Chính sách bảo vệ trẻ em có bố, mẹ đi lao động nước ngoài

CHINH SACH BAO VE TRE EM CO BO, ME DI LAO DQNG Nl/OC NGOAI: KINH NGHIEM CUA MOT SO QUOC GIA VA GOl Y CHO VIET NAM PHAM THI TINH * Tir khoa: lao ddng nude ngodi, quyen tre em chinh sdch bdo ve tre em, Ngdy nhgn bdi: 06/10/2019, ngdy gui phdn bi0n: 07/10/2019, ngdy duy?t ddng bdi: 16/12/2019 Vai trd cua chinh sach Iinh vvc bao ve, cham soc va giao due tre em "Chinh sdch" la thuat ngtt dupc sii dung rat rpng rdi ddi sing xd hpi, ddc biet Id cac vdn de lien quan den chinh trj vd phap luat Theo Tir dien tiing Viet Hodng Phe (chu bien) thi: chinh sdch duge hieu Id sdeh luge va ke hogch cu the nhdm dgt mgt m\ic dich nhdt djnh dua vdo dudng ldi ehinh tri chung vd tinh hinh Ihuc te de de chinhsdeh (HodngPhe, 1997,tr 157) Xudt phdt tu thuc le, chinh sdch can dupc nhin tii nhieu goe dp khae NIU nhin chinh sach nhu mpt hien tupng iTnh vd tuong doi dpc lap thi la nhihig tu tudng, djnh hudng, nhung mong muon ciia dang cam quyen qudn Ii cac hogl dpng: kinh te, chinh trj, xa hpi, hay van hoa, phap Iuat, Neu xem xet chinh sach uong moi quan he vdi chinh tri vd phdp quyen thi ngi ham khdi niem chinh sdch dupc hieu rpng hon (Dinh DOng ST, 2008), la: - Chinh sdch Id sy the hien cy the dudng loi chinh trj chung Tren co sd dudng loi, cuong ITnh chinh trj cua ddng de chinh sdch - Chinh sdch la co sd nin tang dl chi dinh nen phap luat Co the co chinh sdch chua dupc Iuat hoa, hoac khdng bao gid duoc Iuat hoa no khong phii hpp vdi thyc tien, nhung khong c6 phdp ludt phi chinh sach hay phap Iuat ngodi chinh sach Chinh sach Id Iinh hon Id npi dung cua phap lugt - Chinh sdch ludn gdn vdi quyen Iyc chinh tii, vdi dang cam quyen vd bp may quyen Iyc cong - nhd nude Chinh sdch Id Dang dl tren co sd nhthig quan diem, muc lieu chinh trj dupc the hien cdc nghj quyet, vdn kien ciia dang (khong co tinh bat bupc phdi thyc hien) * TS.; Vi^n N ^ i e n cliu Con ngii6i, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hpc x3 hpi Viet Nam Nghiin ctHi Con ngudf s66(105} 2019 ^^ Phgm Th} Tinh Cdc chinh sdch dupe nhd nude the che hoa bdng nhting quy djnh ch$t che vc trinh ty, thii tyc cdc quy tdc xu sy cd gid tri phap Ii mang tinh bdt bupc chung va dupc bao dam bdng sue manh cudng che ciia Nhd nude dupc gpi Id phdp luat Chinh saeh \ a phap luat Id hai pham trii rat gan gui, co nhiing diem giao nhau, phy thupc va tuong ho lan Chinh sdch la npi dung, phdp ludt Id hinh thiic Chinh sdch cd vai tro chi phoi, quyll djnh dii vdi phap iuat Chinh sdch mudn di vdo thyc tien thi phdi dupc ludt hda, niu khong ehinh sach rdt cd the chi la chiec "bdnh ve" Khi chinh sdch thay doi thi phdp Iuat cung phdi thay doi Ngupc Iai, phdp ludt Id cdng cy thyc tien hoa chinh sdch; la hinh thiic, phuong tipn the hien ciia chinh sach v l ll thuyit, phdp ludt Id eong cu de qudn li Nhd nude, qudn li xa hdi, bdo vp ehe d$ xa hpi, bdo vpti-gtty, an loan xd hdi, bdo ve cac quyin vd lpi ich hpp phdp cua cong dan Tuy nhien, phdp ludt vd chinh sdch co tinh tuong ho va phy thupc Ian nen tiiyc hipn bdt ki chuc ndng ndo thi cung cdn co cd chinh sach va phdp Iuat Do do, dl cap din chinh sdch mdt linh vuc, hogt dpng ndo ta can nghT den bao gom cd cac chinh sdch vd phdp lual Trong hogt dpng bdo ve, chdm sde vd giao dye Ire em ciing vgy, cdc chinh sach vd ph^ Iuat khong chi Id cong cy huu hieu de quan li nhd nude viec bdo ve cae quyen cua tre em, tao moi tiudng thuan Ipi cho su phdt trien vd hodn thien nhan each cua tre; md CO tac dyng phong ngira, ngdn chdn va xir li cdc hdnh vi xdm hai va boc Ipt tre em, bao gom ed viec logi bd nhttng nguy co gay ton hgi vd ngdn chdn cdc yeu to dang gay ton hgi cho tre nhdm lao dung moi trudng an todn, ldnh mgnh cho mpi trd em Mae dii vgy, hipn dgo diic, loi song va hdnh vi iing xu eua mot bp phdn Ire em dang trd noi Io ciia gia dinh vd xd hpi Tinh trang tre em bi xao nhdng, bj xdm hai, bj bgo Iye, bj Igm dyng; tre vi phgm phap ludt; dang Id nhtrng vdn de gdy bue xiic xd hpi Nguyen nhan c6 rat nhieu, nhung so co nhieu tmdng hpp Id tre co bo me Ii hdn, di lao dpng nude ngoai, Viec tre em thieu sy quan tdm sat tryc liep ciia bl, me khien khong it Ire bj anh hudng den tdm li, sue khde vd dgo due, loi song Trong phdi kl din Imdng hpp tre em co bd, me di lao dpng nutic ngodi Dieu doi hdi chiing ta phdi xem x6t Iai cdc chinh sdch co lien quan vd hpc hdi kinh nghiem cua mpt sd quoc gia vipc giai quyet vdn de vi su binh ddng va quyen lpi ciia mpi tre em Kinh nghiem ciia mpt so quoc gia vifc bao ve tre em cac gia dinh c6 bo mf di lao dpng nude ngoai 2.L Kinh nghiim cua Romania Theo Co quan bdo ve quyen tre em cua Romania (National Authority for Child Rights Protection - ANPDC), thdi diim ndm 2007 co hon 82.464 tre era cd it nhdt bl Nghiin cOu Con ngiM ag 9(105} loig Chinh sdch bdo vg ire em ho$c me hodc cd hai bl me di Idm viec d nude ngoai Trong do, co 26.406ti-eco cd bl vd me di Idm vipc d mrdc ngoai; 47.154 tre cd bd hodc me di Idm viec d nude ngodi vd 8.904 tre cdc gia dinh bl/me dcm than di lam viec d nude ngodi ANPDC cung cho rdng, so Ire em co cha me di Iam viec d nude ngodi thyc te cao hon nhilu so vdi so ma co quan cong bo Cac udc tinh tir du lieu mot cupc khdo sal vdi cac ddi nrpng hpc sinh tu Idp den Idp cho thdy 170.000 tre em co bl hoac me Iam viec d nude ngodi (trong dd, gan 35.000 tre co cd cha va me d nude ngoai, 55.000 tre chi co me va 80.000 tre chi co cha d nude ngodi (Miriam Munteanu, Elena Tudor, 2007, tr 12) Mpt nghien cuu cap quoc gia cua Romania thyc hien ndm 2008 UNICEF tdi ttpr udc tinh CO khodng 350.000 Ire em (7% long dan si, dp tuoi tu - 18) co bl me di lao dpng nude ngoai Trong d6, khoang 1/3 (126.000 tre) co cd bo va me di cu (mpt nua si la tr6 dudi 10 tuoi, hon mpt nua so Ire ndy ndm giua va tuoi va mpt nira khde Id tren tuoi; 4% so dd la dudi tuoi, 3% Ire phdi trai qua tren ndm khong co bl, me ben cgnh); 157.000 ire cd bl di cu va 67.000 tre co me di cu (UNICEF and Alternative Sociale Association 2008, lr.3) Viec ngudi Iao dpng d Romania di cu nude ngodi tim viec Iam Id khd cao, tuong ling vdi Id hdng trdm nghin Ire em thieu sy chdm soc tryc tiep ciia bo me mdc dii phan ldn cac Ire em ndy co the dupc bdo dam hon ve ddi song kinh te nhung vdi nhieu ti-^ em, sy thieu vang bo me d nhirng giai dogn phat trien dau ddi khdng gi co the bu ddp dupc Theo lugt, cac gia dinh co toan quyen lua chpn viec ldm vd noi ldm vipc, chinh phii khong the can thipp Tuy nhien, de ngdn ngira cdc tdc dpng khong mong muon xdy vdi tre em bo me vdng nhd thi ludt phdp Romania da cd nhiing quy djnh nhdm bao vp quyen tre em, nhu: Dieu 140 khodn 1, Luat so 272/2004 quy djnh de bao ve va phdt huy quyen ciia Ire em cdc gia dinh co bo, me di Iao ddng nude ngoai: Ngudi chudn bi di lao dpng nude ngodi co nghTa vy thong bdo cho He thing djch vy xa hpi dia phuong toi thieu 40 ngdy tmde di, vd thdi hgn di khong qud mot nam, cimg vdi id viec dua chi djnh ngudi thay the chdm soc tre thdi gian bd, me di lam viec d nude ngoai Cdn cii vdo giay chi djnh do, Toa dn se tham tra vd cap tam quyen chdm soc tre cho ngudi dupc chi djnh Trong thdng ddu, Vdn phong Phiic lpi xa hpi se gidm sdl vd dinh ki thang mpt ldn den kiem tra dieu kien vd viec nuoi dgy, gido dye tre roi bao cho chinh quyen dja phuong, tu chinh quyin co nhttng bien phap phii hpp de bao ve quyen lpi cua tre Neu qud trinh giam sdt thdy cd bdt ki nghi ngd ndo cho rang tre bj ngupc dai, bi xao nhdng, bi lam dyng, thong lin se lap lire dupc bao cho Tong cyc An sinh xd hpi Nghiin Cihl Con ngudf sg6(105} 2019 45 Phgm Thf Tinh vd bdo \e ue em: Neu phdt hien ire co biiu hieh giao du vdi cac dii tirpmg tpi pha"i' tiiongtinse dupc bdo cho Sd Dich vy ho tro xd hpi va T6ng cue tmdng Tdng cue Xa hpi ho trp vd bdo \ e tre em, dong thdi yeu cau sy hd trp ctia cdnh sat; NIU phdt hipn ire c6 ddu hieu cam xiic tinh thdn hay sue khde eo vdn dl, chuyen gia ldm li hodc bdc si sS dupc cir den de can thiep nhdm cai thien tinh trgng ldm li siic khoe ciia tre Tmdng hpp bo me khong tuan thii nghTa vu thong bdo cho he thong dich vy edng dja phuong ho^c chi djnh ngudi thay the chdm soc tre di lam d nude ngodi theo cdc dilu 142 143 cua Lugt si 272/2004 se bj xu phgt tiln tu 500 din 1000 lei He thing djch vy xa hpi dja phuong se cir ngudi chdm soc tre dpi chinh quyen co quyll dinh chinh thttc (Adrian Nicoleseu, 2017, (4) 209-214) 2.2 Kinh nghidm cua Philippines Tai chau A, Philippines la nhd cung cdp Iao dpng cho hon 100 quoc gia vd vimg Idnh till Din nam 2008, co khoang 10%/tlng ddn so 85 trieu ngudi Philippines (hon trieu) dang lam viec d nude ngodi, 72% Id Iao dpng ntt (Melanie M Reyes, 2008 tr.l) Ttr nhthig nam 1980, xuat khdu Iao dpng da dupc coi Id miii nhpn de phat trien kinh te d Philippines Nhttng ndm gdn day, Philippines chu trpng xudt khau Iao dpng ed lay nghe, chuyen gia thay vi lao dpng thdng ddi hgn nhu trudc Ndm 2017, lao dpng xuat khau giiip Philippines co nguon ngogi hoi len tdi 28,1 ti USD (ndm 2003 la 7,6 U USD) (Phucmg Linh, 2018) Do do, chinh sach doi vdi ngudi di lao dpng nude ngodi cung dupc dieu ehinh Nhung ngudi di lao dpng nude ngodi dupc coi la "ngudi hiing", dupc hudng cdc ehinh sdch uu dai ciia Chinh phii, nhu: dupc mien thui gia tri gia tdng, cdi dupc gidm hpc phi vd bao hiem y te, khong phdi xip hang xudt nhdp cdnh, Tuy nhien, ben egnh nhung qua ve kinh te, Iao dpng nude ngodi cung gay khong it dnh hudng tieu cyc Mot nhttng dnh hudng Id, nhihig diia tre bj bo Igi que nhd co nguy co cao trd thdnh nan nhdn ciia ede ngn xa hpi hoac gdp vdn dl ve lam li dnh hudng den sue khoe, hpe tap vd sy phat triin, Ld mpt nhiing quoc gia co so lao dpng di cu nude ngodi Idn nhdt thi gidi, Philippines luon quan tdm den viec thiie day vd bao ve quyen ngudi, quyin tre em Dieu dupc ghi nhan Uong Hiln phdp (Dilu 13 vl Cong li xd hpi vd Nhan quyin) Nguon Ipi tiiu dupc ttr ngogi hii xudt khdu lao dpng dupc diing de ddu tu phat Uien phuc lpi cpng dong lam dilu kien dl thyc hien chinh sach vl ddnh gia nhan phdm ngudi vd ddm bdo sy ton trpng ddy dii vl quyin ngudi Din Philippines dd ki kci 07 vdn kien qudc le ell loi vl nhan quyin va 08 hiep dinh v| an sinh xd hpi, co an sinh ue em vcn cac quic gia va vimg Idnh thi, nhu: Vuong quic Anh, Phap, Ao Tdy Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Canada, Thuy ST, Bi vd Quebec 46 Nghiin cuu Con ngiM sg$(ios} 2019 Chinh sdch bdo ve tre em Ben cgnh cdc to chuc xd hpi ddn su cung ddi nhdm ho tro cac gia dinh vd Ire em c6 ngudi di Iao dpng nude ngodi Ndm 2002, co 25 Vdn phong Phiic Ipi gia dinh dupc thdnh Igp vdi chuc nang cung cap thong tin, tu vdn va xdy dyng cdc mo hinh ean thipp Sd Lao dpng - Viec Idm vd Cyc quan Ii Phiic lpi Iao dpng ngodi nude cung cdp thong tin vd tu van cho cac gia dinh di cu Cac chuyen gia dua de xudt de gido vien quan tam/gidra sdt tre em cd bo, me di ldm an xa Neu phdt hien tre gdp vdn dl thi chinh giao vien sg co nhung tu vdn, thdm chi Id can thiep de giiip Ire co nhiing iya chpn dung ddn Ndm 2005, To chiic di cu d Manila vd Tmng tam di cu Scalabrini thyc hipn chuong trinh ddnh gid, tu van cho ngudi di Iao dpng nude ngoai vd tre em cd bl, me di lao dpng nude ngoai ve tdc dpng cua viec di xudt khdu Iao ddng tdi phiic Ipi ciia tre, vd phi biin thong tin cpng dong Ben canh dd, cdc nhd hogt dpng chinh sach vl bdo ve ngudi di cu vd tre em ciing dua cac khuyen cao nhdm lam cho cdc chucmg trinh co hieu qud vd gidm bdt nhiing anh hudng lieu cyc gay cho tre em bd, me vang nhd (Melanie M Reyes, 2008, tr 10) Theo cdc chuyen gia, sy thieu vdng bo, me thdi gian ddi d nhttng giai dogn phat trien dau ddi co anh hudng rat ldn tdi sue khoe, giao dye vd viec hodn thien nhdn cdch ciia Ire Trong d Philippines, tinh trgng tre co bo, me di Iao dpng nude ngodi dien khd bien, sy ddi cua cdc tmng tam djch vy Id nhdm cung cap nhiing phiic Ipi tot nhat cho tre 2.3 Kinh nghidm eua Moldova Tmde thyc trang ngudi lao dpng di cu nude ngodi ngdy cdng tdng d Moldova, Nhom chuyen gia bao ve tre em gom: nhan vien xd hpi, giao vien, nhd tdm Ii hpc, bdc sT gia dinh, canh sat, dai dien chinh quyen ciia dja phuong dd sdm dupc lap Vdi su menh cao cd la bao ve tre em khoi nhung nguy co va riii ro co the xay Moi chuyen gia CO Irdch nhiem vd quyen hgn rieng phdt hien mpt gia dinh dang co y djnh di Iam viec d nude ngoai hodc da di nude ngodi vd tre em bj bo lai Quy trinh giam sdt, phdt hien ciing nhu cac hogt dpng tu van, ho trp doi vdi eha me/tre em de hp c6 nhimg quyet dinh sang suot viec chpn Iya ngudi giam hp cho hp di Iao dpng d nude ngoai diu dupc nhdm Ihyc hien bdi ban Nhom dl quy dinh cdc budc thiit lap su giam hp doi vdi tre em co bl, me di Iao ddng nude ngoai, nhu: Tmde tien la sy thoa tiiuan gitta phu huynh, dua tre vd ngudi gidm ho Sau co su dong thugn ve ngudi gidm hp, vdn ban se dupc gui tdi co quan co thdm quyen vd Nhom chuyen gia bdo ve tre em dia phuong ve quyll dinh Iya chpn ngudi gidm hp Ngudi giam hp phai nop don xin giam hp cho ngudi dung ddu dia phuong va ban khai thdng tin dja chi lien lac, so dien thoai, noi Iam viec ciia cha me tre va thdi han hpp dong Sau dupc cdp quyen giam hp, thong bdo sS dupc giri cho Cyc Trp giiip xa hpi vd Cue Bdo ve gia dinh ve Nghien cuu Con ngudf sg6(105) 2019 47 Phgm Thi Ti'nh quyll djnh uy thde diia tre cho ngudi gidm hO Khi gidy Chung nhgn gidm hp c6 hip" Iye cung Id liic hoat dpng cua nhom chuyen gia bdo vp tre em dupc thyc hie"- 0"^ ' dp dyng vdi mpi tre em c6 bo, me/ngudi gidm hO Id cong dan Moldova di ldm vipc d nude ngoai bdng bat ki dudng ndo Ve chinh sdch, cd the ke den: - Quyll dinh sd 290 ciia Chinh phu Moldova vl viec phe duypt Quy ehi ban hdnh gidy chirng nhdn gidm hd tre em ddnh cho nhirng tre cd bd, me di ldm vi^e d nude ngoai quy djnh chi tilt: trinh hi, tiiii tyc vd cac thong tin vl nhan than ngudi de nghj g i ^ hp (ban li lich cua bd, mp tre; giay chiing nhgn ket hon/U hdn/khai hi ciia bd ho^c me tit, giay khai sinh, dja chi noi cu tni) vd ngudi gidm hp cimg cdc thdng tin ve diia tre dupc ^k nghi gidm hp Trong co cdc tinh huong: Tmdng hpp bo hodc me d nhd, mpt ngudi di thi ngudi d nhd ciing phai xuat trinh gidy chung nhan xae nhdn rdng hp co quyin vd trdch nhipm cua cd bl vd mp theo quy djnh cua Bp lugt Gia dinh Ban chung nhan dupc Iuu tai chinh quyin dja phuong noi hp cu mi dudi su gidm sat cua cac ca nhan, to chuc cd lien quan din viec chdm sde vd bdo ve tre vj thdnh nien tgi dia phuong NIU tre d cdc gia dinh eo bd, me/ngudi giam ho da di lao dpng nude ngoai md khong CO ngudi dgi dipn hpp phap thi chinh quyin dia phuong se chi dinh hinh thiic bdo vp tre Iheo khodn 2, dilu 12 cua Ludt si 140 (14/06/2013) vl viec bdo ve ddc biet ddi vdi tre em c6 nguy co vd tre em bj tach khoi bd me Cdc tl chiic/phdng, ban trp giiip xd hpi vd bdo vp gia dinh; Bp Chdm sde vd bdo vp ngudi chua nien se cdp gidy chiing nhdn cho tmdng hpp bd hoae mp trd d Igi nhd; giay chiing nhan ddi vdi tmdng hpp cd bd vd me deu di ma tr^ chua cd ngudi giam hO theo quy dinh tai phy lyc so vd so cua Quyel dinh 290 Giay chung nhgn ciing dupe cap cho dua Ire de biet ve ngudi giam hp Sau ngudi Iao dpng dupc cdp gidy phep di lao dpng nude ngodi, nhiem vy ciia nhdm chuyen gia vl bdo vp tre em bdl ddu Bdl ke hoan canh cua diia \xh va li nude ngodi ciia bo me chiing nhu the ndo, mpi diia tre deu dupc bao ve tren co sd binh ddng Quy trinh, kl ndng, nguyen tac Idm vipc, dgo due nghe nghiep dupc quy djnh chi tiet: vdi cac ehuyan gia, ngudi cd tham quyen d dja phuong, giao vien, nhan vien cdng tdc xd hpi, chuyen gia tdm Ii, bdc sT da khoa, canh sat Nhung ngudi tham gia cd nghTa vy ddm bdo tinh bi mgt ciia dtt lieu dupc thu thap thyc hipn nghipp vy, thdm chi cd sau cham dirt hogl dpng bao vp, tru tmdng hpp phdp luat co quy djnh khde - Lual si 180 (10/07/2008) ve di cu lao dpng, tgi Dieu 16, diem d vd Dilu 22 khodn (d) quy dinh: bl mp/ngudi gidm hp (cong nhan nhgp cu) cd nghTa vy npp cho co quan tuyen dyng da dupc Chinh phu phe duypt mpt ban xdc nhdn to chuc bdo v? tre em d NgNin evu Con ngiM sg6(l05) 20l» Chinh sdch bdo vg ire em dja phuong (noi di eu) ciia cha me, ve viec uy quyen gidm hp ti-e \'j nien (eon cua ngudi Iao dpng) d Igi ti-ong nude - Lugt s i 140 (14/06/2013) Dieu quy djnh cdc tiiii tyc xdc dinh, danh gid, ho trp, gidi tiiieu, giam hp va gidm sdt Ire em c6 nguy co vd tre em bj each li vdi b l me, ciing nhu co quan chinh quyin vd cdc td chuc chju trach nhipm thyc thi ludt Dilu dua cdc djnh nghla phdp li ve: "Tre em bj tdch khdi bd mp"; "Tham quyen ciia chinh quyen dia phuong"; "Co quan phy trdch khu vyc", viec bdo ve tre em cd b l me di Iao dpng nude ngodi Dieu 13 khodn quy dinh bd me cd y dinh di Iao dpng nude ngoai phdi thong bdo cho chinh quyen dia phuang biet tmde tiidng se chdm soc tre em hp di Ngodi cdn co Quyel dinh so 270 (08/04/2014) ve viee phe duyet Hudng dan lien ngdnh ca ehe hgp tdc de xdc dfnh, ddnh gid, phdt hien, hd trg vd gidm sdt cdc ngn nhdn tre em vd cdc ngn nhdn ed nguy ea bf bgo luc, xao nhdng, bf bdc lgt; Dieu 16 Ludt di cu lao dpng (10/07/2008); Bp ludt Gia dinh (26/10/2000) - Chuang 10 quy djnh vl bdo ve ti-e em cdc gia dinh co bo me di eu Co till noi, cac quoc gia co chien lupc xuat khdu Iao dpng Idn deu cd nhtmg chinh sdch, ke hogch nhdm bdo vp tre em bdt ke hp di nude ngoai bdng dudng chinh nggeh hay tilu nggeh Cdc chfnh sdch, cac hogt dpng chinh phii, to chuc phi chinh phu hay cdc to chuc xd hpi dan sy thyc hipn cung deu dupc quy dinh rdt chdt che va rat bai bdn, tdt cd deu nhdm bao ve tit nhdt cho nhiing diiati"ethieu vdng bo me Cdc nghien ciiu deu cho rdng, nhom tre c6 b l me di Iao dpng nude ngodi de gdp cae vdn de ve tdm li, bj stress dnh hudng den sttc khde, xao nhang viec hpc hdnh, hi Iam dyng bj bao Iyc, bi 161 keo vdo cdc hogl dpng ldi phgm vd le nan xd h§i, Do do, tre can dupc bao ve, dupc giiip dd kip thdi de cd the han che thdp nhdt cdc tinh huong xau xdy Lao dpng nvdc ngodi vd chinh sach bao vp tre em cua Vift Nam Theo so lipu thong ke ciia Cyc qudn ly lao dpng ngoai nude (Bd Lao dpng, Thuang binh vd Xd hpi), lao dpng Vidt Nam di cu nude ngoai lam viec tdng nhanh lien tiep ndm lien, tdt cd deu ndm sau cao hon nam tmde gan chyc nghin ngudi Cy the, ndm 2014: 106.840 nghin; ndm 2015 Id 115.980 nghin; ndm 2016 Id 126.289 nghin; ndm 2017 Id 134.751 nghin; ndm 2018 Id 142.860 nghin vd 10 thdng ddu ndm 2019 so len den hon 118 nghin (Bich Tram, 2019) Ben canh do, s i Iao dpng di cu bdl hop phap va s i Iao dpng hll hgn hpp ddng trin d Igi cdng bien Chdng hgn, ndm 2016 tgi Han Quoc CO 56% s6 ngudi Iao dpng Viet Nam trin d Iai sau het hgn hpp dong, din ndm 2019, ti lp 26% (MT Anh, 2019) Tgi Dai Loan, sd lao dpng Viet Nam chilm mpt niia s i lao dpng nude ngoai trin d lai (khoang 25.000); tai Thai Lan, Angola, Malaysia va mpt s i nude khu vye chau Au, lao dpng Viet Nam di cu bdt hpp phdp ngdy cdng tdng NgNin crt/ Con ngudf sg6(1QS) 2019 49 Phgm Thi Tinh C6 the ndi, Iao dpng Viet Nam nude ngoai ldm vipc dd cd nhCing dong g6p rat tich cyc vdo sy phdt trien ddt nude Theo udc tinh ctia chinh phii Iirpng kieu hoi lyc Iupng gui ve moi ndm tu 2.5 - ti USD Rieng tinh Hd TTnh; co nfim Iin?ngtiengui vl Id hon 4.000 ti dong, xap xi bang 50% tdng thu npi dja cua tinh (Kim Thanh, 2019) Chinh sdch xudt khdu Iao dpng khong chi giiip gidi quyet van de viec Idm, tdng thu nhgp cho ngudi lao dpng ma eon giiip thay doi dien mgo nhieu vimg que CJ nhthig dia phuong CO dong ngudi di Iao dpng nude ngoai, he thing co sd tdng khang trang, ddi sing ngudi dan dupc cdi thien giup cong cupe xda doi ngheo va xay dyng nong thdn mdi hoan sdm hon kl hoach Tuy nhien, no eung keo theo nhieu hp lyy, dd ddc biet phai kl din viec Ire em thieu sy chdm soc, gido dye tryc tiep ciia bd meTre em non ndt ve Ihl chdt va tri tue, cdn su chdm sde vd bdo ve ddc biet de CO thi phdt triin hdi hoa ca vl till chdt tri lue vd nhan cdch Sy thieu vdng bo, mp nhieu ndm liin nhttng giai dogn phdt triin dau ddi la nhttng tin thdt vd cimg Idn ddi vdi bdn thdn Ire ciing nhu vdi gia dinh vd xa hpi Vay lam the nao de cde gia dinh co the vira phat triin kinh tl vua thye hien dupe cac chuc ndng gia dinh va xa hpi, dde biet Id chuc ndng bao ve, chdm soc vd gido dye tre em, viec ndy da dupc Ddng va Nha nude ta quan tdm suit nhilu ndm qua Vdn kien Dgi hpi Ddng lan thu IX da neu: "Chinh sach chdm s6c, bdo ve Ire em tap tmng vdo thyc hien quyen tre em, lao dieu kien cho tre em dupe song Uong moi Uudng an loan va Idnh mgnh, phdt trien hdi hoa ve the chat, tri tu^, tinh thdn vd dgo diic" Dilu ndy da dupc cy the Chi thi so 20/2012/CT-TW ve tdng cudng sy ldnh dgo ciia Ddng doi vdi cong tdc chdm soc, giao dye vd bdo vp tre em tinh hinh mdi Trong Chien lupc quoe gia ve bao ve Ire em den ndm 2020 cung khdng djnh: "Ddm bao cho mpi tre em deu dupc bdo ve de giam nguy co roi vdo tmdng hpp ddc bipt, chu Upng bdo vf tre em de khong bj xdm hgi; tre em co hoan canh ddc biet dupc Up giup, cham soc de phyc hoi, hoa nhgp cpng ddng vd co co hpi phdt triin" Quyen tre em dupc bdo dam bdng van ban phdp li co gia tri cao nhdt, d6 Id Hiln phdp ndm 2013: "Tre em dupe Nhd nude, gia dinh va xa hpi bao ve, chdm soc vd gido dye; dupc tham gia vdo cac vdn de ve tre em Nghiem cdm xdm hai, hanh hg, ngupc ddi, b6 m$c, Igm dyng, bdc lot sue lao dpng vd nhttng hanh vi khae vi pham quyen tre em" (Dieu 37) Vd, rat nhieu cac vdn bdn luat, nhu: Ludt Tre em; Ludt Hdn nhan va gia dinh; Lugt Phdng chong bgo lye gia dinh; Ludt Binh ddng gidi; Ludt Hinh sy; Lual Dan su, Lugt Lao dpng; Ludt Bdo hiem y te; nhilu vdn bdn dudi ludt: - Nghj djnh sd 67/ND-CP (13/4/2007) ve chinh sdeh trp giup cdc nhom dii tupng bao trp xfi hpi lien quan den Ire em va cdc hinh Ihiic, mirc trp giiip d cpng dong, tgi nha vd cdc CO sd bdo trp xa hpi; Nghj djnh s6 13/2010/ND-CP vl siia doi, bl sung Nghj djnh 67; Nghiin cUi Con ngiM sgt(i0S) 20ia Chinh sdch bdo vg tre em - Quyet djnh sd 38/2004/QD-TTg ve chinh sach Ug giup kinh phi eho gia dinh, cd nhdn nuoi dudng trd em ml edi va tre bi bd roi; - Nghi djnh si 118/2010/ND-CP quy dinh chinh sach bdotixrddi vdi Ire em bi dnh hudng bdi HIV/AIDS d cdc eo sd giao dye vd tmdng giao dudng ; - Quyll djnh so 17/2007/QD-TTg ban hanh quy che tiep nhgn vd ho trp tdi hoa nhgp cpng dong cho phy ntt, tre em bj buon bdn tu nude ngoai trd ve: ehl dp trp cdp; ho Up vl y tl, vl tam li, ve thii tyc phdp li, ho trp hpc vdn hoa, hpc nghi; - Nghj djnh so 62/2009/ND-CP quy dinh Ue em dupc hudng trp cdp xd hpi; he em thupc hp gia dinh ngheo; ngudi ddn tpc thieu sd dang sinh sing lgi vung co dilu kipn kinh ll - xd hpi kho khdn, dgc bipt kho khan dupc nhd nude ldng the bdo hiem y tl vd dupc hudng 95% chi phi khdm, chtta bf nh; - Quyet djnh so 797/QD-TTg (26/06/2012) nang mue ho tro dong bdo hiim y tl cho ngudi tiiupc hp gia dinh can ngheo, tre em bj dnh hudng bdi HIV/AIDS thupc hp c ^ ngheo dupc hoti*ptoi thieu bang 70% miic dong bao hiem y le; -Quyll djnh si 239/QD-TTg (09/02/2010) vl phe duyet Dh an Phi cap gido dye mam non cho tre em tuoi giai dogn tu ndm 2010 - 2015; -Nghj dinh sd 49/ND-CP (14/05/2010) quy djnh mien giam hpc phi, ho Up chi phi hpc tgp va co che thu, sii dung hpc phi ddi vdi co sd gido dye thupc he thing gido dye quic dan tu ndm hpc 2010 - 2011 din ndm hpc 2014 - 2015; - Thong lu so 39/TT-BGDDT (29/12/2009) ciia Bp Giao dye ban hdnh' quy djnh gido dye h6a nhgp cho tre em c6 hodn cdnh kho khdn; - Quyet djnh s6 85/2010/QD-TTg ban hanh mpt sd chinh sdch ho trp hpe sinh ban tni va tmdng phd thong dan tpc ban tni; C6 rdt nhieu chinh sdch vd phdp ludt dieu chinh hoat dpng bao vp, chdm s6c vd gido dye tre em nhdm tao mdi tmdng an loan vd ldnh mgnh cho tre em Tuy nhien, cung giong nhu cdc chinh sach dii vdi xudt khdu Iao ddng, cho den chua ed chinh sdeh nao de cgp tdi viec bdo vp hay trp giiip eho nhom tre co bd, me di lao ddng nude ngodi ti lp lao ddng xudt khau mdi ndm deu tdng Vdi vai tro Id ngudi nghidn ciiu chinh sdch vd quan tam tdi tiiuc tien cua nhdm tre nay, COtillnoi: day Id khoang trdng Iuat phap va chinh saeh ciia Viet Nam viee bao vp quyinti-eem Cd 16 bdt ki cung khong khoi nang long tiirdc nhihig Idng (pho) que c6 rat nhieu ngdi nhd nguy nga, kiln tnic hien dai nhung phan ldn cira khoa, rat hiem nha c6 hoi dm nhu van gpi Id nhd Id "tl dm" Chii nhdn cac ngoi nhd phdn Idn van dang buon trdi phucmg xa dl kiim tiln hodn thien nha hodc de mua npi thdt sang, hdu hit hp Nghiin ctiu Con ngudf sg 6(105) 2019 Phgm Thj Tinh Id lao dpng thong vd ed thdm nien Iao dpng nude ngodi tren 10 ndm va hon the ntia Dilu dong nghia vdi tuoi tho cua thieu vdng sy chdm sde ciia h6 me- Nhieu gia dinh uong so co bd hodc me khdng nude ngodi nhung hp ciing di Idm cong ty, hodc di Idm xa que vd ong ba bat ddc dT ud thdnh ngudi chdm soc chtnh cho xre Vipc ngudi Iai d nude di lam xa xay bien d cac gia dinh tre eo mp di Iao dpng nude ngodi C6 thi noi, gia tdng xudt khdu Iao dpng Id chinh sdch mang tdm chiln lupc uong giai quyll viec lam, tdng thu nhgp cho ngudi lao dpng Tuy nhien, nd can dupc xem xdt Uong mii quan he vdi cdc dii tupng co lien quan, ddc bidt Id tre em de c6 bidn phdp hgn chi sy anh hudng Theo quy djnh tgi Dilu Lugt Tre em (2016) thi mpi quyel djnh CO lien quan din tre em, nguydn tde bdo ddm Ipi ich tit nhdt cua tre lu6n dupc ddt Ien hang ddu Do do, dl mpi tre em diu eo co hpi phdt tridn ldnh mgnh, tre em cac gia dinh co bl, mp di lao dpng nude ngoai cung dupc quan tam vd chdm soc kjp thdi cd vd thi chdt vd tinh thdn Id viec Iam cdn tiiilt trong boi canh di cu Iao dpng nude ngodi ngdy cdng tdng nhu hidn Viec bao ddm vd bao ve tre em mpi Irudng hpp khdng chi vi Vipt Nam da cam kit tham gia Cong udc Quydn tre em (1990) md quan trpng nhat Id vi tiJong lai cua ire, tucmg lai ciia gia dinh vd xa hpi Tre em Id cdc chii nhdn tuong Iai ciia nude nha cdn duge bdo vg va chdm soc dde biet, ke cd su bdo v^ dde biei ve mat phdp li trudc vd sau ddi (Ldi noi dau Cong udc Quyen tre em) Qua nghien cuu kinh nghiem ciia mot so quoc gia co chien lupc phdt trien vide Idm ngodi nude nhu Romania Philippines Moldova cho thdy: cdc nude deu ed cdc ehinh sdch va cac quy dinh rdt cu the \e bao ve Ire em cdc gia dinh cd bo, me di Iao dpng nude ngodi Ben canh cac to chiie xa hpi dan sy, to chiic phi chinh phu ciing tham gia rat tich eye vdo cdc hoat dpng tu vdn, giam sal, ho Up kip thdi cho tre em cdc gia dinh Philippines la nude co didu kifn kinh te, ngudn nhan lye gan gidng vdi Viet Nam nhung co kinh nghiem nhieu ndm van de xudt khau lao dpng vd gidi quyet cdc van de lien quan den tre em cac gia dinh Nghien ciiu lien quic gia ctia Elspeth Graham vd Lucy P Jordan ve sy di cu ciia bo me vd siic khoe tam li cua Ire em dupc thyc hien d quoc gia: Indonesia, Philippines, Thdi Lan va Viet Nam d^ dua kit iuan Ire em uong cac gia dinh c6 bd, me di lao dpng nude ngodi ciia Philippines it bj anh hudng ve mat tam li nhdt Philippines co kinh nghidm van dl ndy Philippines co h? thong dich \u vd dd ldm tot eong tdc tmydn thdng, tu van eQng nhu NgMin cuu Con ngitHf s66(los) 2Qia Chinh sdch bdo vg tre em cdng tdc lya chpn ngudi chdm sde thay the vd vai tro cua nhd tmdng dupc dl eao Cdc kinh nghipm Uong xay dyng chinh saeh ve bao vd tre em cac gia dinh eo bl, mp di Iao dpng nude ngoai ctia Rumani vd Moldova vd trinh ty vd cdc thii tyc bdt bupcddi vdi ngudi di cu viec tim ngudi cham soe, ngudi gidm hp tre va su tham gia tich cyc cua chinh quyin, cdc thdnh vien nhom bdo vd tre em Id nhttng gpi y hay eho Vift Nam C6 Ihl noi, khong phdi tdt ed tre em cdc gia dinh co bd me di Iao dpng nude ngoai deu Iam vdo tinh cdnh bj xao nhang, bi dnh hudng ddn tam Ii hay bi ke xdu loi kdo vdo dudng vi phgm phdp lual Thyc te dd co nhung tmdng hpp Ud em cac gia dinh ndy dupc bl hodc me d nha, hodc dng ba quan tdm, chdm sde vd dpng vidn cdc em hpc lgp rat tot vd rdn dupc tinh tu lgp rat cao Tuy nhien ciing co rat nhiluti-ebj xao nhang, Io la vifc hpc, bj ke xdu lpi dyng vd gdy nhidu chuydn dangtiec.Dieu ndy tmde tidn anh hudng tryc tiep den trd vd gia dinh, mdt khde n6 dnh hudng den trgt ty xd hpi, ki cucmg phdp Iuat vd luong lai la ganh nang cho gia dinh va xa hpi Do do, de giam thieu nguy CO trd em noi chung vd tre cac gia dinh co bo, me di lao dpng nude ngodi roi vaotinhtrgng Ire c6 hoan cdnh dac biet kh6 khdn, lac gid xin eo mdl vdi de xudt: Mpt Id, co ehl dua lao dpng di ldm vide d nude ngoai, doi vdi cac lao dpng dd CO can c6 thdm didu kien bdt bupc la gidy cam ket gitta ngudi di vd ngudi gidm hp hpp phdp ve viec chdm soc, nudi day vd dam bdo eho tre hpc het thong tmng hpc (cap 3) c6 xdc nhan cua chinh quyen dia phuang Hai Id, ehinh quydn dja phuang, ban Bdo vd vd chdm soc tre em dja phuong eo trdch nhifm gidm sdt, ho trp cdc gia dinh ndy Tmdng hop tre em Uong cdc gia dinh bd hpc hodc c6 cac biiu hipn bdt thudng (giao du vdi ke xau), hodc ngudi gidm hp co bieu hifn vi phgm cam ket (co hanh vi ngupc dai, lam dyng, ) thi Lanh dao dja phuong, ban Bdo vd vd chdm soc trd em phai cd trach nhiem can thipp Ba Id, cac dia phuang cd ngudi di lao dpng nude ngoai cdn tdng cudng tmyen thong nang cao trdch nhipm cua gia dinh, chinh quydn dia phuong, cac to ehiic dodn the, nha tmdng va hp hdng, Idng xom vide bao ve, chdm sde vd giao due Ud em Su quan lam, chia se, giiip dd ciia nhiing ngudi xung quanh giup hp ydn tdm vd edi md hon Bon la, ban Bdo vd vd cham soc tre em nen co kd hoach dinh ki hang thang hodc hang quy din tiidm hoi, dpng vien va chia se vdi gia dinh co ngudi di lao dpng nude ngodi dl phat hifn va hi trg hodc can thiep, dpng vien kjp thdi cac tinh huong xdy Do rat nhieu gia dinh ndy thudng chi ong ba vd chau nhd hodc chi cd dng hodc bd vdi cdc chdu nho ndn de co cac tinh hulng bdt ngd, kho giai quydl Nghiin ciiu Con ngudf sg 6(105) 2019 53 Phgm Thi Tinh Ket Iuan Di cu lao dpng nude ngoai d tdm vT md Id vdn d l kinh t l - xd hpi, mpt xu hudng mang tinh p h i bidn chiln lirgc Iao ddng - vide idm va thu hiit kilu hii gdp phan phdt Uiin ddt nude CJ tdm vi mo, vide lya chpn vide lam va noi ldm viec Id quyen cua moi cd nhan vd gia dinh, nhidn, viec di lao dpng nude ngoai cua nhilu gia dinh lgi anh hudng ddn xd hpi, dde bidt Id cac gia dinh cd tre em Vi vgy, vipc hpc hdi kinh nghiem eua cde quoc gia giai quydl cac van dd giua Chiln luge quic gia vd vipc ldm vdi Chien luge quoc gia ve bdo \ e cham soc vd gido dye trd em, uong cd vipc thye hien cam ket quoc td vd quydn tre em Id hdt siic can thiit nhdiji hai hda hda lgi ich gitta tre em, gia dinh vd xa hpi vi sy phdt tridn ben vung, vi trd em la luong lai cua moi gia dinh va xd hpi Thyc le cho thay, ngdy cdng cd nhidu tre em phai song xa bo me vi thyc trgng lao dpng Viet Nam nude ngoai lam viec ngdy cdng nhidu nhung chua cd ehinh sdch nao lien quan den hd Ug eho tre em cac gia dinh ndy Bdn cgnh do, vide thyc hifn cdc ehinh sach cho Ire em eung nhieu bat cap, d^c biet la doi vdi Ire em nong thdn, trd em viing sau, vimg xa, viing ddc bidt khd khan Cdc chinh sach xa hpi thudng cham doi mdi hon so vdi cdc chinh sdch kinh te Do do, chd su thay doi ciia chinh sach d tdm vT mo, cdc dja phuong cdn chu dpng dua cac chinh sdch qudn li linh hoal, hpp tinh nhung khong trdi vdi phdp luat Phdp ludt thudng di sau thyc tidn, phan anh thuc tien Trong dd, cdc ldng que deu d nong thon va chi la so it so vdi cd nude, ndn nhttng mdl trdi bdt cap tinh trang tre bd hpc nhidu, tl le li hon cao, ngudi vudng vao cdc ngn xd hpi tdng eung chua dii bang chiing dd dua.ra nhtrng dd nghj ldn nhu dilu chinh chinh sdch (xudt khau lao dpng), hay sua dii luat Do do, nhung d l nghi d tren thiet nghT cung la hgp li vd khong dnh hudng ddn Chidn luge xudt khdu lao dpng quic gia vd doi vdi dia phucmg cung cd du dilu kidn vd ngudn lyc d l thyc hidn Tai lieu tham khao Adrian Nicoleseu, 2017 The prelection of children with parents left for work abroad (Social Sciences and Education Research Review 4/2017) MT Anh 2019 "Nguai dan khong nen di lao dpng nude ngoai theo dirdng bdt hpp ph^n" (http://dangcongsan.vn/thoi-su/nguoi-dan-khong-nen-di-lao-dong-nuoc-ngoai-theoduong-bat-hop-phap-54I775.htnil) tmy cap 05/10/2019 Elspeth Graham and Lucy P Jordan 2011 "Migrant Parents and the Psychological WeilBeing of Left-Behind Children in Southeast Asia" Joumal ofMariage and the Family NgNin cuu Con ngiM sg 8(105) 2019 Chinh sdch bdo vg ire em Phuong Linh 2018 "Xuat khau Iao dpng Philippines: Con dao hai ludi" (httpsy/tuoitrethudo.com.vn/xuat-khau-iao-dong-ph i Iippines-con-dao-hai-luoi-d2053585 html), tmy cgp 12/08/2018 Kingdom ofthe Netheriands and Terre National analysis ofthe phenomenon of children left home by their parents who migrate abiioad for employment des Hommes: Families Without Borders; Children left behind? Parents gone abroad? Answers for professionals, (http://farahotare.md/viTi-content/uplo^ls/2D16/10/Guide-for-professionalspdO National study produced by Help Age Intemational and UNICEF Moldova 2010 Staying behind: The effects of migration on older people and children in Moldova Melanie M Reyes 2008 Miration and Filipino Children Left-Behind: A Literature Review (Miriam College -Women and Gender Institute (WAGIJfor the Lotted Nations Children's Fund (T/WC£F;.(https://www.academ ia.edu/35222751/Migratian_and_Filipino_Children_LeftBeh ind_A_Literature_Review Miriam Munteanu and Elena Tudor 2007 Impact of parents' migration on children left at home Salvati Copiii Save the Children Romania Hoang Phe 1997, Tirdien tieng Viet Nxb Da Nang va Trung tam Ttr diin hpc 10 Oinh Dung Sy 2008 "Chinh sach va moi quan hf giiia chinh sach vdi phap lugt hogt dpng lgp phdp", (https://thongtinphapluatdansu.edu.vn/2008/09/16/1673/), truy cgp 16/09/2008, 11 Kim Thanh 2019, "Lao dpng xuat khau ciia Viet Nam dang d dau so vdi cac nude?", (http://dangcongsan.vn/xa-hoi/lao-dong-xuat-khau-cua-viet-nam-dang-o-dau-so-voicac-nucc-538257.html), truy cap 04/10/2019 12 Bich Tram 2019 "Xuat khau lao dpng: Tiem nang nhung chi nen la giai phap ngdn hgn", (https://forbesvietnam.com.vn/tin-cap-nhat/xuat-khau-lao-dong-tiem-nang-nhung-chinen-la-giai-phap-ngan-han-82l2.html), truy cap 15/11/2019 13 Unicef Moldova 2008 Migration and the Rights of Children in Moldova 14 UNICEF and Altemative Sociale Association 2008 15 Jean A Pardeck, 2012 Children's Rights: Policy and Practice NgNin cAi Con ngudf sg6(105) 2019 55 ... lpi ciia mpi tre em Kinh nghiem ciia mpt so quoc gia vifc bao ve tre em cac gia dinh c6 bo mf di lao dpng nude ngoai 2.L Kinh nghiim cua Romania Theo Co quan bdo ve quyen tre em cua Romania (National... tinh huong xau xdy Lao dpng nvdc ngodi vd chinh sach bao vp tre em cua Vift Nam Theo so lipu thong ke ciia Cyc qudn ly lao dpng ngoai nude (Bd Lao dpng, Thuang binh vd Xd hpi), lao dpng Vidt Nam... tre em, viec ndy da dupc Ddng va Nha nude ta quan tdm suit nhilu ndm qua Vdn kien Dgi hpi Ddng lan thu IX da neu: "Chinh sach chdm s6c, bdo ve Ire em tap tmng vdo thyc hien quyen tre em, lao