Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd'5 - 2019 VAN HOA CONG CHIENG CUA NGlTon CO-HO TINH LAM DONG TRONG XU H U ' N G H Q I NHAP QUOC T £ TS Nguyin Thj Nhir Thuy Truonng Dai hoc Su pham ky thuat TP HCM Tom tat: Nghien ciru ndy dugc thuc hien a tinh Ldm Dong thdng qua khdo sdt dinh luang 477 dan vi mdu, deu Id ngu&i ddn tgc Ca-ho tit 18 tuoi tr& len tgi thi trdn Lac Duong, huyen Lgc Ducmg vd xd Td Nung, thdnh Dd Lgt; dong th&i phong vdn sdu 26 ca nhdn vdphdn tich cdc tdi lieu thu cap Ket qud nghien cicu dd ldm ro thuc trgng bdo luu, phdt trien cdng nhu nhimg ca hpi thdch thicc cua le hpi cong chieng vd van hoa cong chieng cua ddn tpc Ca-ho nai day qud trinh thi hoa vd hpi nhap Ddy Id mpt nhiing ludn eu khoa hoc quan trpng de de xudt cdc gidi phdp bdo ton, phdt huy bdn sdc van hoa truyen thong cua dong bdo ddn tpc Ca-ho noi neng vd dong bdo cdc ddn tpc thieu so tgi cho Tdy Nguyen noi chung Til' khoa: Vdn hoa cong chieng, ddn toe Co'-ho hoi nhdp quoc te, tinh Ldm Dong Ngdynhdn bdi: 12/6/2019: ngdy gui phdn bien: 26/8/2019; ngdy duyet ddng: 13/10/2019 Dan nhap Tay Nguygn la mdt nhiing virng kinh td, van hda, xa hgi, chinh tri quan trgng ciia ca nude, dugc hinh va phat tnen sudt hang ngan nam; la noi cd vi tri chidn luge phat trien eua nude ta Tay Nguyen la dia ban sinh sdng ciia nhigu dan tdc thidu sd va "cac dan tdc Tay Nguyen ed mdt ndn van hda dja phuong phong phii va da dang vdi nhidu di san van hda vat thd va phi vat thd hgt siie quy gia, nhu: dan da, cdng chidng ciing cae loai hinh sinh hoat van hoa dan gian, sinh boat cgng ddng phong phu, Hien nay, Tay Nguyen la nai edn luu giii dugc nhidu di san van hoa vat thd va phi vat the, vira cd gia tri Ijch su, vira cd gia trj tham my ddc dao Mgt nhiing di san ndi tigng la khong gian van hda cdng chidng Tay Nguygn da dugc UNESCO cdng nhan la di san van hda phi vat thd dai dien cua nhan loai" (Vien Nghign ciiu Phat trign Phuang Ddng, 2016, tr 5) Hien nay, qua trinh hdi nhap qudc td ia ca hdi dd cae dan tdc d Tay Nguyen tang cudng quang ba van hda edng chidng vdi nhan loai, khing djnh nhirng gia trj truang tdn cua edng chieng Tay Nguydn, nhung ciing tao thach thiic viec bao luu gia tri truygn thdng van hoa noi day CJ Lam Ddng, theo Tong cue Thdng kd, tinh ddn 1/4/2009, tinh cd 43 dan tdc va 18 ngudi nude ngoai sinh sdng Trong do, nhirng tgc ngudi cd dan sd dong la: Kinh: 901.316 nguai, Ca-ho: 145.665 ngudi, Ma: 31.869 ngudi, Niing: 24.526 ngudi, Tay: 20.301 86 NmnvnnVNhic Thiiy nguai, Chu-ru: 18.631 nguoi, Hoa: 14.929 nguoi, Mnong: 9.099 nguoi Thai: 5.277 ngucri, Muong: 4.445 nguoi, Hmong: 2.894 nguoi, Dao: 2.423 nguoi, Kho-me: 1.098 nguoi , va it nhat la Lo Lo, Co Lao, Cong (moi dan tpc chi c6 nhat nguoi) Xa Ta Nung thuoc ph6 Da Lat co 1.037 ho, 4.725 khiu, dan toe thieu s6 chigm 50% dan s6, phan dong la nguoi Co-ho (UBND xa Ta Nung, 2014) Tuy thuoc Da Lat, nhung Ta Nung it mang bong dang thi Neu khong co tinh lo DT 725 tir Da Lat di Lam Ha thi xa Ta Nung van it thong thuong voi cac vung lan can Doi lap voi Ta Nung, thi tran Lac Duong la trung tam huyen Lac Duong, lap thang 2/2004, chia tach dja gioi hanh chinh tir xa Lat Thi tran co dien tich tu nhien la 7.061 ha, dat lam nghiep: 3.8l6,2ha, d4t nong nghiep: L560,3ha, dat phi nong nghiep: 497,4ha, dat chua sir dung: 1.187,Iha; dan s6 co 2.268 hp, dan toe thieu so la 1.246 hp voi 9.755 khau, chiem ty le 55%, chii yeu la dan tpc Co-ho voi cac nhom Co-ho Chil, Co-ho Lach, (Bao cao so 70/BC-UBND thi tran Lac Duong) Thi tran Lac Duong co vi tri chien lupc, la thi ve tinh cua Da Lat, c6 van hoa dac sac voi nhieu diem du lich noi tieng Nhiing niim qua, tinh hinh kinh te - xa hpi o day co nhtmg buoc phat trien kha, tang dan ty trpng thuang mai dich vti, Toe tang truang kinh te hang nam dat gan 25,6%, thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi nam 2016 dat 31,7 trieu dong, doi song vat chat va tinh thiin ciia nhan diin khong ngimg dupe nang len (Cue Thong ke Lam Dong, 2016) Van hoa cong chieng xu hirdng hoi nhap qu6c te hien Ong Bon Yo Soan - Pho ttuong Ban Dan tpc tinh Lam D6ng da noi: "Ld mdt tinh co nhieu ddn tgc sinh sdng nin nen vdn hda cua Ldm Bong dugc hinh thdnh tic bdn sdc vdn hoa Idu ddi cua cde ddn tgc thiiu sd gdc Tdy Nguyen vd vdn hda cua cu ddn cdc viing, mien cd nude den ldm dn sinh sdng, dinh cu Chinh su dan xen hda quyen dd tgo cho Ldm Ddn cd mdt kho tdng vdn hdg ddn gian dgc sdc, phong phu, da dgng vd mang bdn sdc riing" Tuy nhien, qua trinh thi h6a va hpi nhap da lam cho kho tang van hoa Tay Nguyen noi chung va van hoa cong chieng noi rieng co nhieu bien d6i Theo Trinh Quang Phu cho biet: "Hien tai ll hpi cong chieng o Tay Nguyen dang bi mai mot va khong sii:c hut, thucmg chi xuJt hien cac Festival, cac to chuc ciia Nha nuoc la chinh" (Vien Nghien ciiu Phat hifa Phuong Dong, 2016, tr 38) Theo NguySn Thj Kim Van, nhirng ngucri quan tam dSn van hoa c6ng chieng, am nhac cong chieng Tay Nguyen deu dS nhan thSy nguy CO mai mpt suy giam nhanh chong ve s6 lirong cong chieng cr cac tinh Tay Nguyen thoi digm nam 1980, tinh Gia Lai - Kon Tum co hang chuc ngan bp cong chieng, s6 c6ng chieng ciia moi lang dgn hang chuc bp, khong it gia dinh giau c6 cat giir nha tren duoi 10 bp c6ng chieng Nhung d6n nam 2004 s6 luong cong chieng ciia tinh Gia Lai chi 5.117 bp Lam D5ng co 3.113 bp DSk LJk Upng vong 10 nam, tir 1982 din 1992 da mit di 5.325 bp cfing chieng; va 10 nam tigp tii 1993 dgn 2003, tinh tigp tuc bi mjt 850 bp (Vien Van hoa Thong tin, 2006, tr 52- V'gn nghien ciiu phat trien Phuang Dong, 2016, tt 310) Trong nhimg thap nien Sy, "chay mau chSt Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd'5 - 2019 cdng chieng" trd cum tir phd bidn ban vg cdng chidng Tay Nguygn Sir suy giam sd lugng cdng chidng cung ddng nghia vai nhirng sinh boat edng ddng gSn vdi cdng chigng din d k thua vSng (Vien Nghign cim Phat tridn Phuang Ddng, 2016, tr 310) Ddi vai dan tgc Ca-ho d Lam Ddng, van hda edng chieng ciing n^m "ddng chay" dd Vi vay, su mai mgt, mk dhn net van hda dac tnmg Tay Nguygn ddi sdng cua dan tdc rat ro net: "'Trong thai ky bao cap, kinh te kho khdn, cdng chieng mdt mdt rdt nhieu; vi dieu kien kho khdn bd bdt nhung trdu bo bdn, cong chieng cUng dem bdn, cdng chieng thi ndu len de tach lay dong; thdm chi hoi xua toi di cong tdc thdy bd lay chieng ldm cdi mdng heo Khi kinh te kho khdn, bdn cong chieng cdng khong co du tien de mua, gid tri ciia cong chieng gdn nhu mdt di y nghia thuc cua no, nguai ta chi mua de lay dong Vi vay md cong chieng mdt ddn di, so lugng ngdy cdng gidm Tuy nhien, cUng CO vdi hp thiet tha, yeu quy gid tri cua cong chieng nen kho khdn, ngheo ndn nhung hp vdn giit lgt So lugng cdn rdt it, nen nhieu luc bd muon co chieng ddnh thi phai di mua lgi & nai khde, nhung ty- le ndy khong nhieu neu chua muon ndi Id khong niia" (Nam, 55 tudi, thi tran Lac Duong) De tri va gdp phan giii gin cac gia tri van boa ddi sdng cua ddng bao dan tgc thi phuang thiic dign lg hgi cdng chieng ciing kha quan trgng Hien nay, viec td chiic mdt so hoat ddng sinh boat van hda gan kdt edng ddng, phat huy khdi dai doan kgt toan dan va tri net van hda dae trung Tay Nguyen ciing kha da dang Ket qua khao sat cho thay, van hoa cdng chigng cd xu hudng giam dan, cu thg la cd 77,8% y kign cho rang khoang 10 nam trd ve frudc le hdi van hoa cdng chidng van tdn tai; nhung da giam xudng chi cdn 66,5% va xu hudng giam vSn tri, tham ehi la mat ban d mdt sd dja phuang, miic tham gia Id hdi cdng chieng chidm ty \Q th4p va c6 sir khac biet dang ke d hai dja ban dugc chgn nghign eiiu (xem bang I) Bang 1: Miic tham gia l l hgi cdng chieng theo dia ban nghien ciru {Dan vi: %) Muc dp tham gia ll hgi cong chieng Thi tran Lac Ducmg So luang % Chung Xa Ta Nung So lupng % So lupng % Khong bao gicr 127 50,2 102 45,5 229 48,0 Hiem 47 18,6 51 22,8 98 20,5 Thinh thoang 44 17,4 56 25,0 100 21,0 Thuang xuygn 35 13,8 15 6,7 50 10,5 Ngudn: Kgt qua khao sat d l tai luan an tign sT ciia tac gia, thang nam 2017 gg ^ _ ^ _ NguyinJhimElh^ Cdng chieng dugc sir dung kha da dang ddi sdng cua ddng bao: "Tir thuo sa khai, cdng chieng dugc danh len dd mimg lua mdi, xudng ddng; bidu hien cua tin nguong - la phuang tien giao tiep vdi sign nhidn, TSt ea eac le hgi nam, tir Id thdi tai cho tre sa smh ddn le bd ma, le eiing mang nuac Id mimg com mdi, lg ddng cira kho, Id dam trau hay mdt budi nghe khan ddu phai cd tidng cdng chieng nhu la thir dd ndi kdt nhung ngudi cimg mgt edng ddng, Trong cae budn lang xua, eong chieng thuang chi duge sii' dung nhirng Id lem ciia gia dinh, dong tdc hoae cgng dong budn lang, thi cung cai khdng gian iy, vide bidu dign cho khach du lich da trd ngn mdt hidn tugng khdng hiem, ndu nhu khdng mudn ndi la kha phd bien" (Theo Mytour.vn: Khdng gian van hda cdng chieng Tay Nguyen, https://mytour.vn/loeation/4915-khong-gian-van-hoa- eong-chieng-tay-nguyen.html) Cdng chidng eung dugc sir dung kha da dang ddi sdng tinh than eua dong bao Co-ho Bdi vi '"Li mimg thp tr& thdnh nip sdng cita ngu&i Ca-ho, dugc to chicc bdng nhimg trdu, bo mpt s6 hd ldm heo vd to chuc ddnh cong chieng Tren dia bdn tru&c day ed khodng 10 den 11 dgi nhom cdng chieng, bdy gi& den 10 nhom hogt dong Muc dich hogt dpng ciia cdc dpi nhom cong chieng Id de giao luu sinh hogt dai song vdn hoa viec td chiec ddnh cdng chieng cdng dugc dien gia dinh, thu&ng Id cdc dip vui chai nhay mua, ddm ma, ddm hoi Co mot so du khdch t&i tim hieu ve vdn hoa cong chieng nen giao luu vdn hoa cong chieng khong bo hep gia dinh md ma rgng phgm vi giao lieu v&i khdch du lich vd ngodi nu&c Cdc hogt dgng ndy dd gop phdn ldm tdng thu nhdp kinh ti cho cdc hp gia dinh" (Nam, 34 tudi, can bd van hda, thj tran Lac Duang) Theo kdt qua khao sat ciia ehung tdi, hon 10 nam trd vd truac, lg hgi cdng chigng duge td ehiic vao nhiing djp nhu: Id ky niem ciia dan tdc Co-ho (52,2%); cuoi hdi (53,5%); hdi ciia cac dan tdc (27,5%); dam trau (26,2%); boat dgng the thao, du lieh (23,1%); mimg Ilia mdi (18,8%); va mdt sd djp khac vdi ty le khdng dang kd Thdi gian gan day, Id hgi van hda cdng chieng thudng td chirc chii yeu vao nhirng dip: td chiic cac boat ddng the thao/du lich (80,1%); hdi van hoa ciia cac dan tgc (64,3%) (cd xu hudng tang len dang kg); lg Tgt hay cac le ky niem ciia dan tdc Co-ho (30%); eudi hdi (28,9%); va cac djp khac nhu lg hgi dam trau, mimg lua mdi, bd ma, ma chay, Noel cd xu hudiig giam di so vdi hon 10 nam trd vd trudc Ve y nghia, van hda cdng chieng tdn lai nhu mdt cong cu giao tiep - phuong tidn thdng tin cho cdng ddng (45,1%) (Kdt qua khao sat cua dd tai luan an tien sT thang 2/2017), la thdng diep ma cac vign eong ddng mudn giri gam va la nidm tu hao ciia ho mdi nghe thay am hudng ciia cdng chidng Song, y nghia lg hdi cdng chidng co xu hudng "bien tau" va ''thay ddi" kha nhieu "'Tru&c het Id de giao tiep ngodi cong cu Id dm nhac thudn tdy thi cong chieng cd tieng ndi, Id tieng cong, tieng chieng Vi du don khdch thi co nhip dieu rieng cua ddn khdch; vui nhpn thi nhip dieu cdng nhanh han vd Tap chiDdn tpc hoc so 5-2019 dm dieu tdng len, ldm cho khong le hpi tdng len Hoac ddm ma thi go nhirng tiing cong chieng rdt tram, buon Cong chieng the hien dugc tieng noi, cdi hon cua ngu&i, cm ddn tpc Tdy Nguyen vd ngu&i Ca-ho & Ldm Dong Khi nghe tieng cong chieng nguoi ta cdm thdy tinh thdn sdng khoai, cdm gidc rdt gdn gdi v&i que huang ddt nu&c Noi chung, cong chieng co bdy gia mdt ddn roi thdnh dm hu&ng cua no nghe khong dugc tot bang hoi xua Tru&c tham gia ddnh cong chieng chu yeu Id nhuTig ngu&i nam l&n tudi, cd gia dinh, ho cd kinh nghiem, liy ndng ddnh cong chieng & tdm dieu luyen Ngu&i tre cdng hpc, cac lap dgy ddnh cong chieng dugc ma de ddo tgo vd tri vdn hoa cong chieng, thdnh bay gia ciing co the ddnh dugc, nam nie deu cd the hpc vd ddnh cdng chieng" (Nam, 64 tudi, Can bg huu tri, giang day tidng Ca-ho, thj tran Lac Duong) Ngay xua, cae dip de danh cdng chieng kha da dang, nhung nay: "Cai ndy theo chu biet thi hoi xua, luc chu m&i ve, Id luc chua co ddn nhgc, ddm cuai chua co dm thi idy cong chieng ddnh, hoac neu tiep khdch, tuc la khdch vo nhd minh thi cdng ddnh cdng chieng de ru&c hp hang, Con bdy gia co ddn nhgc nen ho luon cdi cong chieng Md theo chii khdng phdi Id ton gido ton gido Id cdi ndo cdm thi cdm cdi cong chieng Id khdng cdm dugc, cd dieu th&i bdy gia khong nhu th&i tru&c" (Nam, Trung nign Ban chap su Tin lanh Ta Nung) Bgn canh do, lg hdi cdng chigng duge xem nhu "cong cu giao tiep giiia ngudi vdi than linh", cd 45% y kidn eho riing y nghia van cdn tdn tai cdng ddng buon lang Van hda cdng chieng la ddu i n thd hien ban sac ddc dao ciia cac dan tdc Tay Nguydn va 81,7% y kign cho r4ng nd cd y nghia "bao tdn van hda dan tdc" Ben eanh dd, 36,3% y kign cho ring Id hgi van hda cdng chieng eiing tdn tai nhu mdt hinh tbiic "giai tri" va 39,7% cho rang van hda edng chieng dd "giao due Idng tu tdn dan tge cho chau" Van dd lign quan dgn nhiing quan diem ciia ngudi dan: "Thie nhdt, minh ldm cong chieng, minh da co cdi mdu san ngu&i dugc ong bd truyen lgi Ddnh cong chieng de am hieu ve coi ngudn cua minh Chinh cdng chieng chi cho cau biet cau Id ai, cdu den tie ddu Thic hai, xd hoi hien dgi cong chieng giup mgi ngu&i kit ndi v&i Vai tieng cong chieng, cm ddnh thi toi nghe di ngodi du&ng toi cUng tim din nghe Dgy ngu&i khde ddnh theo cdng Id mot cdch di gin gid; bdo ton Thu: ba, viec ddnh cong chieng cung Id hinh thuc de kinh doanh, b&i khong chi bieu diin buon ldng, & ngodi bdt ki chd ndo neu co nhu cau ngu&i ta se thue dpi cong chieng din bieu diin tie mang lgi nguon thu nhdp nho cho gia dinh" (Nam, 30 tudi; Lam nghd thuat cdng chidng, thi tran Lac Duong) Ngoai nhimg y nghia truygn thdng va dam tinh dan tgc, le hgi van hda cdng chidng cdn cd tinh "cdi ma", huang ddn cac gia tri mdi va "giao luu, tidp bidn" nhidu ban Vi vay, y nghia "quang ba du lieh, van hda" chidm ty le rdt cao tir kit qua nghign cuu (72,4%) Qua eac cude trd chuyen cung ngudi dan Ca-ho, chiing tdi dugc bidt: 'Todn khdch 90 N^n-^nJ]uNhu Thiiy du lich thdi, nhieu tru&ng hop ngu&i ta len dgt cam dn roi xem cong chieng Mdt mam cam thu&ng cd dii: gd doi, cam lam, chdo, thit trdu vd nhieu logi thjt khac Sd tien cho mam cam khodng hon mpt trieu, vica dn vica xem cdng chieng Co ngu&i chi mudn trdi nghiem viec ddnh cdng chieng vd khdng dn, nhien phdn da khdch dodn dn xong hp xem cdng chieng luon" (Nam, ngudi Kinh, 35 tudi, can bg cong an thi tran Lae Duong) Hien nay, du khaeh va ngoai nude ddn xem Id hdi cong chidng kha nhigu, qua hg c6 the giao luu vdi nhau, du khach vira an vira thudng thiic lg hgi Nhu vay, van hda cdng chidng hien khdng chi xuat hien nhung hgi Idn ciia dan tdc, ma edn cd tac dung quang ba du lich ciia dia phuang Tuy nhidn, dd Id hgi cang thu hiit dugc nhidu du khach thi dia phuong cung can cd chinh sach bao tdn Vira qua, 11 ddi (nhdm) cdng chidng d thj tran Lac Duong dugc lap va td ehiic boat ddng kinh doanh phuc vu khach du ljch, gdp phan bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda, ddng tbiri thiic day su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi eua huyen Lac Duong ndi chung va thj tran Lac Duong ndi rigng, tao viec lam va thu nhap eho nhiing ngudi tham gia Nhirng boat ddng ciia nhdm cdng chigng da chap hanh tdt ve thdi gian bieu dign, dam bao an nmh ehinh tri, trat tu an toan xa hdi d dia phuang (UBND thj trdn Lac Duong sd 02/BC-UBND, 2014) La mdt nhirng di san van hda phi vat thd dugc UNESCO cdng nhan, khdng gian van hoa cdng chidng da vu'on tam qudc td, day la niem tu hao ciia cae dan tde tai cho Tay Nguygn Vi vay, each thiie dd tri cac gia tri van hda cdng chidng cung cdn dugc chii trgng, tridn khai ddi sdng cgng ddng "Trong nam 2014, Phdng Quan ly di san thudc Sd Van hda - The thao va Du ljch tinh Lam Ddng phdi hgp vai Phdng Van hda - Thdng tin phd Da Lat td chuc mdt lop truydn day cdng chidng va trao chimg nhan cho 24 hgc vien la nign cua thdn" (UBND xa Ta Nung, 2014) Hidn da cd mdt sd lop day go cdng chigng tu phat cac nghe nhan cao tudi phu traeh vdi muc dich dd tham gia nhirng ehuong trinh van nghe qudn chiing, song each thirc vdn chi la nhdt thdi Hon nira, "cac nghe nhan nhi" ay thugc dugc mgt vai bai, chu ydu la de trinh dien Truac day, nien d Tay Nguygn danh dugc cdng chieng thdng thao va thudng trinh dien vao cac ll hgi Idn (Vien Nghign eim Phat trign Phuang Ddng, 2016, tr 214) Cling vdi su phat trien cua dat nude, nhu can hudng thu van hda va quan he giao luu qudc tg vg van hda dugc nang cao, cang ed nhidu du khach nude ngoai den tham quan du ljch va tim hieu ve van hda ciia cac dan tdc tai chd Tay Nguyen Vi vay, ngoai vide md lop giang day, nang cao cac hinh thitc tuyen truydn cgng ddng, can cd bao tang dg luu giir bd cong chieng, ddng thdi quang ba van hda cong chidng cgng dong qude td (xem bidu 1) Tap chi Ddn igc hgc sd5 - 2019 91 Bieu 1: Caeh thirc tri, bao liru ll hoi van hoa cong chieng eia ngircri Co-ho (Dan vi: %) 'i ; 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