Phân tích khó khăn tâm lý ở trẻ em sống trong cơ sở bảo trợ xã hội qua hai trường hợp điển cứu

PHAN TICH KHO KHAN TAM LY TRE EM SONG TRONG CO SO BAO TRO XA HOI QUA HAI TRUONG HOP OIEN CQU Nghi6n ciiru ndy di/oc tai trg bdi Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi 66 tdi ma sd QG 16.41 TS Nguygn Ba Dat Khoa Tdm ly hpc, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoe Xd hdi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpe Qudc gia Ha Npi I T6M TAT Thdng qua hai trudng hap diin eiiu, nghiin aiu dd ehi rdng, khd khdn tdm ly a tre em cd hodn cdnh dgc biit khd khdn dang dugc nudi duang cdc ca sd bdo trg xa hpi Id nhiing hifn tugng tdm ly bdt lgi cdn trd hogt dpng cua tre Trudng hgp thd nhdt, khd khdn tdm ly ciia tre Id su uc che cdm xdc mdi gdp mf de khien cho su gdn giii giiia hai mf bi cdn trd Trudng hgp thir hai, sir nhdn thiic tiiu cue vi hogt dpng the chdt ddn den tre khdng lua chgn vd uu tien hogt dpng ndy cupc sdng Kit qud nghien ciru gpi md mpt so hudng nghien cuu mong tinh hi thong vd chuyin sdu ve nhiing khd khdn, rdi logn tdm ly cdc yiu td nguy ca vd bdo vf gidp Ire trdnh gap phdi nhiing khd khdn, rdi logn tdm ly Tir kh6a: Khd khdn tdm ly; Tre em; Casd bdo traxa hpi Ngdy nhgn bdi: 19/9/2016; Ngdy duyft ddng bdi: 25/10/2016 Dat vin de Khd khin tim ly li nhihig hi?n tupng lim ly bit Ipi, can trd c i nhin thuc hi?n hoat dpng cd myc dich Trong Tim ly hpc lim sang v i Tim benh hpc, cd mpt so khii ni?m lidn quan vdi nhu khd khin tam ly, rdi loan tam ly, rdi nhieu tam ly Npi him ciia nhiimg khii nidm niy tieng Vi?t cd sy giao thoa, dan xen v i bd simg cho Chiing ta cd thd xem xdt cic khii nidm niy tir gdc dp chirc ning, chin doin lam sing vi vin hda x i hpi Xdt vd mil chiic ning, cac khd khin tam ly ddu giy su khd chju v i cin trd c i nhan thyc hi^n cic chirc ning cic hoat dpng Uong cupc sdng hing ngiy Tuy nhien, miic dp khd chiu v i cin trd c i nhin thyc hidn cac chirc ning, TAP CHl TAM Ly HQC, Sd 11 (212) 11 - 2016 55 hoat ddng cic hien nrpng tam ly niy gay la khic Khd khin tam ly mang tinh tinh hudng, can ud ci nhin thuc hidn mot hoat dpng cy thd Uong timg bdi cinh Trong dd, rdi loan tam ly lam suy giim vi gay rdi l o ^ chiic ning [1], cin Ud ca nhan thyc hien cic hoat dpng khae uong cupc sdng, lir hoat ddng hpc tap, lao dpng, vui choi, giai ui ddn hoat ddng ve sinh ca nhan Ching han nhu uim cim - mdt dang rdi loan lam ly cd thd cin u* ci nhan thuc hidn mpi boat ddng Vd mil chin doin lim sing, khd khan lim ly dupe danh gia gin vdi cic linh hudng, boat ddng cy the Rdi loan lim ly cd tieu chuin chin doin ch|it che theo DSM-V hoic ICD-10, thdng qua cic cdng cy nhu quan sal, phdng vin lam sing hoic cic thang do, trie nghidm lam sang Rdi loan tam ly mang tinh lip di lip lai, keo dii uong mdt khoang thdi gian nhit dinh Xet ve mil vin hda xi hdi, khd khan lam ly mang tinh ci nhan, gin vdi cic ydu to lam ly ea nhin khdng bj dinh gia theo cic chuan muc dao dOrc xi hdi Ngupe lai, roi loan tim ly vira mang tinh ci nhan vira mang tinh xa hpi Paul Bennett (2003) cho ring, rdi loan tam ly mang tinh khic bi?t, hidm gip, sai Idch, vi pham cic chuin myc dao dire xa hpi [2] Do vay, rdi loan tam ly thudng hi dinh gii theo cic chuin myc dao diic xi hpi Vi?c khic phue va can thidp khd khin tam ly vi rdi loan tam ly ciing khic Khd khin tam ly, ci nhin cd thd ty vupt qua dupe thdng qua qui trinh lap luydn, thi diu vi hpc hdi due nit kinh nghi|m Rdi loan lam ly, d mirc dp nh^ ci nhan ed thd tu didu chinh va khic phyc, d miic dp ning rat cin sy can thidp chim sdc, giup dd ciia cic nhi tham vin, Ui lieu lam ly Khi rdi lo^n tim ly trd ndn trim Upng dupe chin doin li rdi loan tam than, rat can sy can thidp ciia y td Trdn the gidi, nhihig nim gin day rdi loan tam ly cua Ue em cd hoin cinh A^c bidl khd khin dang dupe nudi dudng Uong cic co sd bio trg xi hpi Ii chii dd thu hiit dupe nhieu sy quan tim eua cic nhi nghien ciru Tidu bidu nhit cd the ke ddn nghidn cihi ciia Jozefiak et al (2016) [3]; Bronsard et al (2016) [4]; Janssens vi Deboutle (2009) [5]; Attar - Schwartz (2008, 2009) [6, 7] Cic nghidn cihi d Viet Nam vd rdi loan lim ly d Ud em cd hoan cinh die bi?l khd khin dang dupe nudi dudng cic co sd bio trp x3 hpi di dupe thyc hien Uong nhihig nim gin day Nghidn ciru ciia Tran Thj Tii Anh vi ddng nghi?p (2014) ehi ring, tie em md cdi sdng tai cic trung tam bio trp xi hpi d thinh phd Hue cd ty Id rdi nhieu tam Iy cao hom so vdi nhdm trd em sdng cimg gia dinh d khia canh cam xuc, hinh vi img xur vi rdi nhieu tam ly rong tnrdng hpp ud md cdi cd mirc dp rdi nhieu tim ly cao vi keo dii, cin cd sy tham gia ho Up vd mil chuydn mdn sau cua cic nhi lim ly hpc, bic sT tam thin 56 TAPCHiTAMLyHQC.Sd 11 (212), 11-2016 nhi [8] Nghidn ciru vd sy ty danh gia ciia tie gia Biii Hdng Quan (2014) cho thay tre em lai cic trung tam bao Up xa hpi d phd Hd Chi Miiih ty daiih gii cao vd die didm thd chat, ning lyc hpc tap va ty danh gia thap vd giao tidp xi hpi so vdi tre em cd hoin canh gia dinh binh Ihudng dang hpc d Trudng Hermann Gmeiner Tuy nhidn, mirc dp phu hpp Uong ty dinh gii cua hpc sinh Trudng Hermarm Gmeiner vd die didm thd chit, nang lyc hpc tip, giao tidp xi hpi cao hon so vdi tre tai cic tnmg lam bao Up xi hdi [9] Qua tdng quan cic nghidn ciiru mi chiing tdi tidp can dupe, chiing tdi nhin thiy chua cd nhidu nghidn ciiru chuydn sau vi he thdng vd khd khin tam ly giy nhiimg Ud ngai, cin Ud Ud dupe nudi du()ng Uong cic co sd bio Up xa hdi thyc hidn cic boat ddng cQng nhu chua cd nhiing nghidn cim mang tinh he thdng ve cac ydu td anh hudng ddn cic khd khan lam ly ciia Ud Chinh vi vay, nghidn ciiu niy dil nhidm vy phit hidn nhirng khd khin tam ly d mdt sd Ud dang sdng uong cic co sd bio tig xi hpi, tip trung vao tra ldi hai cau hdi: (1) Tre em dang sdng Uong cic co sd bio up xi hpi gip nhihig khd khin lim Iy Uong nhihig boat dpng nio?; (2) Nhihig ydu Id nao anh hudng ddn tihihig khd khin tim ly dd? Khung ly thuyet vi gia thuyet nghien cihi Trong nghidn ciiu niy, chiing tdi tidp cin van dd nghidn ciiu lir ly thuydt nh$n thirc hinh vi cua CotUaux vi cpng sy (1985) Theo Iy thuydt niy, cic tinh hudng, cic boat dpng: hpc tap, sinh hoat nhdm, thd dye - thd thao, vd sinh mdi tnromg sdng xung quanh, phan img cua mpi ngudi xung quanh tic dpng ddn hinh vi ciia Ud dupe xem xdt Mil khic, didn bien lim Iy bdn ciia trd d cic khia canh nhu sy dy doan, cam xiie, nhan thiic, hinh vi iimg xii ciia trd Uong mdi tinh hudng, boat dpng cy thd dupe xem xdt Nghidn cihi niy xuat phit tir luan didm cho ring, lam ly ciia ngudi ludn phan inh thd gidi khich quan thdng qua chii thd vi thd gidi khich quan dd, tam Iy cua ngudi dupe bpc Ip bdn ngoai Trong nghidn ciiu niy, khd khin tam ly d trd em mo cdi dang dupe nudi dudng tai cic eo sd bao Up xi hdi dupe bidu hi^n qua nhihig cim xiic, suy nghi vi hanh vi bat Ipi, can trd ue thyc hien cic boat dpng mang tinh myc dich Khd khin tam ly ciia ue khdng phii la nh&ng hi$n tupng tim Iy bit bidn, nd cd thd thay ddi anh hudng cua cic ydu td ci nhin nhu gidi tinh, dp mdi, chidn lupc Ud siir dyng dd duong dau vdi cic sy ki?n giy cing thing Uong cupc song, cic sang chin tam Iy tic Ak tiki qua, sy ngupe dii mi tie phai chiu dyng, cic rdi loan tam ly cua tii; anh hudng ciia cic ydu Id ben ngoii nhu mdi quan h? giiia Ud vi ngudi chim sdc, phuong phip chim sdc, giio dye ciia cic cd bio miu, me nudi, mdi quan he vdi ban, co sd vit chit cua trung lim Khung Iy thuydt cua nghidn ciru niy dupe so hda hinh theo Iy thuydt nhin thirc hinh vi ciia CotUaux va cdng sy (1985) TAPCHiTAMLyHQC.Sd 11 (212), 11-2016 57 Sir d\r doan Tinh hu6ng/hoat dpng $ Cam xuc Nh§n thutc Hiinh vi Phan img cua nhiing ngudi xung quanh Hinh anh Hinh 1: Cdu true tdm ly theo ly thuyit nhdn thirc hdnh vl cua Cottraux (1985) Phtforng phap nghiSn ciru Nghidn cim niy sir dyng phuomg phip nghidn ciiu trudng hpp Tim ly hpc lim sing Hai Ud em cd hoin cinh die bi?t khd khin, Uong dp tuoi tir 12 13 mdi, dang dupe nudi dudng lai Ling Trd em SOS Hi Npi, dupe lya chpn lim mau khio sit Dd thu thip dupe nhiimg thdng tin vd hoin cinh gia dinh, nhihig khd khin, rdi loan lim Iy ciia tie, quan sit vi hdi chuyen lam sing, thang didm m ^ , diem ydu (SDQ) di dupe lya chpn lim cdng cy nghidn ciiu 3.1 D^c diim chung eua hai tru&ng hgp diin cdru Hai trudng hpp dien ciiu Uong nghien ciiu niy li nhihig Ire em cd hoin cinh die bidt khd khin Cic em md cdi cha tir nhd Sau cha cic em mat, cic em sdng vdi dng ba npi, hoin cinh kinh td - xi h$i khd khin, m? tai hdn ho$c di lim xa khdng lidn lac vi chu cip thudng xuydn cho cic em Cic em^ m dupe Ling Trd em SOS Hi N$i ddn vd nudi Mpt em sdng Ling dupe nim, mpt em sdng Uong Ling dupe nim I 58 TAP CHl TAM Ly HQC S6 11 (212), 11 - 2016 3.2 Ngi dung vi cong cu khio sdt Xuit phit tir khung ly thuydt va gii thuydt nghidn ciiu neu Uen nghien cihi tip trung khio sit cic ndi dung sau: (I) cic boat dpng ciia trd didn uong Ling Tre em SOS Ha Ndi: sinh boat tap thd, phy giup cac cd bao mau chuan bj cic bira in, dpn dep nha ciia, vd sinh mdi trudng sdng xunh quanh, vd sinh ca nhan, hoat dpng the chit, boat ddng vin hda - vin nghe, giao tidp cua tte vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh; cac boat dpng dien bdn ngoii Lang: hoat dpng hpc tap d trudng, giao luu ban be, di thim ngudi thin; (2) didn bidn tim ly mdt sd hoat ddng bieu hidn d cac khia canh sy du doin, cam xiic, nhan thirc, hanh vi vi phan irng ciia mpi ngudi xtmg quanh; (3) cic yeu td lim gia ling khd khin lam ly cua ttd ttong mdt sd linh hudng, boat ddng cy the (Juan sal, phdng van lam sing vi bing hdi diem manh, didm yeu (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: SDQ) li nhiing cdng cu dupe siir dyng ttong vide khio sit cic ndi dung nghidn ciiu ndu ttdn Mdt bing quan sit mdi quan he ciia hai trd vdi nhiing ngudi xung quanh di dupe thidt ke va su dung ttong nghidn curu Mpt bing hdi bin ciu tnic tim hidu cac hoat ddng ciia trd didn ttong vi ngoii Lang Kel qui quan sit, phdng vin lim sing dupe nhdm nghidn ciiu ghi chdp lai mpt each ti mi vi cd he thdng Ngoii quan sit vi hdi chuydn lam sing true tidp hai trd, chung ldi cdn hdi chuydn vi hudng din me nudi ciia cic em lim bing hdi SDQ Bing hdi diem manh, diem ydu (Sttengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: SDQ) dupe Goodman R thidt kd va cdng bd nim 1997 Bing hdi danh gii nhihig van dd cam xuc, hanh vi, sy ting dpng, nhimg khd khin Uong vide hda nhap xa hpi, nhihig ddng gdp cua tre [11] Den nay, bang hdi ud thinh mpt cdng cy sing Ipc, dupe nhidu tic gia sii dungttongnghidn cihi vi thyc hinh lim sing [12] Phan lo^ii didm sd SDQ ddi vdi tte em tir ddn 17 mdi nhu sau: tdng diem khd khin tir - 13 diem, nguy co tte bj rdi loan tim ly d mure dp thap; tir 14 - 16 didm, nguy eo d mire dp trung binh; tir 17 - 40 didm, nguy co d miirc dp cao [13] Ket qua nghien ciru Trong hai ttd em dupe lua chpn lim miu khio sit, cd mdt trd nam vi mpt tre nii, cic em sinh vi Idn ldn d Thii Nguyen, hien dang dupe nudi dudng tai Ling Trd em SOS Hi Ndi 4.1 Tru&ng hgp thu nhdt Nguydn V.N.' li mpt thidu nien nam, 13 mdi, sinh d Thii Nguydn, vio Lang Trd em SOS Hi Ndi tir tudi Hoan cinh gia dinh ciia N., cha em mat tir em mdi tudi Trude vao Lang, N d vdi dng bi npi, me em d vdi em gii ciia N sau chia tay vdi ngudi chdng mdi Do dng bi npi di ldn 'HQ va len ciia Ire bdi viel ndy da dugc thay ddi de ddm bdo tinh bdo mgt TAP CHITAM Ly HQC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016 59 m hoin canh kinh td gia dinh khd khan, N di dupe Lang Trd em SOS Ha Npi ddn vd chim sdc va nudi dudng Sdng Lang Ttd em SOS Hi Npi, N dupe sip xdp d ttong mpt gia dinh^ cd anh, chj, em, ttdn N li mpt chj, dudi N cd em anh, chj, em dupe chim sdc dudi bin tay cua mdt ngudi me Trong gia dinh, nhidu cun| xiy nhihig chuydn xich mich giira anh, chj, em vdi Moi lin nhu vay, deu dupe me phan xir N khdng ed mau thuin vi xung dot vdi anh, chj, em nio ttong gia dinh Hing ngay, N dupe me phan cdng niu com va chim sdc cay, vudn rau xung quanh nhi N cho bidt, "Chdu ldm nhirng viic ndy mpt edeh thdnh thuc vd thodi mdi": Trong Iiic rinh, N tham gia di bdng ciing cac ban ttong Lang, choi ciu Idng, choi cd vua, cd hidng, du quay N tu dinh gia "Chau dd bdng & mm trung binh, chdu khdng gidi vd khdng duge chgn vdo dpi tuyen eua Ldng di di thi ddu" Hi?n tai, N dang hpc ldp 8, Trudng Hermann Grneiner Hi Npi N cho bidt, "Viie hgc eua chdu diin tdt, chdu ed khd ndng tiip thu bdi vd hiiu bdi cudi ndm ehdu dgt hgc sinh tiin tiin hogc gioi O tru&ng, chdu choi v&i tdt cd cdc bgn lap" Cam nh|n vd cupc sdng ttong Lang Trd em SOS Ha Ndi, N chia sd: "Chdu cdm thdy rdt hgnh phiic, cd ddy dii mgi thu, anh, chi, em trgng gia dinh ed hodn cdnh gidng nhau, mdi bi dm hode met dugc me nudi chdm sdc" Khi dupe hdi vd moi quan he vdi m? nudi, N dinh gia: "M^ rdt thdn thifn vd gdn gUl v&i chdu vd ede anh, chi, em gia dinh Hdng ngdy, chdu vd m? ndi chuyin vol vi vipe hgc tap vd cdng vipe trgng gia dinh" Trong thdi gian d Ling, N vd thim dng ba npi mpt nim hai lan vao djp Tdt vi hd Nhihig lan ve thim gia dinh d Thii Nguyen, N cam thiy rit vui gip I^i dng bi ndi Khi dupe hdi sau vd moi quan h? vdi m? dd, N cho biet: "Mdi ldn ggp m?, chdu chdng biit ndi gi Luc do, ehdu cdm thdy cd diiu gi dd nghfn lgi long khiin ehdu khdng biit ndi gi v&l me Nhiing Idc din thdm mf, ehdu cdm thdy buon hem Id vui Lue do, chdu nghT rdng, hai me lau ngdy xa nen khdng biit ndt gi voi Hai me chdu khdng ndi ehuypn v&i nhiiu" Theo nhu ldi chia se cua m? nudi: "Sau cha N mdt, may ndm sau mf Lang Tre em SOS Hd Npi chdm sdc vd nudi duong tre em iheo md hinh gia dinh Trong mpt gia dinh, cd mgt mf va - 10 ngudi Ngudi mf thudng Id phu nii khdng cd gia dinh rieng dkipc Lang Tre em SOS Hd Ngi tuyen dung Sau mgt Ihdi gian ldm viic Ldng hp si dupe nhgn chdm sdc • IQ ire, tir hg trd thdnh mf ciia nhiing Ire ndy Hg cd nhifm vif chim sdc va nudi duoTig, gido due, qudn ly tre Tre ggi hg Id mf Trong mgt gia dinh, cd Ire nam va nir, a cac dg tudikhdc Tre ldn tuoi nhdt dupe ggi Id anh (chi) cd, sau din cdc em tiiy theo tuoi ciia mdi Ire Mgt gia dmh trtmg Ldng Tre em SOS Hd Npi cd mgt ngdi nhd rieng bift, dupe xdy hai timg cdliri -4 phdng ngii, cd phong vf sinh vd phdng hep phdng khach rieng Trong nha cd ddy du tifn nghi nhu bdn ghi ngdi uong nude vd Hep khach, bdn hgc giuang, ti vi 60 TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSdll (212), I I - N di ldy chdng, dugc mpt th&i gian hg chia tay Sau me di ldy chdng m&i, N sdng vol dng bd ngi Mac dit phdi xa me tir nho nhung N cQng khdng cd su hdn thit, trdeh cirgime nhu mpt sd tre khde Long" Ket qui khio sit bing bing hdi diem manh, diem yeu N ty tra ldi nhu sau: tdng didm khd khin tim ly (diem ydu): Trong dd, diem sd vd cim xiic: 1; hanh vi: 0; ting ddng: vi hda nhap: 3; tdng didm vd ddng gdp xi hdi (didm manh): 10 Bang hdi diem manh didm ydu me nudi ciia N tra ldi cd kdt qui nhu sau: tdng didm khd khin tim ly: Trong do, diem sd vd cim xiic: 1; hinh vi: 1; ting dpng: 4; hda nhap: 2; tdng didm vd ddng gdp xi hpi: 10 Kdt qui khio sit bing SDQ cho thay, rdi loan tam ly d N dupe dy bio d miic dp thap Kdt qui quan sat su giao tidp cua N vdi nhihig ngudi xung quanh cho thay, N dd dang tidp xiic, ndi chuydn vdi me nudi, cic anh, chj, em cimg nhi tai Ling, vdi cic cin bp chim sdc, giao dye khic Lang, vdi cic thinh vidn doin nghidn ciiru N khdng td qui vd vip ttong giao tidp hay cd sy Ore chd vi riit lui khdi sy giao tidp Cim nhin ciia chiing ldi, Ii mpt tte vi thinh nidn than t h i ^ vi gin giii ttong giao tiep Tir kdt qua quan sat, hdi chuydn va dinh gii bing bing hdi diem m^nh, diem ydu (SDQ) cho thay, N khdng cd nhihig rdi l o ^ lim ly, N chi cd m^t khd khin tam Iy mdi quan h^ vdi m? de Dd la su lie chd vd mit cim xiic, can ttd vi^c ndi chuydn, gin gui vdi me mdi em ddn thim m? 4.2 Tru&ng hgp thur hai Thii T.M., 12 tudi, nO, din tpc Tay, vio Ling Trd em SOS Hi Npi nim 2014 cimg vdi em gai Hi?n nay, M dang hpc ldp 7, Trudng Hermann Gmeiner Hi Npi Cha cua M mit em dupe tudi Nhi cd bdn chj em gii M li thii Ba Chj ci ciia M di di lay chdng vi da ly hdn, hi^n di lim in xa Chj thiir hai dang hpc d trudng npi tni cua huy?n M vi em gai dupe Lang Trd em SOS Hi Npi ddn vd nudi Theo nhu ldi m? nudi ciia M tai Lang kd, "Cha cua M bi ban chit rimg di sdn Sau cha M mdt, chi lan di ldm, chi hat dl hgc xa, mf cUng di ldm xa, M vd em gai & vdi dng bd npi Cupc sdng cua hai chf em rdt khd khdn, bira ddi, bHa na" M ke: "Mf chdu di ldm xa, gdn nhu khdng chdm sdc vd dgy bdo duge gi cho chdu Me di ldm nhung cOng khdng cd tiin, thinh thoang moi giri mpt chut tien ve cho hai chi em chdu dn hgc" Hi^ nay, M vin thinh thoang lidn l^c vdi m^, kd cho m? nghe cupc sdng ciia hai chj em oLing Vd cupc sdng t^ii Ling, M chia sd: "Cupc sdng & day rdt tdt, chdu dugc dn uong day dit, ngdy babHa, khong cdn phdi nhin ddi, mac dd dm vd dugc mf nudi chdm sdc, hudng ddn, chi bdo nhirng vipe gai nin ldm vd nhiing vipc khdng nin ldm" M tam su: "Trong nhd, nhiiu cdc anh, ehi, em cd xich mich TAPCHlTAMLynOCSd 11 (212), 11-2016 61 v&i nhau, me nudi mdng vd qudt, doi cdn cho may cdi roi nhung chdu thdy thi Id tdt O nhd, ehdu khdng bao gia dugc me hu&ng ddn, dgy bdo diiu gt" Me nudi ciia M cho bidt, "Khi m&i xudng ddy, hai chi em nd bi suy dinh du&ng, gdy gd, dm yiu Sou mpt ndm, dtia ehi da tdng dugc 9kg, bd^ gi& nd rdt khde mgnh Nd dd biit ldm mpt sd viic nhu ndu cam, ldm nem, ndu thirc dn vd ldm vir&n Khi moi xudng, nd Id mpt tre cd cd tinh, rdt mgnh rne Hdi & nhd, no dd tirng ddnh v&i ede bgn cimg tudi Khi moi xudng Ldng, nd rdt hiiu thdng vd sdn sdng cai nhau, ddnh v&i ban Sau mpt th&i gian dugc tdi kem cap vd chi bdg, bdy gi& nd da thudn tinh di nhiiu" Khi dupe hdi vd cic hoat ddng didn tai Lang, M cho bidt: "Chdu Id mpt hgc sinh cd khd ndng tiip thu vd hieu dugc bdi O lap, chdu chai v&i tdt cd cdc bgn Trong lap, cdc bgn cung cd hodn cdnh khd khdn nin mgt ngu&t thdng cdm vd dodn kit vol Cdc hogt dpng vui chai, van hda, van nghp tgi Ldng, chdu tham gia tich cue vd vui ve Riing v&i hogt dpng thi due, thi thao, chdu khdng choi nhiiu nhu cdc bgn khde Ldng Moi ndi den viec di tgp thi due, thi thao, ehdu ludn tuong tugng rdng, tr&l oi buc, md hoi nhiiu ddn din mil mdi Chdu nghi rdng, thi due, thi thao khong hgp v&i ehdu Cdc bgn nhd ru chdu choi cdu long, ehdu da tic choi Co nhiiu ldn, cdc bgn da khdng ru chdu chat cim^' Kdt qua khio sit bing bing hdi diem manh, diem ydu M ty tra ldi nhu sau: tong didm khd khin tam ly (didm ydu): 11 Trong dd, didm sd vd cim xuc: 4; hinh vi: 1; ting dpng: vi didm sd vd hda nhap: 2; tong diem vd ddng gdp xi hpi (didm manh): Bing hdi di^m manh, diem ydu m? nudi ciia M tti ldi cd kdt qui nhu sau: tong di^m khd khin tim ly: 17 Trong dd, diim so vd cim xiic: 5; hinh vi: 6; ling dpng: vi diem sd vd hda nhap: 2; t6ng diim vd ddng gdp xi hOi: Ket qui khio sit bing SDQ cho thiy, diem so ve hinh vi theo ty dinh gii ciia M vi me nudi ciia M khdng cd sy ddng nhit Do v|iy, khdng the dy doin dupe miirc dp nguy co bj roi loan tim ly d M _ Kdt qui quan sit mdi quan h? ciia tii vdi nhOmg ngudi xung quanh cho thiy, M edi md, than lhi?n vdi me nudi, cic anh, chi, em cimg nha lai Ling, vdi cic cin bp chim sdc, giio dye khic ttong Ling, vdi cic thinh vidn doin nghidn cim, M khdng td cing thing hay thu minh giao tidp vdi mpi ngudi Qua quan sit vi ttd chuydn lim sing vdi M., chiing tdi nhin thiy M g$p khd khin tim ly ttong hoat ddng thd dye, the thao Nhihig khd khin vi rdi loan tam ly khic cin dupe theo ddi vi quan sit thdm bdi cd sy khic bidt ttong kdt qua hdi chuy?n lam sang mi chiing tdi thu dupe tir cupc trd chuy?n vdi M vi m? nudi ciia em, kdt qui bang hdi SDQ M vi m? nudi tti ldi cung khic 62 TAP CHl TAMLy HQC Sdi I (212), 11 -2016 Thao luan Tir hai trudng hpp cu thd ndu tren, chiing ta nhan thay mpt sd didu lidn quan ddn khd khin tim ly ciia ttd em dang dupe nudi dudng Ling Tre em SOS Hi Ndi ndi ridng, cic co sd bao tig xa hpi ndi chung Khd khin lam Iy khdng sinh va can ttd lit ci cic boat ddng ttong cupc sdng hang ngiy ciia trd Chiing chi xuit hidn d mdt boat ddng cy thd, khidn cho hoat dpng dd didn mot cich khd khin hon Ching ban, ttudng hpp thii nhaL khd khin tam ly niy sinh ttong mdi quan he ciia tre vdi me dd, dd la sy lie chd ve mit cim xiic mdi ttd gip me Trudng hpp thir hai, khd khan tim ly cua M niy sinh va gin lien vdi boat dpng thd dye, thd thao khidn cho boat dpng niy khdng phai Ii boat ddng ydu thich vi dupe trd lya chpn M nhin thiic ring, the due, thd thao khdng hpp vdi bin than, cd tip nhidu ciing khdng thd gidi bing ban Phin tich dien bidn tim ly ttong nhihig tinh hudng trd ed khd khin tam ly theo Iy thuydt hanh vi ciia Cotttaux (1985) cho thiy, sy dy doin, cim xiic, nhin thirc va hinh vi ciia ttd thudng mang tinh bit Ipi, cin ttd hinh dpng Vi du trudng hpp N., khd L khin tam Iy sinh ttong linh hudng N den thim me dd N bj lie chd vd mil cim xiic Mdi ddn thim me dd, N cam thiy cd didu ^ dd lai ttong Idng khidn em khdng ndi chuydn dupe vdi me N nghi ring, hai me liu ngiy xa nen khdng bidt ndi gi vdi Vdi tam trang vi suy nghT nhu vay, N im l^ng, khdng ndi gi vdi m^ Sau nhimg lin nhu vay, hinh inh nhihig lan gip me Uong tam tri ciia N budn hon li vui Sy iire chd vd mil cam xiic ttong mdi quan he giiia trd bi bd roi vi cha me dd di dupe Kelly J.B vi Johnston J.R (2001) md la ttong mpt nghidn cuu vd mdi quan he ciia trd vdi cha m^ sau cha m^ ly hdn [14] CJ trudng hpp thiir hai, sy dy doin trude ve boat ddng thd dye "Tap thi due, thi thao nhiiu md hdi mpt" din ddn M ngai, khdng thich boat ddng niy Sdng Uong Ling, cic em dupe hudng din lim nhiing cdng vide gia dinh nhu lim bdp, dpn v^ sinh nhi ciia, lam vudn, dupe day bio nhihig didu ndn lam, phii hpp vdi liira tuoi vi gidi linh Cic em dupe di hpc vi lham gia cic boat dpng vui choi giii tti tai Lang vi trudng hpc Dd Ii nhiing ydu td dupe Taussig H.N (2002) xem li cic ydu td bio v? tre ttinh bj tdn thuong lim Iy [ 15] Nhihig ggi md cho cac nghien cuu tiep theo Kdt qua dinh gia lim sing hai trudng hpp neu trdn gpi md mpt sd hudng nghidn ciiru siu vi cd tinh he thdng vd trd em cd hoin canh die bidt khd khin dang dupe nudi dudng ttong cae eo sd bio ttp xi hdi: (1) nghien ciiu vd nhihig khd khin tam ly niy sinh mdi quan he cua trd vdi cha hoic me dd, chi sy inh hudng ciia sy bd roi ciia cha me ddi vdi tinh cam ciia ttd dinh cho cha m?; (2) nghidn ciiru nhihig rdi loan lam ly d ttd va cic ydu td anh hudng; (3) so sanh miirc dp khd khin tim Iy, rdi loan lim Iy d trd em sdng ttong Ling Trd em TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 11 (212), 11-2016 63 SOS Ha Ndi vdi ttd em sdng Uong cic co sd bio ttp x i hpi cong I?p; (4) nghidn cihi cic ydu td bio vd giiip ttd ttinh gip phii cic khd khin tam ly rdt lo?n torn ly Tuy nhien han chd ciia nghien ciiu niy xuit phat tit miu khio sit Sd luong ttudng hop diin cim dupe ttinh bay ttong nghidn ciiu cdn it C i hat ttudng hop ddu dang duoc nudi dudng tai Lang Trd em SOS Ha Npi, khong co ttuong hop nao dang duoc nudi dudng tai cic co sd bao ttp x i hpi cdng lap, v?y, khdng cd su so sinh, ddi chidu giiia hai nhdm ttd dang dupe nudi dudng o hai hinh thiic chim sdc cd nhidu didm khic niy Nhihig khd khin tam ly cua ttd gin vdi hoat ddng hpc lip, ttong cic mdi quan he vdi me nudi, cac b^n v i ngoii co sd, cic ydu td inh hudng chua dupe khai thic Ket luan Kdt qui nghidn cihi d i dua nhihig bing chimg tti ldi cho cic ciu hdi nghidn cuu Gii thuydt vd khd khin tam ly la nhiing hidn tupn§ tain Iy bat Ipi, cin ttd ho?t dpng cua ttd dupe khing dinh mdt phin Gii thxx^et yd cic ydu td inh hudng den khd khin tam Iy chua cd nhidu bing chiing de khing dinh hay bic bd Nghidn cuu niy chi mang tinh gpi md cho cic hudng nghien ciiu tiep theo vd chu de niy T i i lifu tham khao Wakefield J.C Disorder as harmftil dysfimction; A concephtal critique ofDSM- IIl-R's definition ofmental disorder Psychological Review, 99 (2) pp 232 - 247,1992 Paul Bennett, 7am ly hpc di thudng: Anormal and Clinical Psychology An introductory texbook, NXB Open University Press Maidenhead - Philadelphia, bin dich ciia Nguyen Sinh Phiic vi cdng sy, Lvm thu vifn Khoa Tam ly hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xi hpi vi Nhin vin, Dai hpc Quoc gia Hi Npi, 2003 Jozefiak T et al Prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders among adolescents living in residential youth care, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25 (1), pp 33-47,2016 Bronsard G., et al., 77ie Prevalence ofMental Disorders Among CMldren and Adolescents in the Child Welfare System: A Systematic Review and Mela-Analysis, Medicine, 95 (7), pp.e2.622,2016 Janssens A and D Deboune, Psychopathology among children and adolescents in child welfare: A comparison across different types of placement in Flanders, Belgium, Joumal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 64 (4), pp 353 - 359, 2009 Attar-Schwartz S., Emotional, behavioral and social problems among Israeli children in residential care A multi-level analysis Children and Youth Services Review 30 (2) pp 229 - 248, 2008 64 TAPCHiTAMLyHQC.Sd 11 (212), 11-2016 Attar-Schwartz S., SchoolfimctioningofcMldren in residential care: The contributions lUmullilevel correlates Child Abuse & Neglect, 33 (7) pp 429 - 440,2009 Trin Thi Tu Anh, H.T.K.L., Nguyen Thi Phucmg Thao, Rdi nhiiu tdm ly d nhdm tre md cdi sdng d cdc trung tdm bdo trg xa hpi vd nhdm tre sdng cimg gia dinh In Uong Ky yiu hpi ihdo khoa hpc todn qudc vi Sue khde tdm thdn trudng hpc, phd Hd Chi Minh, tt 504 - 515, 2014 Bui Hdng Quin, So sdnh su tu ddnh gid cua ire em tgi cdc trung tdm bdo tra xd hpi vdi tre em cd hodn cdnh binh thudng d thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc Su pham phd Hd Chi Minh, Sd 63, 2014 10 Cottraux J, Bouvaid M, Legeron P, Methodes et echeUes d'evaluation des conportement Issy-les-Moulineaux: E.A.P., 1985 11 Goodman R., The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note, Joumal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38,1997 12 Stone L.L., et al Psychometric Properties of the Parent and Teacher Versions of Ihe Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for to 12 Year-Olds: A Review, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13 (3), pp 254 - 274, 2010 13 Pollack A.A., Sdc khde tdm thdn tri em vd thiiu nien ddnh cho cdn bp xd hpi 2016 14 Kelly J.B and J.R Johnston, The Alienated cMld: A Reformulation ofParental Alienation Syndrome, Family Court Review, 39 (3), pp 249 - 266, 2001 15 Taussig H.N., Risk behaviors in maltreated youth placed in foster care: A longitudinal study of protective and vulnerability factors Child Abuse & Neglect, 26 (II), pp 1.179-1.199,2002 TAPCHlTAMLyHQC,Sdll(212), 11-2016 65 ... [13] Ket qua nghien ciru Trong hai ttd em dupe lua chpn lim miu khio sit, cd mdt trd nam vi mpt tre nii, cic em sinh vi Idn ldn d Thii Nguyen, hien dang dupe nudi dudng tai Ling Trd em SOS Hi... lim xa khdng lidn lac vi chu cip thudng xuydn cho cic em Cic em^ m dupe Ling Trd em SOS Hi N$i ddn vd nudi Mpt em sdng Ling dupe nim, mpt em sdng Uong Ling dupe nim I 58 TAP CHl TAM Ly HQC S6... sinh d Thii Nguydn, vio Lang Trd em SOS Hi Ndi tir tudi Hoan cinh gia dinh ciia N., cha em mat tir em mdi tudi Trude vao Lang, N d vdi dng bi npi, me em d vdi em gii ciia N sau chia tay vdi ngudi