Phiên dịch và giáo dục hán văn tại việt nam mục đích phiên dịch kinh điển nho gia qua góc nhìn trong cuộc của tác giả trung đại

PHIEN DICH VA GIAO DUC HAN VAN TAI VIET NAM: MUC DICH PHIEN DICH KINH DIEN NHO GIA QUA GOC NHIN TRONG CUOC CUA TAC GIA TRUNG DAI NGUYEN TUAN CU-ONG' NGUYEN TH! TO MAI** Tdm tdt: De tim hieu muc dich phien dich kinh dien Nho gia tgi Viet Nam thfli yung dai, bai viet xem xet quan diem ciia nam tac gia trung dai la Le Quy Don, Nguyen Kieu, Vii Kham Lan, Phgm Quy Thich va Pham Dinh Toai - nhung nguoi true tiSp phien djch, hieu dinh ban dich, hoac de tua cho cac ban djch Phan tich quan diem cua nhung "ngufli cuoc" cho thay, nhin chung viec djch Nom Nho dien the hien y huflng ban dia hoa ve van tu (chii Han), ngon ngir (Han van), tu tuong doi vdi kinh dien Nho gia, Xet ve kha nang fing dung thuc te, co the thay viec dich Nom kinh dien Nho gia chii yeu nham phue vu giao due tieu hpc ve ngu- van va Nho hpc, tai lieu dich tra sach giao khoa diing dgy va hpc tap fl Viet Nam Td khda: phien djch, giao dye Han van, kinh dien nho gia, tac gia trung dai, Viet Nam Abstract: In order to investigate the purposes of translations of Confucian classics in premodem Vietnam, this paper studies to the five viewpoints put forward by Vietnamese premodem writers Le Q\x^ Don, Nguyen Kieu, Vii Kham Lan, Pham Quy Thich, and Phgm Dinh Todi, who directiy translated, edited, or wrote prefaces for the Nom translations By analyzing these Prefaces, this paper argues for the idea that the Nom translations of Confucian classics could have been an effort to localize the script (Sinographs), language (Literaiy Sinitic) and Confucian thoughts from China Practically, these translations are useful for Confucian primary education in philology and Confucianism Thus, they were used as a type of textbooks for Conftician schools in Vietnam Key words: translation Literary Sinitic Education, Confucian classics, premodem writers, Vietnam Dan nhap ^ s ', , • • L *•- xru Thuc tifin img xtt vol kmh dien Nho ã w VT ôã ^ A ã A- A- \ • gia tai Vifit Nam tilfli tiling dai da de lai ^ „ : ,, , _ ••- '* - U3 I, mot luong Ion eac lieu ma ve binh bdng chtt Han va tu nhom vifitxet bdng chtt ^, ,.' V - ^ u, • *t.'1" - -1 Ml, ' 1,•"* dien van thl co hai nhom Nflm Xuatunay, nhom tu lieulavenhom Nho Viet hgc Viet Nam vifit bdng chtt Hdn luon dugc uu quan tdm phifin dich, nghifin ciiu ^^ ^^ S&l^ bai dugc nhifiu tyu quan Tuy nhifin, mang tu lieu Nho hgc -^ ° ^ ' ,,,.,, ^ chu Nom duong nhu da hi bo quen , , , ^ v -• - , ,^ — suot the ki XX voi tu each la tu heu Dieu dang ndm ddu , mimg la ttt nhiing , • thfi ki XXI, bat ddu thaygiao xuatViet hienNam mflt nghien cuu hch su Nho JTi , \ ,- , •' , " ,.• * TS Vign Nghifin cttu Han Nfim TS Dgi hgc Su pham Ha Ngi T4.P CHi HAN N M SO (144) - 2017 so nghien ciiu lifin quan tfli vdn dfi dich Nfim kinh difin Nho gia tai Viet Nam, cfl the chia thdnh hai nhflm Nhom thu nhdt la nhung nghien ciiu thu muc hgc, Trinh Khdc Mgnh [2005], Nguyfin Xudn Difin [2005] va Nguyfin Thuy Nga [2006] da cfl ba bdi vifit co tinh khai pha, thfing ke vd danh gia thu myc cac tai lifiu Nho giao Viet Nam bang cd chu Han va chtt Nom nfli chung Tuy vgy, ba bdi vifit ndy chua dgt muc tifiu tdp trung nghien cuu mang tu lieu chtt Nflm, eung chua di vao phdn tich cdc vdn dfi cu thfi cua khfii tu lieu chtt Nflm dya trfin co so van ban thuc te, ma chii yfiu ldm viec dya trfin ede ban thu myc da cong bfl truflc dfl Nhflm thu hai la nhiing khao ciiu chuyfin sdu dya trfin thuc tfi vdn ban Hdn Nflm Dau tifin Id bai vifit chung cua Nguyfin Quang Hfing va Nguyfin Tudn Cuong [2005] vfi vdn dfi van ban hgc cua ban Thi kinh gidi dm i^iĐ.%^ã^ cfl nien dai 1714; sau cfl thfim mflt sfi nghien cttu cua Nguyfin Tudn Cuflng [2007, 2010, 2012a, 2012b, 2013, 2014, 2016] ve nhflm tu lieu dich Nflm kinh difin Nho giao nfli chung, tap trung vdo Kinh Tki va ban Td thu udc gidi eg ^ ^-j ^ ; lai cfl thfim mgt bdi nghifin ciiu cua Nguyfin Thanh Timg [2012] vfi tu lieu dich Nfim Kink Dick, tdp trung vao bdn Cku Dich gidi ngkTa diin ca M^^^ > t ^ cua Dgng Thai Phuong/Bang f^^ i^ Dong gflp trye tifip cho vdn dfi tim hifiu muc dich phifin dich kinh difin Nho gia la hai bai vifit cua Nguyen Kim Son [2012/a] vd Pham Van Khodi [2012], ban vfi myc dich phien dieh va vai trfl cua ngon ngtt phifin dich, xudt phat tu quan difim duoi^ dai dfi nhdn xet ve 24 NGUYiN TUAN CU'ONG - NGUYEN THI TO MAI muc dich phifin dich, die Id mgt each tiep can xudt phat ttt binh difin "ngoai tai" de xem xet vdn dfi, dat trgng tam vao phdn "Iudn" chii khflng phdi phdn "khao" Mflt nhiing khia canh then chflt cdn tim hifiu tifip can cac tdi lieu phien dich kinh dien Nho gia la muc dich phifin dich cua cac dich gid xua Dfi tim hifiu muc dich dy, bdi viet lya chgn mgt each tifip can mfli, xudt phat tir binh dien "ngi tai", tiie la xem xet quan difim cua chinh nhiing nguoi true tiep phifin dich nhu Pham Dinh Todi (the ki XIX), hoac ngufli hifiu dinh bdn dich nhu Lfi Quy Dfln (1726 -1784), hoac ngufli de tua cho eac ban dich nhu Nguyfin Kifiu (1695 - 1752), Vu Kham Ldn (1703 - ?), va Pham Quy Thich (1760 - 1825) Hg la nhttng nguoi sflng mfli truflng van hfla trung dgi, true tifip hgc t^p kinh difin Nho gia, tham gia vao chfi khoa cu Nho hgc, chuc tigng tuflc cao trifiu dinh, nfin hg chinh la nhQng "nguoi cugc" dfii voi cdc bdn dich dy Dufli day, bai vifit suu tdm va trinh bay tu lieu gflc cua nam bai Tya eua ndm tac gia tiung dai kfi trfin, tir dfi phdn tich quan diem ciia hg vfi muc dich phien dich kinh dien Nho gia tai Viet Nam thfli trung dai Tu- lifiu nam bdi Tgra cua cac tac gia trung dai Trong ban dich nam bai Tga sau ddy, dfi tranh dai dflng, chiing tfli luge bfl phdn phifin dm Han Viet va cac chii thich CO thfi khong cdn thifit doi voi bai viet ndy Phdn nguyen vdn chtt Han chiing toi hifiu difim, du dai, nhung ciing in kem, dfi dflc gid tifin kifim tta va dfii PHIEN D|CH VA GIAO DlJC HAN VAN TAI VIET NAM chifiu voi nhiing sai sot cfl thfi cfl ban dich Cac chtt so ttong ddu ngoac cheo, vi du: , la tto sfl to nguyfin ban chtt Han Anh minh hog trang dau cac bai Tya •~- n /y^' Ti -TF- •ii' ^ * % •ft M SPf frfi'r • if'! •'>' rfr -k H r —, ' ô ã * ô ! ô * ô ô « s « « a ic s il •*i * sl « ^ n- t r T * a « a w ã - ô Ơ # Đ ô if ^ * g t* * * I s fg * & ^ » * , JI « ff « ft fl ' ? » a ^= ft flii t lp JJ 1^ffl-4- Jt i ill '^; 'r S S" ^, ,rt * fs I J a^ iaj ? Sf -f # f-i ?/, I'.R ••M ^ ^ 'i « M !ff I? S Jjt ^ 'f # » * • ! • (tt iif * « t^rtif J l _» « M -J| ' 'J'' c K ti ri I ! ;»!«Ii- 3- m * S PS R'ifr X si 3- ft # ^ i^ r & 'S S *5 « f W n W i ^ -2 t l 7>u/ig jan Tir tfiv it&c ga tir cua Le Quj Dfln ii ? i Z)ieô Dich quoc ngir ct ã~T~ ^ u- I -' - ^ # l a i*oS H ^; JJ.') tM # 51 T- B! , ft„'> ^ pji -ft ^- iL.#}- *= ,t ^11 Vf m m ' A ti ^JL i^ t • ^ / ^ < % jfri # J^i mm t •^ ^v: Chu D q a aquye Vu kham L3n sn ;•; n J':' , SAffiiIn ^n^n Chu Dich ca quyei Hr cua Pham Quy Thich 2.1 Bai Tua (1752- 784?) cua Le +AWT, mm.^^, Quy Don cho Tu thu uoc giai ia'fg^iij ằ mmtinz ằ*, sô, mm Ơ sôi^m5^?jÊfiMaiB2L, a*ằ# ô^4=:t)B 5K-SSti^, X Kf! iaaHt-ISXWtHJpliil, « : t 25 TAP CHi HAN N M SO S (144) - 2017 NaureN TUAN ciftme - NGUYSN THI TO KAI ffi^altt, iPjttSS ^i.kniW^ ^4'AWTSSgit:t^'#, ^ B ^f-! ãltKff:tWƠ, SiWMK'i'lf : t X ^ : , W , * * t « Z « , Bai Tga cho ban ru- f/iw udc gidi khac lai Lfli nfli vd vific lam cua hien dugc ghi chep ddy dii Tu Thu, ngufli doc thfi nhdn ma sue noi theo Nhttng viec tu than, tfi gia, tri quflc, binh thifin ha, cu: theo Tu Thu md thi hanh thi khfing khfl Vdy nen hai [thfi he] Ha Nam phu ttt va Tu Duong phu tu"* Ian lugt xudt hifin dfi ldm sdng tfl Tu Thu, cac nhd Nho theo Ii hoc lai noi theo ma cat nghia Tti- Thu Chtt nao cau nao ciing dugc sdng tfl rfl rdng Nhung vdn cfln cfl kfi hdu hpc cho rdng khfl doc, tai lai the? Tao hfla sinh tdi ndng, thuflng thi dugc nhifiu phdn manh khfle ma dugc it phdn tai tri Ngufli cao minh thi kifin thuc thong tufi, xem luat nghe qua la tu nhifin thdm nhudn, thflng hifiu khfing ttfl ngai gi Cfln dfli voi nhung kfi trung binh ttfl xuong, timg trai chua nhifiu, thuc ngo chdng thau, thi thflng tfl cho dugc! Cfln Iu tre mieng cfln hfli stta, thi lai cdng khfl khdn hon ntta Chiing fl tuoi Ifin nam sau bay, chi hifiu 26 nhiing Ifli nfli binh thuflng, eha me day cho bifit sfi dem mot hai ba bon, cac miia xudn thu dflng, md cfln chua linh hfli het dugc, thi day nfli cai y sau nghTa Ifln cua CO nhdn dfi chiing nhanh chflng hifiu cho trgn ven! Hufing ho, dm ngu nuoc ta lai khac vfli Trung Quoc, vific day lai cdng khfl Vdy nen cac bdc tifin Nho mfli difin am ban dia ldm bo Tu thu udc gidi tdng bo dgi todn bi chi, dfi tdm sue tdi ca nhung difiu nhfl be nhat Hg da som Io nghT cho nhimg ke [trung binh ttfl xuflng va mieng hfii stta] vdy Ta thai tufli tre theo binh dao, Iuc trung nien Idm chinh tri, cung thuflng de chi vao Ifli day ttong Kinh Tki, Kinh Thu, Ludn ngii; Manh lu , nhung chua dugc dfin noi dfin chfln Luc ranh vific quan, cfl dfin truang nha, choi dua cung dam em o dfl, mfli chiing cdm dgc bg Td tku udc gidi thi dfiu cfl thfi bifit ngdt cau, hifiu dm nghia Nhfl lai liic chiing mfli di hgc, thdy cha nghifim khdc giang di giang lai truflc mat, md chiing nghe Io ma nhu khflng hieu chiit nao Noi vfi hifiu qud [cua Tu thu udc gidi], thi diing Id day mflt biet muai vay! i , sach dy that Id thudn tifin cho viec ngdm dgc bifit bao! Ngufli xua qua that da giup ich rdt nhifiu eho nhttng ke trung binh ttflr xuflng va nhttng ke mieng cfln hfii stta! Tific la sach luu hanh dd nhifiu ndm, ddn da phai than yi mfl khfl dgc Vi vdy lai giii sach dy cho thg khdc in, dfi ke sinh sau de mugn cung dugc dgc Lai Idm bdi tua cho sach dy, de ghi nhiing difiu hay ttong Iiic ta ranh rfli vific quan, cung la dfi Idm vui dam chau PHIEN DICH VA GIAO D^C HAN VAN TAI VIET NAM 2.2 Bai Tua (1750) cua Nguyin Kieu clio Chu Dich gidi nghia dien ca imsmmwim' iiSfflaiA, «li5fem, ISt«*:t'ilMoTSnSi-tilB m»mmMZ!f, a««+-^, a»:^^iE aiijiii'^ is#s»Rjf m w "ffxStK^f^