KHO KHAN TAM LY CIJA HOC SINH DAU LOP QUA THAI DO DOI VOI HOC TAP Vu Ngpc Ha Vien Tdm ly hoc Dat van de Nghien cuu khd khan tam ly (KKTL) ciia hgc sinh (HS) dau Idp qua thai ddi vdi hgc tap xuat phat tir mgt sd co sd sau day: Thu nhd't, xiid't phdt td viec chuyen hogt dgng chii dao d HS di hgc lap J: Giai doan Idp la giai doan chdng gai va thir thach cugc ddi HS Nha tam ly hgc Phap Maurice Debesce ggi Idp la "trang sir mdi ciia cugc ddi dira tre", cd nha tam ly hgc khac ggi la "cira phan chia hai cugc sdng khac nhau", hoac "cira Idp 1" Diing trudc ngirdng cira nay, tre miu giao Idn budc vao hgc Idp gap nhidu KKTL ma chinh nhirng khd khan can trd su thich ling vdi boat ddng hgc tap cua cac em, din ddn viec tre sg hgc va ket qua hgc tap khgng cao Viec hieu nhiing KKTL ciia tre di hgc se gdp phan thao go khd khan cho tre [3, trang 261-262] Thu hai, xiid't phdt td vai trd cua thdi ddi vdi hogt ddng hgc tap: tam ly hgc, thai dg ddi vdi hgc tap dugc coi la mgt nhirng nhan td ddng vai trd ddng co thiic diy tinh tich cue cua HS ddi vdi hgc tap Tu nhirng co sd tren chiing tdi cho ring nghien ciiu thai cua HS diu Idp ddi vdi hgc tap la cin thiei Ddn thdi diem nay, cd rat nhidu quan niem khac ve thai do, chiing tdi tha'y quan niem sau phii hgp vdi nghien ciiu cua minh: Thai la trang thai sin sang vd mat tinh than va than kinh dugc td cbirc thdng qua kinh nghiem, cd tac dung dieu chinh hoac cd anh hirdng mgt each linh boat den phan irng ciia ca nhan vdi tai ca cac tinh hudng ma nd (phan ring) cd mdi lien he [1, tr 790] Thai ddi vdi hgc tap dugc bidu la trang thai sin sang ve mat tinh thin va than kinh cd tac dung dinh hudng cam xiic (mang tinh tich cue hay tieu cue) cua HS lien quan tdi viec hgc tap va sinh boat d nha trudng va dugc bieu hien qua nhan thiic, xiic cam va hanh vi O nghien cim nay, nhan thiic ciia HS Idp cdn chua rd net, nen chiing tdi tap trung tlm hieu sau hon thai bidu hien d xiic cam va hanh vi cua HS di hgc d trudng cung nhu hgc bai d nha 28 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC So (131) - 2010 Phuang phap va khach the nghien ciru Chiing tdi sir dung ket hgp cac phuong phap nghien ciai nhu didu tra bing bang hdi, quan sat, phdng van sau va thd'ng ke toan hgc, dd phuong phap dieu tra bing bang hdi la phuong phip chii yeu Cac phuong an tra Idi dugc cho diem theo mirc - - tuong irng vdi miic do: tren lan - de'n lin - khdng lin nao, hoac thudng xuyen - thinh thoang - khdng bao gid Khach the nghien cihi la 547 HS Idp d tinh Ha Ndi, Ha Tay, Ca Mau va Tra Vinh Nghien ciiu dugc thuc hien nam hgc 2007-2008 Ket qua nghien ciru Bdng 1: KKTL qua thdi ddi vdi hgc tap ciia HS ddu Idp Nhung bieu hien Khong dm ma van nghi hoc Buoi tdi vira hoc, vira choi Budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hgc Buoi tdi nhidu hdm chua hoc xong da di ngii Chua hoc bai budi tdi lin nao Khdng nin not moi tap viei* Danh thdi gian cho mon hoc yeu thich* Budi tdi hoc bai xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngii* Y thiic tu giac viec hoc bai va lam bai tap* 10 Su tap trung qua trinh hoc bai va lam bai tap d nha* DTB nhdm DTE 1,11 1,25 1,56 1,23 1,06 1,51 1,39 1,21 1,47 1,33 DLC 0,34 0.52 0.81 0,48 0,26 0,64 0,57 0,51 0,63 0,56 1,31 0,27 Ghi chit: Diem thap nhat - I, diem cao nhd't = 3, DTB cdng cao the hien KKTL qua thai ddi rdi hoc tap cdng nhieu NhUng menh de cd ddu * dugc clio diem ngik/c lai vdi nlulng nienh de Igi Tim bieu thai dg ciia HS dau Idp ddi vdi hgc tap, chiing tdi cd ging xem xet tir nhirng bieu hien nhd nhai nhu viec cac em nin ndt mdi tap viei, den each thiic vi hanh ddng mdi cac em lim bai d nhi va thdi gian cic em dinh cho viec lam bai tap d nhi, cung nhu thdi gian dinh cho mdn hoc mi cac em yeu thich Kei qua nghien ciiu cho thay so vdi bidu hien KKTL (KKTL hinh vi thuc hien ngi qui hgc tap; KKTL hinh vi thuc hien nen ndp hgc tap; KKTL hanh ddng dgc, viet lam toan; KKTL su tu chii chuyen trang thai tir hgc sang choi va ngugc lai; KKTL sir thiet lip cic mdi quan he giao tiep vdi ban) chiing tdi da trinh bay tren Tap chi Tim ly hgc [2], thi bidu hien KKTL qua thai ddi vdi hgc tap cua HS diu Idp la thi'p nhai (DTB nhdm TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd (131), - 2010 29 = 1,31; DTB trung vi ciia toan thang la 2.0) Dieu dd cho thay, da sd HS di hgc Idp cd thai dg hgc tap tdt Cd the tha'y ring, thai dg la mgt nhan td quan trgng de quyet dinh hanh vi ciia mdi ca nhin Ndu ca nhin cd thai dung din thi da sd cac trudng hgp ddu cd nhirng hinh vi khdng sai lech chuin muc xa hgi cung nhu nha trudng dat Viec HS mdi di hgc Idp da cd thai dg hgc tap tdt la mgt didu rat dang khich le Qua trao ddi vd thai hgc tap ciia HS ddi vdi hgc tap, da sd giao vien (GV) tieu hgc cho ring, HS di hgc Idp cd dugc thai hgc tap tdt phan Idn la nhd vio vi tri ciia ngudi GV tieu hgc ddi vdi HS Idp Vi tri ciia GV nha trudng tieu hgc khac vdi vi tri ciia GV trung hgc co sd va cac cap hgc khac Ngudi GV tidu hgc cd vi tri sd ca vd chd va vd ngudi (giao due tre) Cu the: Ve chil, nhin tdng thd tren toan qud'c thi ngudi GV tidu hgc day tii ca cac mon hgc (9 mdn), khdng nhu d cap trung hgc co sd trd len, HS phai hgc da mdn, da thdy co (mdi thiy cd chi phu trach dim nhan mgt mdn) Ve ngudi (giao due tre): Thay cd tieu hgc true dep giio due tie toan bg ca vd ngi dung vi thdi gian lam viec vdi tre ngiy, ben canh su hd trg ciia Ban Giam hieu, Hdi ddng su pham nha trudng Vdi vi tri sd nhu vay, cho nen quan he giira GV tidu hgc vdi HS tidu hgc cd anh hudng rat nhieu tdi mgi mat cua tre, dac biet li viec thao go KKTL cho tre di hgc dau Idp va giyp tre cd dugc thai dg hgc tap diing dan Ben canh dd, su quan tam diing muc ciia gia dinh ddi vdi HS ciing giir vai trd quan trgng de giiip HS cd thai dg hgc tap tdt Quan sat gid tap viei tren Idp chiing tdi thay trudng hgp chau Tr d Idp lA trudng Tieu hgc DK Ha Ndi la mgt minh chiing rii rd cho thiy anh hudng ciia su quan tim khdng diing cich tdi thai dg hgc tap ciia Trong toin bg tiet hgc, chau hau nhu khgng dd y ddn viec hgc ciia ca Idp Dudi ngan bin ciia chau chung tdi nhin thiy rai nhidu dd an va thiic ud'ng, chau vira hgc, vira an, vira ud'ng, cd luc chiu ngdi thing lung, cd liic chiu nira nim nira ngdi Trong cac ban cham chii nghe cd giing bai va thuc hien yeu cau ciia cd thi chau bin nhu khdng tham gia vio tiei hgc Cudi budi du gid chiing tdi da cd trao ddi vdi cd giao ve binh vi cua Tr thi cd giao cho biei: "do gia dinh nudng chidu qua nen biy gid GV rai vat vi de dua chiu vao ndn ndp hgc tap, GV da nhic nhd rat nhidu lin va cd ggi ca cha me de'n trao ddi nhung bd me cu sg d trudng an khdng dii no nen phai chuin bi cho that nhieu thirc an, vi cd le bd me cung khdng cd bien phap ky luat thich hgp nen chua thi'y chau cd tidn bd gl ca Cdn d Idp nay, ngoai Tr tdi cdn 39 HS khac nen khdng thd tip trung hdt su quan tim cho Tr mi inh hudng tdi cac chau khac" Nhu vay, anh hudng ciia cha me tdi thai dg hgc tap ciia la mgt vi'n dd ciing rii dang dd quan tam ban tdi KKTL qua thai ddi vdi hgc tap cua HS dau Idp Bidu hien khd khin rd nbii ma HS dau Idp giip phai la "budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hgc" (vdi DTB = 1,56) Theo quy dinh ciia mgt sd trudng tieu hgc miu nghien ciiu ciia chiing tdi va quy dinh da dugc phd bien tdi phu buynh vio budi hgp dau nim la mdi tdi HS Idp nen dinh 30 phiit de dn bai va chuan bi cho bai hgc mai, nhirng qua tuin di hgc, vin cd 4,8% HS 30 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC Sd (131) - 2010 miu nghien cuu "chua hgc bii budi tdi lin nao" Tuy sd HS khdng hgc bii budi tdi d nha chiem ty le rat it, nhung didu dd ciing ndi len rang, nhirng HS niy chua thuc sir cd hirng thii ddi vdi viec hgc, hgc tip chua phii li mdi quan tim hang diu ciia cac em Bdn canh dd, cha me ciia cic em niy cung thd o vdi vice hgc tip ciia em minh mi khdng dgng vien, nhic nhd hgc tip Cung cd the cac bac cha me quan niem viec hgc tap d trudng da li dii ddi vdi con, hay quan niem chuong trinh hgc d Idp qui de, nen phd thic viec day dd cho nha trudng Nhung, ndu khdng nhic nhd hgc tap d nhi thi viec ren luyen cho cd ndn ndp hgc tip tdt se khdng cd dugc hieu qua nhu mong mudn Trai ngugc vdi sd phu buynh thd o khdng quan tam tdi viec hgc ciia thi cd mgt sd phu buynh lai quan tim tdi viec hgc tap cua mgt each thai qui Mgt phu buynh cd hgc trudng tidu hgc KD Hi Ndi cho biei: "Chi biei khdng, em bi stress nang lam rdi vi cai viec hgc ciia be nhi em Hang ngiy ngoai tieng d co quan cdn vd nhi mgi viec em phd thac cho dsin, em chi kem em hgc Em khdng cdn thdi gian lam bit cii viec gi ngoii ve sinh ci nhin va kem hgc thdi Cd em ben canh li nd hgc diu day, nhung khdng cd em la nd chenh ming Mdi tdi em bit tip viei tieng, tap lam toan tieng, ngoii li chuin bi sach vd cic mdn khac cho ngiy hdm sau The mi khdng cd me ngdi ben canh la khdng chiu viei, khdng chiu lam toin, me khdng chuin bi sach vd cho li hdm sau di hgc thieu Em chei mii thdi chi a Lai cdn cai benh dai dim nira chii Gin tudi den noi rdi ma hd bim li dai dam udt hdt ca dem v.v " (N.T.H, nir, 32 tudi Hi Ndi) "Em ching biet lam nira chi a Em kem thing cu nha em rii ciiat, tdi nao in com xong cho nghi 30 pbiit rdi bit ngdi vao lim toan vi tip viei, tip dgc de'n tan lOg dem The mi hgc hanh ching gi Cd giio bao d Idp nd khdng tap trung, cac ban viet xong bet rdi nd vin cdn nira bii, lam toin thi nhanh nhung cd cd diing canh thi lam, cd khdng diing canh la nd ngdi choi ngim cac ban, nen tir hdm di hgc ddn gid ching dugc ndi didm 7, em budn niu hdt ca ngudi" (Tr.V.S, nam, 36 tudi Ha Ngi) Qua tam sir ciia cac bac phu buynh cho thiy, viec cha me quan tam thai qua tdi viec hgc tap ciia rd ring khdng mang lai hieu qui nhu mong mudn, nhieu cdn ngugc lai Thuc td da chii:ng minh ring viec bit tre viei nhieu se lim cho tre de chin nin, mdi tay vi cing viet thi chir lai cing xiu Lien quan ddn viec tip viei cua tre cho thiy hanh vi nin ndt mdi tap 'viet the hien su cin than ciia tirng em vi the hien thai dg yeu thich ciia cic em vdi mdn tip vidt Cd 17,7% HS yeu thich nbii la mdn tap vidt (xdp thii tu sd nhirng mdn hgc dugc yeu thich nhai) Cd ddn 57,5% HS dugc hdi luc nio cung nan ndt vidt, 34,1% HS liic nin ndt, liic khdng vi chi cd 8,4% HS khdng bao gid nin ndt mdi vidt Danh gia ciia HS ve viec tap viet cd su khac biet so vdi dinh gia cua cac GV chii nhiem ciia cac em Theo GV, cd 40,4% HS liic nao cung nin to ndt vidt, 53,1% liic nin ndt, luc khdng vi chi cd 6,9% ching liic nio nan ndt ca Nhu vay, sd cac em tu nhan minh khdng bao gid nin ndt cao hon so vdi danh gia ciia cd giao (8,4% so vdi 6.9%), nhung sd HS liic nio ciing nin ndt viei TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd (131), - 2010 theo danh gii ciia cd lai thip hon so vdi tu danh gia ciia HS (40,4%- so vdi 57,5%) Didu cho thi'y, chua ddn mgt nira sd HS miu nghien cim td can than vidt Trong sd nhirng mdn hgc ma HS yeu thich thi mgn Toan xdp thii nhat vdi 44,9% HS lira chgn, xdp thir la mgn tidng VietAFip dgc vdi 26,4%^ lira chgn, thii ba la mdn MT thuat vdi 21,6% va thii tu la tap vidt vdi 17,7% sd HS lua chgn Trong sd nhung mdn hgc ma HS lira chgn la minh yeu thich nbii cd 65,3% HS danh nhidu thdi gian cho mdn hgc minh thich nbii Cd 30,1% danh it thdi gian va cd 4,6% HS yeu thich mdn hgc nhung khdng danh thdi gian cho mdn hgc dd nhieu hon so vdi mdn khac Thai dg ddi vdi hgc tip ciia HS cdn dugc the hien qua each thiic hgc bai ciia cac em Cd 83,9% HS tra Idi thudng xuyen hgc bii xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngii, 11,3% ddi chua hgc bai xong da choi hoac ngii va chi cd 4,8% la cd the choi hoac ngil bit ki liic nao cic em mudn Danh gia ciia cha me HS, nhu'ng ngudi true tidp theo ddi viec hgc tip ciia hg chua tuong ddng vdi tu danh gia ciia Theo cha me, cd 78,1% sd HS thudng xuyen hgc bai xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngii, 15,7% ddi chua hgc bii xong da choi hoac ngii va cd tdi 10,9% khdng can hgc bai xong da choi hoac ngii Nhu vay, sd HS ma cha me nhln nhan li hgc xong mdi choi hoac ngii thap hon so vdi tu danh gia ciia HS va vay sd khdng can hgc xong bii da choi hoac ngii lai ting len so vdi nhin nhan ciia cac em Thii ddi vdi hgc tap ciia HS cdn the hien qua y thiic tu giac hgc bai vi lam bai tip d nhi Cd 61,1% HS ddn gid hgc tu ngdi vao ban, cd 31,1% cd phai nhic nhd va 7,9% ludn ludn phai nhic nhd mdi chiu hgc Danh gia cua phu buynh (PH) HS vd van de khac xa tu danh gia ciia hg Ndu nhu sd HS tu nhan den gid hgc tu ngdi vao ban khdng cin phai nhac nhd la 61,1% thi theo cha me cac em chi cd 35,3% la khdng cin nhic nhd, vi cd tdi 15,2% ludn ludn phii nhic mdi chiu ngdi vio ban hgc Nhu vay, y thirc tu giac hgc bai va lam bai tip d nha ciia HS Idp chua cao Da sd cic em chua cd thdi quen ddn gid hgc la phii ngdi vao ban Nguyen nhin cung the hien khd khan dac trung cua HS dau Idp cac em mdi di hgc d trudng phd thdng vi dang qua trinh binh thdi quen hgc bai vi lam bii d nha Tir diy cdn cho thi'y, ndu cha me khdng ddn ddc, nhic nhd viec hgc tip d nha thi thdi quen hgc tap se rii khd hinh va neu cd hinh cung khd dugc tri Va dd se inh hudng tdi ket qua hgc tap ciia HS khdng chuin bi bai d nha, ciing nhu anh hudng tdi qua trinh thuc hien ndn ndp, ndi qui hgc tip cua cac em d trudng Qua y kidn ciia cac bac PH, cd 43,5% HS lam bai thudng lam xong bet mdi dii'ng len, 46,4% qui trinh lam bai thinh thoang dirng len ngdi xudng hoac lam nhirng viec linh tinh va 10,1% HS lien tuc d trang thai vira hgc vira choi Nhu vay, chua den mgt nira sd HS miu khao sat da tap trung hgc bai d nha Da sd y kidn tren diy ciia cac bac PH dugc phdng vi'n sau ddu cho ring, khdng nen bat HS Idp hgc bai d nha vdi thdi gian dai va nhieu bai tap, cd vi PH mdi tdi chi bat ngdi hgc 30 phiit dd cd cha me yeu cau hgc hoac tidng ddng hd 32 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC Sd (131), - 2010 "Mdi tdi vd nha em phai dinh vat vdi vl bai cd giao giao vd nha tap viei nhieu qui Em thi chi mudn chau hgc khoang 30 phiit mdi tdi li vira, nhung me chau bit nd phai vidt hdt bii cd giao, rdi cdn lam them bii me giao nii'a Nhin cdng lung vidt mdi ca tay, rdi ngip ngin ngap dai lim toin mi bd sdt hdt ca rudt Chi vi viec hgc ciia d nha mi nhidu hdm vo chdng em gian nhau" (PVS Tr.M.S, phu buynh I IS Idp 1, Hi Ngi) Rd ring, chinh cic bac cha me HS cung khdng hidm cic cap khdng thd'ng nhat dugc thdi gian cho hgc d nhi Qua trao ddi vdi GV dang true tiep day Idp 1, cac cd giao cho ring, thdi gian hgc d nhi ciia tre Idp khoing tir 30 den 40 phut li phii hgp Giira khoang thdi gian cd the cho nghi giii lao phiit Ndu bit tap vidt hoac lam toin thdi gian ca tieng ddng hd hoac hon the nira, se khidn tre met mdi, keo theo li sir chin nan hgc tip d tre Do vay, cic bac cha me ciing cin luu y bd tri gid hgc cho Cha me phii can cu vao thich irng ciia mdi tre de xip xep gid hgc ciia cho hgp ly Bdng 2: Nlulng khdc biet ddnh gid ve KKTL thdi ddi vdi hgc tap xet theo mgt sd tieu chi ——^- ^ Do chenh lech ve DTB (d) gida ——-. _Jiainh6m khdch the Nhiing KKTL — ^ _ Khong dm ma vin nghi hgc Budi tdi vira hgc, vira choi Budi tdi choi xong rdi mdi hoc Budi tdi nhieu bom chua hgc xong da di ngii Chua hoc bai budi tdi lin nao Khdng nin ndt mdi tap viei Danh thdi gian cho mdn hoc yeu thich Budi tdi hoc bai xong rdi mdi choi hoac ngil Y thiic tu giac viec hoc bai va lam bii tap 10 Su tap trung qua trinh hoc bai va lim bai tap d nha DTB nhdm Nam vd nd (dl) 0,18*** i 0,02* -0,03* i i 0,13** Thdnh phd vd nong thdn (d2) -0,08*** -0,15*** 0,45*** -0,08*** -0,06*** -0,02* 0,11* -0,09*** 0,01* i Ghi chit: Tren bdng chi hien thi nhiing gid tri cd y nghia ve mat thdng ke vdi d* P