tin Phddng p h l p dan tde hoe la bfle ehan dung v l ngddi, nham md t l van hda, phong tgc tap q d I n , niem tin va h i n h vi Day la phddng p h l p nghien edu xa hoi hoc c i n sfl trai nghiem eua nghien edu eua dd'i tddng tudi 24 v l cd t r i i nghiem rinh dgc, cude sd'ng di ed, sd'ng n h i tro va ddc3c tuyen dgng tai cdng ty may c l nhan eua ngddi nghien cfld Phddng p h l p Thu thap so' lieu dan tde hpe ddi hdi ngdn ngd sad sac, hoe hdi Sd' lied duac thu thap thdng qua phddng van hda va thie't ke nghien edu chat che, phap ve b i n dd, phdng van d i l n da, quan sat phddng p h l p bad gdm ba loai sd' lieu td khdng tham dd, t h i o Idan nhdm tfl e l e d n bd y quan sit, phdng van va phien b i n cd [6] te n h i m i y , td chflc phi ehinh phu va nd cdng Nha nghien cdd nhan hpe khdng chi hda nriinh vao cude sd'ng cua ho ma the hien n h i l u vai trd k h i c va tham gia vao cae boat ddng thddng tai dja ban nghien cdu Nha nghien edu h i l u dddc bdi d n h van hda va xa hdi cua nhdng nd edng nhan tre gdm ly di cd, mang lddi va tddng tac xa hdi d cdde sd'ng thj sau di cd, sd thay ddi the ehe xa hdi, tdn giao va gia dinh Vi rinh dgc la nhay d m dd'i vdi ngddi la nen viee k i t hdp d e phddng phap nhan tre di cd Quan ly, xu" ly va phan tich so' lieu Dd lieu djnh tinh dddc ma hda cho t i m trddng hc3p phdng van lien quan tdi thiet k l bd eau hdi nghien cflu Phddng p h l p lam sach so lied dddc sd dung nham p h l t hien e l e md hinh va so sanh gida e l e trddng hdp CIc sd kien chinh, md hinh va y nghTa van hda ddcjc phan tich td lue bat d i u thu thap sd lieu d i n q u i trinh trinh bay ket q u i nghien edu [5] phdng van d i l n da, thao luan nhdm va quan sit khdng tham dd ddcjc sd dgng de tao rinh than va Idng tin vdi ngddi cung cap thdng ehinh va ngddi cung cap tin edng ddng [3] Dja diem nghien cifu III KET Q U A V A B A N L U A N Boi canh van hoa va xa hoi, luong td tddng tinh due lang man ciia nif cong nhan di cd tre tac dong len cac van de SKSS va nguy co tinh due Nghien edu dddc tien h l n b d nha may ldn Di cd la mdt qua trinh chon b e td nhien nha't thude quan Leng Bien va each trung tam Nhd h i u bet d c nddc chau A Thai Binh Dddng Ndi khding 10 km Cdng ty may Sdng d Viet Nam ty le nd di cd eang gja tang Hong, cd sd y t l v l khu nha tro dddc Ida chon Ty le nd di ed gia tang nhu c l u lao ddng nd HI 166 TCNCYH Phu truang 70 (5) -2010 tang nganh djch vg va cdng nghiep, sfl md'i quan he chat ehe vdi gia dinh v l ho h i n g chap nhan di chuyin cua lao ddng nfl [2] lang, gia dinh p h i n ldn thfldng kiem solt Ly di cfl xa hdi Viet Nam gdm: ty le hanh vi rinh dgc cda d c ed nfl edng nhan trd that nghiep eao, t h i l u da't, nhieu thdi gian nhan chda lap gia dinh Vi du, trddng hdp cda rdi d lang, thu nhap on djnh hdn d phd Chung: ldn, ed hdi t r i i nghiem cude sd'ng mdi, trd "O ling que d tudi 17 hoac 18 tudi, nhffng mdt ed g l i hien dai v l ed dau H I Ndi Mang chang trai den tudi cap ke Ghi khoang tff mdt lddi di cfl d phd ddng vai trd bao ve v l den hai lin thdi, neu cd gii dong y thi ca nguy cd dd'i vdi phg nfl tre nghien cdd hai gia dinh se cho phep cffdi Em thudc Trddng hdp NghTa, 21 tudi d Thanh Hda: ton kho rdi chi a" "Bd me em phan nin vl ket qua hgc tap kem d nam cap CJ lang em chang cd viec gl v l mdt khia canh nao dd, mang lddi xa hdi se ban che thai dd lien quan den d c md'i quan khd khan vdi he rinh due phd, mang lddi xa hoi cong viec ddng ang Mdt ngffdi phu nff dong truyin thdng cda nd edng nhan tre bj ban c b l htfdng gidi thieu Em Tai dd thj hien dai, mang lddi xa hdi mdi va sd d Ha ndi thay ddi nhflng g i l trj thdng qua nhdm ddng di lim Gia dinh em gap nhiiu hing nghi may d nha miy nghi em cd thi hgc dUde nhieu diiu ma em chUa tha'y d lang" dang va md'i quan he mdi eua nhflng ngfldi tre That ngae nhien, H i l n 22 tudi dd djnh len t h i hien cude sd'ng xa hoi hang Mdi hIa Ndi d l bat d i u cude sd'ng mdi va trd quan he mdi d dd thj va phd t h o l i m i i mdt ed g l i t h i n h thj: hdn v l it bj k i l m sdlt Vdi T h l d , ngdai cdng "u ling, em la thd may nhUng em mud'n rdi lang di thff nghiem ban than d day nghi nghiep Ciia em cung dn dinh hdn, sau em se cd mdt cugc sd'ng mdi d que chdng Em nghi hgc nghe may d Ha Ndi se kha hdn d que Em hgc dffdc nhieu diiu em hgc each ffng xff vdi nhiiu Ban luan v l hdn va d diy ngffdi" viec dn djnh cd Ifldng, rinh yeu va hdn nhan la khao khat eua nhdng ed g l i nghien cflu: "Em nhan Idi yeu anh i'y lap tffe vl mdt ngiy nio dd em se trd cd dau Ha Ndi, cugc sdng cua em se td't dep hdn" Appadurai (1997) t h i o luan v l k h I i niem van hda toan cau gdm cd "technoscape" (cdng hien dai hda d thj, nghe, di ddng), "mediaseape" (bio, tivi va phim niem Inh) va "ethnoscape" (mang lddi xa hdi) "ethnoscape" II bat cfl mdt cdng ddng bdi d n h di cd [1].Trong nghien cflu nay, ngfldi dan ed ludn cd mdt mang lddi dn djnh d c md'i nghien cflu rim d c ly d e nfl edng nhan quan he ho tdc, ban be, edng viee va ndi g i i i tre tham gia vao d c mdi quan he rinh dgc d Ha tri, ndi sinh, ndi cfl tru eung nhfl e l c md'i quan Ndi sau tfl bd l i n g que phg thude n h i l u vao he huylt thd'ng [1] Mdt tranh luan kha thu vi v l bdi d n h van hda xa hdi tai t h i n h thj Nfl cdng mang lddi xa hoi cua d e ed nd edng n h i n tai n h i n trd ed nhieu cd hdi riep nhan thdng rin ve noi den va lang que cua ho Md'i quan he d l i n g rinh dgc v l e l e djch vg SKSS tfl mang lddi ddng xa thddng chat che hdn d thj, dac biet dang vien, truyen thdng va dien thoai di ddng d c i c lang xa d Viet Nam Mang lddi xa' hdi dda t h i n h phd hdn d l i n g xa Ho t h o i t khdi sd kiem tren md'i quan he ho tpc than thude v i n cd soat eua d c the ehe xa hdi nhd gia dinh, ho tde nhdng g i l tri nha't djnh Ngddi lang thddng gifl v l d e td chflc cdng ddng tai l i n g , va hinh Appadurai (1997) dl cap den khai 167 TCNCYH Phil truang 70 (5) -2010 mang lddi mdi tai thj Trong nghien edu v l dien thoai di ddng, Henderson va cdng sfl (2002) ehi rang dien thoai di ddng djnh hfldng lai mang lddi xa hdi va vj tri eua nien mang lddi dd [4].Trong nghien cdu nay, thdng qua gidi thieu cua nhdng ngddi ddng hddng, phu nd tre di cd cd nhieu cd hdi hen hd vdi ban khac gidi nhd nhdm nam di ed, doanh nhan va e l e sinh vien dai hoc d phd " b d " nhin nhan nhflng cd g l i trd di cd la "rau sach" vdi y nghTa la g l i lang thddng an toan, vi the ban rinh eua ho khdng sd dgng bao cao su md'i quan he Phg nd trd nghien cflu quan niem "rinh yeu lang man" la: "khdng sd dgng bao cao su quan he rinh dge" "Di chdi xa" "Tlnb yeu d thj cd nhieu td dd hdn" "Quan tam l l n nhau" Bai b i o nha'n manh bdi c i n h thay ddi n l n van hda toan c l u len sfl thay ddi ludng tfl tddng v l rinh yeu lang man t i e dpng d i n e l c van d l v l sflc khde IV KET L U A N sinh s i n va nguy ed rinh dge cua phg nfl tre Mang lddi ban be da day nhdng ngddi phg nd TAI LIEU THAM KHAO tre di cd khdi mang lddi truyin thd'ng eua d c md'i quan he rang budc vdi cha me, h i n g xdm ling gilng va bp tde tai lang que Mang lddi xa hdi mdi va the che xa hdi tad ludng td tddng Appadurai, A.(1997) Modernity at large Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, 31 - 35 Anh, D N:, Hung., L N., Tra, T T B., & v l rinh dge ma sfl pha tap gida d i eu va d i Quynh, H V mdi, day ngddi phg nfl tre v i o e l c nguy cd m l e Vulnerability in d e van de sdc khde sinh san v l rinh due published Mang Ifldi xa hdi v l vd'n xa hdi eua phg nfl tre nhan dflde tfl nhdm ddng dang Tuy nhien, ho bi anh hfldng bdi he tfl tfldng eua dao Khdng, ho hang, l i n g xdm v l e l c md'i quan he huye't thd'ng d cdng ddng ndi ho sinh va ndi den, sfl (2008) Viet and Mobility Nam: A and HIV review unpublished data of and implications for HIV prevention programmers: CSEARHAP, 39 Harden, A; Boonmongkon, P., et al (2001) Applied health research Anthropology of health and health care, Het Spinhuis, 224 - 233 ban che k h i nang t i l p can djch vg v l thdng tin SKSS, cung nhfl mong ddi v l gidi eho d c ed g l i lang la can lap gia dinh Nhdng y l d td' tren da day ngddi phg nd tre sau rdi lang que nghien cdu vao rinh trang mang thai ngoli y mud'n, nhiem khuan dddng sinh s i n , benh lay Henderson, J Spradley Interview Trong bdi d n h nha may nay, ngddi ban trai 168 T & Society, (4): 494 - 512 Jovanavieh phd Rachel and technologies" Information, Communication ed gai tre mud'n k i l m mot tam chdng, trd ed dddc eude sdng va hdn nhan dn djnh d R., (2002) "In touch: young people, communication truyin qua dddng rinh due hoan d n h e l e d e cd gai hien dai, phg nd ed viec lam nham S., Taylor New Genzuk, (1987): The York: M.(2003) ethnographic Harcourt A Brace Synthesis of ethnographic research, Center for Multilingual, Multicultural Research, University of Southern California, 1-5 TCNCYH Phil truang 70 (5) -2010 Summary REDEFINE "LOVE & SEX" IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN VIETNAM CONTEXT: MIGRATION, YOUNG WOMEN AND SEXUAL RISKS Since 1986 when the Government decided to transform a national economy from the subsidy based economy to market - based economy, there has been a mass movement of young rural women from Northern Provinces of Vietnam to work in the city as female factory workers with a desire for wealthiness and modernity Objective: This study explores how the contexts of young migrant women's lives have changed their sexual ideologies of "romantic love" and have impacts on their SRH problems This is an ethnographic study over a period of three - month urban - based fieldwork in one sub - urban area in Hanoi The research methods are a combination of non - participant observation, focus group discussions and ethnographic interviews to record life experience of eight Young Female Factory Workers (YFFWs) living in a sub - urban area of Hanoi Method: young female factory workers from - years of age are living in the boarding houses and are being employed in Song Hong garment company Long Bien, Ha Noi Result: The social network in the city pushed the young migrant women out of the traditional social institutions such as the parents, neighbours and kinship system in the villages Conclusion: The new social network has created the hybrid seVual ideologies of "romantic love" in modern community, which pushed them into the risks of sexual reproductive health problems and risks inspired by the changes of the global culture Keywords: Young Female Factory Workers, Migration, Romantic Love, Sexual meanings Sexual Risks 169 ... mang lddi mdi tai thj Trong nghien edu v l dien thoai di ddng, Henderson va cdng sfl (2002) ehi rang dien thoai di ddng djnh hfldng lai mang lddi xa hdi va vj tri eua nien mang lddi dd [4] .Trong. .. dang va md'i quan he mdi eua nhflng ngfldi tre That ngae nhien, H i l n 22 tudi dd djnh len t h i hien cude sd'ng xa hoi hang Mdi hIa Ndi d l bat d i u cude sd'ng mdi va trd quan he mdi d dd thj... thj, nghe, di ddng), "mediaseape" (bio, tivi va phim niem Inh) va "ethnoscape" (mang lddi xa hdi) "ethnoscape" II bat cfl mdt cdng ddng bdi d n h di cd [1] .Trong nghien cflu nay, ngfldi dan ed