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Bao dam quyen cua cac dan toe thieu so o" An Do va ham y chinh sach cho Viet Nam Pham Thanh Hang' ' Hoc vien Chi'nh U-j qudc gia Ho Chi Minh Email: thanhhanghh2015@gmail.com Nhan 21 thang nam 2019 Chip nhan dang thang nSm 2019 Tom t3t: An Do la qu6c gia da dang cac nh6m dan toe Nham bao dam quyen lgi dac biet cho cac nhom dan tgc thilu s6, Chi'nh phii An Do da dua vao Hien phap cac quy djnh vl iru dai chi'nh sach, nguon v6n, giao due, ca hoi viec lam Ngoai viec cung cap su bao ve hgp pbap doi vdi nhom thieu so Hien phap, Chinh phii An Do thuc hien cac du an quoc gia de thuc day phat trien kinh te - xa hoi d khu virc dan tgc thieu so; lap nhieu ca quan chuyen mon khac de quan 1^ cac van de ciia dan tgc thieu so Day la nhihig ggi y huu fch cho Viet Nam viec bao dam quyen ciia cac dan tgc thieu so Tfr khoa: An Do, dan tpc thieu so, quyen lgi, Viet Nam Phan loai nganh: Dan tgc hoc Abstract: India is a country with diverse ethnic groups To ensure special rights and benefits for ethnic minority groups, the Indian Government has regulations on preferential treatment in terms of policies, capital provision, education and employment opportunities included in its ConstituUon hi addidon to providing legal protection to minorities in the Constitution, the Government also implements national projects to promote socio-economic development in ethnic minority areas establishing various agencies to manage issues of the groups These are useful recommendations for Vietnam in ensuring the rights of ethnic minorities Keywords: hidia, ethnic minorities, rights, Vietnam Subject classiflcation: Ethnology M d diu hai thi gidi (chi sau Trung Quic) DSn cu An Do la nude cd nen van minh Idn va I^u ddi tren thi gidi Dan s6 An Do dung thii An Qd 1& su pha trgn giua cac chung toe ngdn ngu va nen van hda khae Th ' Tdng dilu tra dan s6 nam 2011 A'- 94 Pham Thanh Hing An Dp bao gom nhdm ehfnh la IndoAryan (chiem 72% dan so), Dravidian (chilm 25% dan s6), eon lai 3% dan so la nguoi Mong C6 va nhfing ehung tgc thieu so khac [12] Ngoai ra, d An Do cdn cd r^t nhilu chung tgc ngudi khac nhung chi chiem sl lugng nhd Mac dii Chfnh phu An Do khong phan djnh ro cac nhom dan tgc d An Dp, khdng thira nhan su ton tai eua nhdm dan tgc da s6, Hien phap An Do cung khdng lam ro khai niem dan tge thieu sd Tuy nhien, tii rat sdm, Hien phap An Do da su dung cum tii "nhung bg lac dugc xac dinh danh muc" thupc dieu 342 cua Hien phap An Do vdi y nghia la eac bp lac, nhdm bo lac hoac cae nhdm nhd le, phan tan [19] Nhu vay, "nhiing bg lae duge xac dinh danh muc" d day chfnh la chi cac nhom dac thu, ft ve sd lugng (chiem khoang 25% dan so An Do) va khac biet, dgc dao so vdi nhom da so Chfnh phu An Dp da dua tren dac diem ve ngdn ngu, dja ban cu tni, van hda, dan so de nhin nhan cac nhdm nho le xa hpi va thong qua he thong chfnh sach, phap luat de bao ve va danh sy quan tam dac biet eho eae nhdm xa hpi Bai viet phan tfch viec bao dam quyen cua cac dan tpc thilu s6 d An Dp va ham "^ chfnh sach cho Viet Nam dang ve chfnh tri, ton giao, viec lam, van hda va giao due D l bao dam quyen va Igi feh cua nhdm ngudi nay, Hien phap cdn ap dat nhung gidi han tuang ung doi vdi viee dua nhimg ngudi dan khong thuoc bg lac vao khu vuc bg lac dinh eu va mua tai san Dieu 14 cua Hien phap An Do quy dinh: "Tat ca mgi ngudi diu binh dang trudc phap luat - lanh tho An Dp, Nha nudc khong the phu nhan quyen binh ding eiing nhu quyen dugc bao ve binh ding cua bit cu tmdc phap luat" [19] Dieu 335 cua Hien phap quy dinh rang: "Cac bg lac dugc xac dinh danh muc" (tuc nhdm dan tgc thieu so) ed quyen dugc yeu cau so lugng nhat dinh vi trf viee lam cac co quan chfnh phu [19] Ty le vi tri viec lam danh cho cac bp lac dua tren ty Ie so lugng ngudi dan bg lac tren tdng dan so ctia bg lae Hon nua, Chfnh phu tmng uang cd the true tiep tuyen dung mgt sd ngudi bg lac giu cac vi tri* nhat dinh chfnh quyen trung uang va danh 7,5% ban ngach cho ngudi dan bg lac ky thi thang ehuc Ngoai vice ed the phuc vu Chfnh phu, ngudi dan bg lac c6n cd the dugc hudng mgt so ghe nhat dinh Ha vien cua Quoc hgi va Hgi ddng nha nude [8] Cd thi thiy, Hiln phap va phap Iuat An Do ludn trao cho cae bg lac quyen tham gia vao cae vin dl ehfnh tri quoc gia, bao dam Bao dam quyen ciia cac d a n toe thieu quyen binh ding cua cac dan tgc thieu so d An Do, phan anh dung nguyen tSc binh so 6-An ding dan tgc Viec Nha nudc An Do tao dilu kien thuan Igi v l ea chl, chfnh sach Mot la, bao dam quyin lgi chi'nh tri cua cac cho cac dan tgc thieu s6 dugc hudng quyen vdng dan tgc thilu s6 Chinh phii An Do da Igi vl chi'nh tri khong chi giup cung cap thfing qua luat de dieu chinh va bao ve mgt khong gian va mgt dien dan binh dang quyen cua cae nhdm thieu s6 Hien phap An cho sir phat triln cua cae dan tge thieu sd, Bo quy dinh, ngudi dan bg lac (tuc ngudi ma eon gdp phan giai quyet hieu qua mau dan thupc cac nhdm thilu so) cd quyen binh 95 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, s6 - 2019 thuan dan tgc xa hgi va bao ve su on dinh Clia quoc gia Hai Id, thuc day phat trien kinh te tai cac vung dan tgc thieu so D l phat triln kinh tl tai cac vung dan tpc thilu sd, Chfnh phu An Dp da trao nhieu dac quyen cho cae dan tpc thieu so dao tao, viec lam, phan phdi cac ngudn tai nguyen va thuc diy phat trien khu vuc nong thon Hem niia, cae dac quyen dugc bao dam bdi Iuat pbap quoc gia Nhd dd, cae chfnh sach kinh tl d vung^vdan tgc thieu so da dat dugc nhilu tuu Dieu 16 cua Hien phap An Dp quy dinh ro rang ve viee bao dam quyen viee Iam cho cac dan tpc thieu so: "Can bao dam cho tat ca cac nhdm bp lac deu cd co hgi viec Iam binh dang, khong phan biet ton giao, chiing tgc, dang cap, gidi tfnh, noi sinh; bat cii ciing cd CO hgi viec Iam binh dang, khong bi phSn biet doi xu" [19] Tuy nhien, d mgt so vting dan tgc thieu so cua An Do nhu phfa dong bac, so lugng ngudi nhap cu Idn nen dan sd cua khu vye tang nhanh chdng, tbam chf vugt qua dan sd cua ngudi dan tpc thieu so ban dia Dieu Iam gia tang ganh nang ve giai quyet viec lam, phan bd cac ngudn luc phat trien cho eac ca quan cua Chfnh phu; ddng tbdi dan tdi sy bdng phat cac phong trao duoi ngudi nhap cu vdi quy md Idn tai cae vung dan tpc thieu so cua An Dp Chfnh vi vay, de giai quyet nhiing van de khd khan ve viec Iam cho cac dan tgc thieu s6, Chfnh phu An Do da ap dung nhieu bien phap dae thii (thilt lap ca quan ehuyen dao tao, bdi duang, sal hach cae ehiic vu cap cao cho ngudi dan tgc thieu so) Cong ehuc hang ba, hang bon cua Chfnh phu thong thudng cac dia phucmg tryc tiep tuyen 96 dung, ddng thdi dia phuong cung cd the chu dpng xac dinh sd lugng cong chdc dya tren ty le ngudi dan tgc thilu sd tren dan so cua tilu bang Tir nam 1992, thdng qua vipc thye hien cac bien phap nay, Chi'nh phu An Dp da thuc diy viec gia tang ty le ngudi dan tpc thilu s6 tham gia vao he thong eong ehuc nha nudc, nhd dd gdp phan cai thien tinh hinh viec lam eua eac dan tpc thieu so [6] D I thyc thi cac quyen ve viec lam cho ngudi dan tge thilu sd theo quy dinh cua phap luat, Chfnh phu An Do thuc hien mgt loat cac chuang trinh hd trg cho eae bg lae viec thuc day co hgi viec lam cho ngudi dan bg lac Viec thue hien cac chuong trinh khong ehi cung cap co hgi viec lam va khong gian phat trien cho ngudi dan bg lac, ma cung cap mgt lugng Idn cac CO sd dao tao nghe nghiep cho hg, nhat la nhung ngudi d dang cap thip Chfnh phu An Do dua "Ke hoach chong ddi ngheo" vdi muc tieu ca ban la thiic day ca hgi viee lam, tang thu nhap cho ngudi dan bg lac, nhd giup ngudi dan bg lac thoat khoi ddi ngheo Thong qua bien pbap trg cap tiing budc, vdi nguyen tic mang Iai Ipi fch cho ngudi ngheo tmdc tien, Chfnh phu An Dp da danh 50% chi phf v6n trg cap de hd trg eho vung dan tpc thilu sd giai quyet viec lam Ben canh do, Chfnh phu An Do triln khai hai chuang trinh h6 trg bg lac: "Chuong tnnh viec lam nong thon qudc gia" (NREP) va "Chuang trinh dao tao nien nong thon kha nang ty tao viec Iam" (TRYSEM) NREP thong' qua xay dyng CO sd tang ben vimg d nong thon de day manh dau tu ciia Chfnh phu vao khu vuc ndng thon va eung cip them co hgi viec lam cho ndng dan Nhd dd, nhu cau luong Pham Thanh H5ng thirc toi thieu cho ngudi ngheo dugc dam bao va dien mao cua vung ndng thon ngheo dat dupc sy thay doi dang ke Nhiing ngudi hudng Igi tir chuong trinh chu ylu la phu nir, ngudi dan bg lae thuge danh mue ^ dugc ghi Hien phap An Do [2] TRYSEM chu yeu cung cap ngudn vdn ho tra nho cho cac gia dinh dudi miic ngheo thong qua tfn dung thuong mai va cac khoan cho vay ciia Chfnh phu de giup hp hlnh tai san cd the tao thu nhap Chfnh pbii An Dp hy vpng thong qua phuong thiie nay, ngudi ngheo cd thi dua tren kha nang cua minh de ty hinh so lugng Idn cac doanh nghiep nho (chu yeu \i tieu thu edng nghiep) d khu vye ndng thon de cung cap ca hpi viee Iam cho ngudi ngheo, giup hp thoat ngheo Phuang thtrc chu yeu de thuc hien chuong trinh la van dpng ngudi ngheo tu to chiic va lap cac nhdm tu lyc Chuang trinh chu yeu hudng tdi doi tugng la phu nu, ngudi dan bp lac va ngudi khuyet tat, do, 50% danh cho dan bp lac, 40% danh cho phu nil va 3% lai danh cho nhdm khuyet tat Nhu vay, ngudi dan bg lac la doi tugng hudng Igi nhieu nhat tu chuong trinh [4] Chfnh phii An Dp ban hanh chfnh sach khai thac hgp ly ngudn tai nguyen tai cac viing dan tpc thilu s6 NhSm nang cao nang luc san xuat ciia ngudi dan bp lac, Chfnh phii An Dp da xay dung mgt qu^ tai chfnh chuyen dung eac " K I hoach nam" de day manh khai thac ngudn tai nguyen tai cac khu vyc cu tni cua hp Trong "Ke hoach nam lin thii nhit", Chfnh phu An Bg Sli dung 199,3 trieu Rupee (INR); " K I hoach nam Ian thii hai" su dung 429,2 trieu INR; " K I hoach nam lin thii ba" sir dung 503,3 trieu INR; " K I hoach nam lan thu tu" su dung 750 trieu INR; " K I hoach nam lin thu nam" su dung 11,12 ty INR; "Ke hoach nam lan thii sau" sii dung 55,35 ty INR [9] Kinh phf danh cho viec khai thac lai nguyen khu vuc dan toe thilu sd lien dep tang nhanh eac kl hoach nam tiep theo Tuy nhien, qua trinh khai thae tai nguyen khoang san (nudc, rimg, mo), Chfnh phu An Do da xem nhe vin dl bao ve mdi tmdng tai cae vung dan tgc thieu so, dan tdi cac van de nhiem nguon nudc, khf quyen, dat dai, can kiet tai nguyen rimg, Iam ton hai Igi fch cua cac dan tgc thilu so Dieu lam day len sy bat man cua cac dan tgc thieu so va trd tam diem cho su tap tmng cac mau thuan ve dan tgc tai An Do Nham giai quyet van de tai phan phoi lgi fch khai thac nguon tai nguySn d khu vuc dan tgc thieu so va dieu hoa, dap tat nhiing mau thuan dan tgc qua trinh khai thac dSn den, Chfnh phu An Do da xay dyng cac nguyen tac bao ve dac biet cho su khai thae tai nguy6n d vung dan tpc thieu sd Trong dd cd viec dua cac quy dinh (nhu: eac dan tgc thieu so cd quyen tu chii viec khai thac tai nguyen d khu vyc hg sinh song dya tren dieu kien thyc te cua khu vyc dd, khong cd quyen dugc ap dat, cudng che bat ky yeu cau nao doi vdi cac dan tgc thilu so nhan danh sy phat trien; cae du an phat trien can dap ung nhu cau cua cac dan tgc thieu sd, ton trpng quyen cua cae dan tgc thieu so su dung dat, rimg; ngan chan su tudc doat quyen kiem soat tai nguyen eua ngudi dan thupc cac nhdm thilu so qua trinh phat trien; tfch cue thu hut nguon dau tu tryc tiep tir nudc ngoai dli vdi khu vyc dSn tpc thieu sd 97 Khoa hgc xahgi Viet Nam, so - 2019 de tranh khai thac can kiet ngudn tai nguyen qua trinh phat triln [1] Chfnh phu An Dg ciing chu trgng den chfnh sach thuc day phat trien ndng thdn d cac vung dan tgc thieu sd, thu hep khoang each giau ngheo xa hgi Cac bg lac va ngudi dan bg lac dugc xac dinh danh muc d An Do chiem khoang 25% dan so An Do va chu yeu sinh song d cac viing nong thon heo Ianh, cd ddi sdng bet sue khd khan Chfnh phu An Dp da ap dung mpt loat cae chuong trinh hd trg bg lac de tap tmng vao phat trien nong thon tai cac viing dan tgc tbieu so Chfnh phu Tmng uong va Chi'nh phu cac tieu bang no luc viec phat trien kinh te cua cac khu vuc bg lac, tai cac tieu bang nai dan so eiia cac bg lac chiem mgt nua hoac qua nira dan so cua tieu bang Chuong trinh ho trg khu vuc bp lac (TSP) da dugc thilt lap Dya trSn ty Ie ngudi dan bp lac khu vyc bp lac, TSP dugc thdng qua bdi Chfnh phu tieu bang va Chfnh phu lien bang nham bao dam sir dung quy TSP hieu qua, diing muc dfch, thue day sy phat trien kinh te - xa hgi tai eac khu vyc bg lac Theo ty le ngudi dan bg lae, TSP dugc chia Ioai: dy an phat trien bg lac tfch hop (ITDP); phuong phap tiep can phat trien khu vye sua doi (MADA); cac cum bp lac; va nhdm bg lac nguyen thuy Trong TSP, dang chu y nhat la du an ITDP ITDP la kl hoach phat triln bp lac tong hgp Dy an bat dau tir nam 1979, tmdc tien bit dau d' 2.300 eong dong, den thang 10 nam 1980, dy an da phat trien d tat ca cac cgng dgng nong thon Dy an chii yeu thuc day kha nang ty tao viec Iam cho ngudi dan bg lac thdng qua viec cung cap cho ngudi dan cac khoan vay mem (vdi ty Ie trg cip von len tdi 50%) Tinh den thang 98 11 nam 1998, cd tdng cgng 53,8 trieu ngudi vay von, kinh phf cho vay len den 195 ty INR [10] Day la mpt nhdng dy an ldn nhit ma Chi'nh phu An Dp da thuc hien dl giup da cac bg lac D6i tugng thuc thi cua du an hudng tdi cac ddi tugng ngudi dan dudi muc ngheo khd Muc dfch cua dy an la cung cip kha nang tao thu nhap va co hgi viec Iam cho ngudi dan bg lac ngheo khd tai cac khu vyc bg lac Ngoai ra, chiln luge phat trien nong thon d cac vung dan tgc thieu so, can nhic tdi Chuang trinh dudng nong thdn cua Chi'nh phu An Do Chuang trinh Chfnh phu Tmng uong chju trach nhiem, bit dau thyc hien d An Do vao cudi nam 2000, din nam 2008-2009 da hoan eon dudng ket ndi lien thong eae khu vye nong thdn vdi khoang 1.000 ngudi sinh sdng O khu vyc ddng bac, cac khu vyc mien nui, khu vuc sa mac va khu vyc cd dan bg lac sinh sdng, dudng se lien thdng cac khu vye cua ban 500 ngudi sinh sdng [4] Viee thyc hien chuang trinh thuc sy da eai thien dang ke moi tmdng sdng va dilu kien san xuat cua cu dan ndng thon An Do Ba Id, ap dung cac bien phap phat triln giao due dli vdi cac viing dan tpc thilu s6 Chinh phu An Dp da phat triln manh me giao due vung dan tge thilu s6 thdng qua viee xay dyng luat phap va eae chfnh sach cd liSn quan Nham nang cao ty le phd cap giao due va loai bo su dli xu khong cong bang, sy bdc lot doi vdi ngudi dan bp lac, Hien phap An Dp quy djnh nghiem cim siJ phan biet ddi xu cac tl chiic giao due Chfnh phu tai trg Dilu 46 cua Hiin phap An Do quy dinh: Nha nudc cin dac biet chd trgng giao due ting ldp nhan dan lac hau, dae biet la giao due dli vdi ding Pham Thanh HJng cap thip va cac bp lac dugc xac dinh danh muc Tai cac khu vyc bg lac An Dp, sd lugng ngudi dan bp lac tiep nhan giao due tieu hoc kha thap, da phan hpc sinh cd xu hudng bo hgc chua hoan chuang trinh hgc, din tdi khong dat duge ty Ie nhu mong muon d cap tieu hpc va cac cap hgc cao hon De giai quyet van de nay, Hien phap An Do quy dinh, Chfnh phu Tmng uang va chfnh phu tieu bang can dya tren ty Ie dan s6 bo lac tren tdng dan sd de danh ty le 7,5% cho ngudi dan bg lac cae co sd giao due chfnh quyen tmng uong va chfnh quyen tieu bang dieu hanh Hon nira, Chfnh phu Tmng uong khuyen khfeh vaphat trien giao due cua ngudi dan bg lac thong qua luat phap nhu bao dam ty le nhap hgc, thap diem dau vao, thiet lap quy hge bong, doi xif uu dai Chfnh phu An Dp dau tu kha ldn cho giao due ddi vdi ngudi dan bp lae, bang chung la quy giao due mdi "Ke hoach nam" gan nhu chiem tdi 50% tdng kinh phf cua ke hoach [8] Bon Id, thyc hien chfnh sach an sinh xa hoi doi vdi cac vimg dan tpc thieu so Chfnh phu An Dp da thong qua he thong phap Iuat va cac du an ho trg de nang cao miic dg an sinh xa hgi doi vdi ngudi dan viing dan tgc thieu so Chfnh phu An Do khong chi thong qua Hien phap xda bd che nd Ie nong nghiep, ban hanh Iuat luong tli thilu de bao ve quyen Igi cho ngudi lao dgng va ngtrdi dan bg lac, ma thdng qua viec ban h^nh cac bg Iuat khac dl hoan thien che bao hiem xa hgi, bao ve quyen lgi cho nhSn vien nha nudc va cong nhan eac nganh nghi khac, nhu: Luat Bao hilm ciia nhan vien nha nudc, Luat v l Quy du phong va cac quy^ chuyen dung khac cua nhan vien, Luat vl Quy du phong md than va K I hoach khen thudng, Quy dinh vl toan luang huu, Luat Him trf nam 1971 Cac bg luat deu dua nhiing quy dinh cu the ve quyen lgi ma nhan vien nha nudc va ngudi lao dpng cac nganh nghi khac can duge hudng thu Ngoai eac dilu khoan mang tfnh bao ve chung doi vdi ngudi dan bp lac quy dinh luat, pham vi phan phoi chung, Chinh phu An Dp thiet lap he thong cua hang gia re va phat the mua hang tai khu vuc bd lac de bao dam nhu cau euge sdng co ban cbo ngudi dan bg lac va ngudi ngheo Cac cua hang gia re chu yeu cung cap eae vat pham co ban can thiet cho cuge sdng va cac vat dung gia dinh quan trgng Ddi vdi nhdm de tdn thuang xa hgi, Chfnh phu An Dp ban hanh che dp an sinh xa hgi dae biet Chang ban, thyc hien toan trg cap doi vdi ndng dan la ngudi gia mat sue lao ddng de dap iing nhu ciu toi thieu cua euge sdng; ndng dan ngheo khdng nha cua ed the nhan dugc cac khoan trg cip nha d cua ehfnh phii de cd dugc dilu kien sdng ca ban; cdng tac giao due ddi vdi tre em ngheo se Chi'nh phii Trung uong va Chfnh phu tieu bang trg cap; ddi vdi ngudi dan bp lac ngheo dugc ap dung chfnh sach thuc pham gia re [3] D I giai quylt van de luong thyc co ban doi vdi ngudi dan bd lac d vilng bien gidi va khu vuc bd lac lac hau, dac biet la xda bd tinh trang tre em bi chit ddi khat va dinh dudng kem, Chfnh phu An Dp eon thuc diy dy an cung cap quy tai trg cho viec lap cac co sd luu trii ngu edc, dong thdi bao dam moi gia dinh khu vyc bg lac deu dugc luu trii 100 kg ngii coc Ben canh dd, chfnh sach ho trg xda ddi 99 Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, so - 2019 ngheo viing ndng thdn d An Dd giup cho mdi gia dinh d cac khu vuc bd lac lac hau d An Dp cd thi nhan dugc 150 la My moi nam Nhdng du an chdng ddi ngheo dac biet d An Do da Iam giam dang ke ty le hg ngheo d An Do, tir 44,5% vao nam 1980 xudng 36,0% vao nam 1990, tdi nam 2000 ty le chi 26,1% [5] Ham y chinh sach cho Viet Nam Viet Nam la qudc gia da dan tgc vdi su tdn tai cua nhung nhdm tbieu sd ve sac tgc, ton giao va ngdn ngii Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam ludn khang dinh viec bao dam quyen ngudi ndi chung va quyen cua cac dan tgc thieu sd ndi riSng la thudc cho su phat trien va tien bp xahgi [13] Mgt Id, bao dam mgt ty le phu hgp dai bieu cua eae dan tpc thieu sd tham gia vao he thong ehfnh tri ciia Nha nudc Hien phap An Dp ludn dua nhiing quy dinh ro rang nham bao dam quyen lpi tren thye te ve chfnh tri eua cac nhdm thieu sd (danh mpt ty Ie nhat dinh vj trf viec lam co quan chfnh phu va ty Ie uu tien ky thi thang chirc ddi vdi cac nhdm thieu so) De dam bao quyen Igi ehinh tri cua cac dan tpc thieu sd, Dieu 16 Hien phap Viet Nam nam 2013 da ghi: "Mgi ngudi deu binh ding tmdc phap luat Khdng bi phan biet ddi xir ddi sdng chfnh tri, dan sy, kinh tl, van hda, xa hdi" [14], Luat Bau eu dJii bieu Qudc hpi va dai bieu Hdi ddng nhan dan nam 2015 (Dieu 8, Dilu 9) cua Nha nudc Viet Nam ciing da quy dinh ve sy tham gia binh dang cua eac dan tpc thieu sd vao viee bau cii, ung cii dai bieu Qudc hgi 100 Hdi ddng nhan dan cac cap [15] Thpo do, Nha nudc quy dinh rd ty Ie dai bieu dan tgc thilu s6 tham gia dng cd vao dai bieu Qudc hdi la cd ft nhit 18% tdng so nguoi danh sach chfnh thuc; ty le dai bieu dan tgc thilu sd tham gia ting cd Hgi ddng nhan dan cac cip dugc xac dinh phu hgp vdi tinh hinh cu thi cua tirng dia phuang Trong tbdi gian tdi, chung ta can tiep tuc bao dam gia tang mot ty Ie thfch hgp dai bieu dan tgc thieu sd tham gia vao he thdng chfnh tri va cac cong viec cua Nha nudc thdng qua viec cu the hda cac lieu chuan dya tren nguyen tac phan phoi cu the ve quyen Igi, nhd dd cd the thuc day nang cao vai trd va trach nhiem cua ddng bao dan tpc thieu so cdng viec chfnh tri ciia qudc gia Hai Id, thyc hien hieu qua cac du an phat trien giao due tai cac vimg dan tpc thieu sd Chfnh phu An Dp da cdng giai quyet van de giao due cua cac dan tpc thilu so thdng qua rat nhieu cac bien phap nhu hd trg ngudn tai chi'nh, nang cao ca sd vat chit eho cac tmdng hgc, trien khai mgt loat cac dy an ve giao due tai khu vyc ndng thon va khu vyc bg lac, thilt lap quy hpc bdng va uu dai giao due, tang cudng thiic diy cap giao due Lien quan den giao due dan tpc, Dilu 61 Hien phap Viet Nam nam 2013 quy dinh: "Nha nudc uu tien phat triln giao due d mien nui, hai dao, vung ddng bao dan tde thieu sd va vimg cd dilu kien kinh t l - xa hpi dac bi?t khd khan " [U] Luat Giao due sua ddi nam 2018 (cac Dilu 16 60) quy dinh ve viec Nha nudc uu tien diu tu cho phd cap giao due, phat triln giao due d khu vyc mien nui, hai ( • vung ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd va vung cd dilu kien kinh te - xa hpi dac biet khd khan Pham Thanh Hgng Mac dil, nhiing nam qua, Nha nudc da rat nS luc chfnh sach eiing nhu lap phap dli vdi van de giao due dSn tpc thilu sl, va budc dau dat dugc mgt s6 qua nhit dinh, nhung van cdn khdng ft ban che Nhiing bai hpc kinh nghiem cua An Dd se giup Viet Nam timg budc eai thien vin dl giao due tai cac vung dSn tge thilu sd, giam thieu ty le bd hgc, nang cao ty Ie tdt nghiep cua hgc sinh dan tgc Ben canh viec dam bao thyc hien diing cac quy dinh eua cac van ban phap luat, Nha nudc ta can day manh thyc hien cae du an va lap cae quy dau tu trgng diem cho giao due, de dat toi muc deu ngan han la phd cap giao due tai cac vung dan tgc thieu sd, va muc tieu dai han la nang cao trinh dp dan trf cho dong bao dan tpc Ba Id, thiic day cac chfnh sach giai quylt viec Iam cho ddng bao dan tgc thieu sd Ci Viet Nam, mac dii Nha nude da ban hanh nhieu chfnh sach uu tien ddi vdi viing dan tgc thieu sd, nhat la ve lao dgng va viee lam nhung sy bd tri viec Iam sau dao tao cdn nhieu han che Nguyen nhan la ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd chu yeu cu tru phan tan, trinh dp phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cdn thap kem, chat lugng ngudn nhan lyc dan tgc thieu so (ca ve the lyc va trf Iuc) chua eao, rao can ve ngdn ngir dan tdi kha nang tiep can thdng tin thip, ddng bao chu yeu tap tmng lam viec khu vuc ndng nghiep va lam nghiep ehiu nhieu tac dgng Clia thien tai, khf hau khic nghiet Nhiing nhSn to tren day khiln cho tinh trang thieu viec lam, nhat la d nien cang Iram trpng Nam 2018, ca nudc ed khoang 313.000 nien ndng thdn dang thieu viec lam va that nghiep Nhilu niSn ndng thon, cd nien dan tde thieu sd tdt nghiep tmdng gap khd khan [17] De khac phuc tinh trang thit nghiep va tao them co hdi viec lam cho dong bao dan tgc thieu sd, Viet Nam cin thuc hien tdt mdt sd giai phap nhu: (1) Nha nudc quy dinh ro ty le viec lam danh cho ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd la bao nhieu, rieng ddi vdi viec lya chgn va tuyen dung cdng chuc nha nude eiing can xae dinh ro mgt ty le nhit dinh danh cho ddng bao dan tpc thilu so; (2) Thanh lap cac tmng tam dao tao, bdi duang nghe cho nien dan tgc miln nui de nang cao trinh do, ky nang viec lam, tang cudng kha nang tu tim viec Iam cua hp; (3) Tiep tuc day manh thuc hien tdt hai ehuang trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve giam ngheo ben viing va xay dyng ndng thdn mdi, dd can dac biet quan tam din viee dao tao nghe va ho trg viec lam cho nien dan tpc; (4) Md rpng thi tmdng lao ddng, eung cap nhieu ca hdi viec lam eho dan tgc thieu sd thdng qua chuong trinh ket noi doanh nghiep Viec md rdng mang ludi ket ndi giira he thdng cac tmdng hgc va dao tao nghe dan tgc vdi doanh nghiep nudc va nudc ngoai giup da phan hgc sinh, sinh viSn (phan ldn la trinh so cap va tmng cap) sau tdt nghiep tmdng dugc chuyen sang lam viec tai cac doanh nghiep Md hinh dao tao theo don dat hang da dugc thuc hien cdng budc dau d mdt sd tinh mien nui nudc ta nhu Ha Giang, Dien Bien; (5) Thye hien chfnh sach hd trg xuit khiu lao dgng tai cae khu vyc dan tge thilu so dac biet khd khan Nha nudc tap tmng ho trg ngudn kinh phf ban dau nhu kinh phf dao tao, kinh phf di lai, de tao them nguon viec Iam cua nien dan tgc tai nudc ngoai IOI Khoa hgc xahgi Viet Nam, so -2019 Bon la, hoan thien chinh sach an sinh xa bdi tai viing dan tpc thieu sd Nha nudc Viet Nam, Dieu 58 Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Nha nudc, xa hdi dau tu phat trien sy nghiep bao ve, cham sdc siic khde cua nhan dan, thyc hien bao hiem y te toan dan, cd chfnh sach uu tien cham sdc site khde cho ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd, ddng bao d mien niii, hai dao va vung cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi dac biet khd khan" [14] Luat Kham chiia benh nam 2009 (Dieu 4) quy dinh ve chi'nh sach cua Nha nudc ve kham chiia benh eho ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd, dugc uu tien bd trf ngan sach nham dap iing nhu cau kham benh, chua benh coban cua nhan dan [18] Nha nudc can tiep tuc hoan thien chfnh saeh, phap Iuat ve an sinh xa hpi, giai quyet can ban van de phat trien cua cac dan tpc thieu sd Chfnh sach, phap luat ve an sinh xa hdi ben viing ddi vdi ddng bao dan tgc thieu sd trudc tien can tap tmng dau tu vao chfnh sach dao tao, phat trien nguon nhan lye; chfnh sach xay dung co sd ting (dien, dudng, tmdng, tram) gan vdi phat trien kinh te; chi'nh sach kham chiia benh mien phf; ehfnh sach bao hiem, nudi duang ngudi gia Dac biet, ddi vdi ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd mat dat, can quan tam den ehfnh sach hd trg dat d, dat san xuat (bao gom ke hoach ho trg ngan ban va dai ban) de dam bao nhu cau eupc song tdi thieu cho ngudi dan O nhiing viing dan tpc thieu sd cd dieu kien dac biet khd khan, can soat ddi tugng thy hudng chi'nh sach, xay dyng bg tieu chf danh gia de cd muc hd trg dac biet (hd trg ca nhan Iuc, tai Iuc va vat luc), giup ngudi dan cai thien ddi song Cac chfnh sach hd trg cin luu y din eo chl xa hpi hda, huy dgng tdng hgp tat ca cac 102 ngudn luc cho giam ngheo, an sinh xa hgi tai eae vung dan tge thieu sd Ndm Id, day manh phat trien kinh te - xa hgi gan vdi khai thac hgp ly ngudn tai nguyen tai cac virng dan tpc thieu sd De dat dugc muc tieu phat triln nhanh va ben viing tai cac vting dan tde thieu sd, Nha nudc can thye hien ddng bd cae chfnh saeh diu tu phat trien kinh t l - xa hgi va quan tam den van de khai thae tai nguyen (dat, nudc, rirng) mot each hgp ly va bao ve mdi tmdng; bao dam mdi quan he hai hoa giiia Igi fch kinh te va lgi fch xa hgi O Viet Nam, cac vimg dan tgc thieu sd thuong cd Igi the ve nguon tai nguySn rung, dat dai de phat trien cac viing san xuit ndng, lam nghiep Tuy nhien, mgi ngudn tai nguygn deu cd gidi ban, neu khai thac can kiet, ehung ta se phai tra gia dat Do do, qua trinh khai ihac cac lgi thi, thi manh tai nguyen cua khu vuc dan tpc, thi khdng the xem nhe van dl bao ve, tai tao, phat triln lai nguyen rirng, dat dai gin vdi cdng tae bao ve mdi tmdng Cd nhu vay, ddng bao dan tgc thilu so mdi cd thi vira tu vuon Ien Iam giau dya trgn thi manh cua khu vuc, vimg dat ma hg dang sinh sdng, lai vixa dam bao mgi eudc sdng bin vung, yen tam sdng vdi lai nguyen, gift dugc tai nguyen va lam giau tii tai nguygn Ket Iuan Giai quyll thda dang vin dl dan tde cd y nghTa dae biet quan trgng ddi vdi an ninh qudc gia va on dinh xa hpi An Dd va Viet Nam deu la hai qudc gia tdn tai da dang cac nhdm dan tpc Ca hai nudc dlu dang phai Pham Thanh HJng dli dien vdi vdn de bao vd chu quyen quoc gia va loan v?n lanh Iho, giai quyet hgp ly vi hai hoa vin dl dan tpc Thong qua Hiln phap va cac luat khac, Chinh phii An Do da trao nhiing dac quyen nhat dinh cho cac dan tgc thilu sl dl thuc diy sy phat triln cua cac dan tpc thieu sd tren nhieu phuong dien cua ddi sdng xa hgi Nhiing bai hgc kinh nghiem ciia An Do la ea so thuc tien de Vi^t Nam dinh huong xay dung va hoan thi?n chinh sach dan tpc, timg budc thu hep khoang each chenh lech, nang cao chat lugng cupc sdng va thuc day sy phat trien toan dien ciia khu vyc dan tgc [6] ^iX)M.±iU (2002), 2000-2001 Ơ g PP ^ ^đfS^,llB^,sIt%'ii ^m^^% m m a [7] mmi^(2007),^w^'prn^mmwR^ M,(2) mmm(2006),mmm^^mw^o^^^ B:m^mm,^m&mm, 08/12 [9] ^mnim^im&'p^mm^t^iim ^ m R M, m 32 m% (2) [10] * m (2006), fu^^nmi^^m^m ^m Ry.t ^ mm B ^^,'p -Hi ^ n, (5) [II] n^t(2002),mmB^mmmMi^B mm n m w'^,^\i&^mmmm% a£^iirW5Jf^,(i) [8] [12] https://www.worldatIas com [ 13] http://www.lyluanchinhtri.vn/home/ Tii li^u tham khao index.php/anh-chinh/item/I560-quyen-cuacac-dan-toc-thieu-so-trong-phap-luat-quoc-te[1] Saez Lawrence (1999), "India's Economic Liberalization, Interjurisdictional Competition and Development", Contemporary South Asia, No hanh-chinh/Hien-phap-nani-2013-215627.aspx [15] https://thukyluat.vn/vb/luat-bau-cu-dai-bieu- [2] World Bank (1998), "Reducing Poverty in India: Options for more va-phap-luat-viet-nam.html [14] https;//thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may- effective public services", Washington D.C [3] ffi ^ BU (2002), ^&m^}km^H^ llJgcS.ift|^:Sik,(ii) [4] ^s^n,m&m:^nm,^m^i:^ m quoc-hoi-va-dai-bieu-hoi-dong-nhan-dan2015-44ro8.html [16] https://luatvietnam.vn/giao-duc/luat-giao-ducdai-hoc-sua-doi-nam-2018-169346-dl.html [ 17] http://www.danvan.vii/Home/Cong-tac-dantoc/7958/Nhieu-giai-phap-giai-quyet-viec-lamcho-dong-bao-dan-toc-thieu-so [5] w ig §R ^ ik 3] s ^ # ^ a , ^ ffi (2006), qfe ft f^mmtit,^mM g u, 15/6 [ 18] https://thukyluat.vn/l 819A/luat-kham-benhchua-benh-nam-2009/tag.html [19] http://wenku.baidu.com 103 ... dang ke ty le hg ngheo d An Do, tir 44,5% vao nam 1980 xudng 36,0% vao nam 1990, tdi nam 2000 ty le chi 26,1% [5] Ham y chinh sach cho Viet Nam Viet Nam la qudc gia da dan tgc vdi su tdn tai cua... trieu INR; " K I hoach nam lin thii ba" sir dung 503,3 trieu INR; " K I hoach nam lan thu tu" su dung 750 trieu INR; " K I hoach nam lin thu nam" su dung 11,12 ty INR; "Ke hoach nam lan thii sau"... doi tugng la phu nu, ngudi dan bp lac va ngudi khuyet tat, do, 50% danh cho dan bp lac, 40% danh cho phu nil va 3% lai danh cho nhdm khuyet tat Nhu vay, ngudi dan bg lac la doi tugng hudng Igi nhieu
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