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KHO KHAN TAM LY CUA CU DAN U\nQ, NGHE TRONG XAY D U N G NONG THON MOI PGS.TS NguySn Huxi Thu Khoa Tiirn ly hoc, Dai hpc Khoa hpc iff hpi va Nhan van Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi Ill TOIM TAT Any dung nong thon mdi la mpt nhimg chi truang Idn ciia Nha nuac giai doan Cong nghiep hoa - Hiin dgi ttoa nude nha Van de xdy dung nong thdn mdi dac biet doi vdi lang nghe da va dang ddi mat vdi nhieu thdch thitc d cd kho khan tdm ly ciia cu dan lang nghe Bai bdo dd ldm rd thifc trang, mile dp hie hien va cdc yeu to'dnh hudng tdi khd khdn tdm ly ciia cuddn Idng nghe vd dua cdc bien phdp tdm ly - gido due nhdm lid tip cu ddn Idng nghe thdo gd cdc khd khan tdm ly, ddng gdp nhieu han vdo c/iid trinh vdy dimg ndng thdn mdi Men Tir khoa: Ldng nghe; Khd khdn tdm ly; Khd khdn tdm ly ciia cuddn ldng ngh xdy dung ndng thdn mdi Ngdy nhan hdi; 5/9/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng hdi; 25/9/2014 Bat van de Xay dung nflng th6n md\ la mat nhung chu truong quan trong chmh sach tam nOng cua Dang v6 nong nghiep, nong dan, ndng thon duoc ngucri dan o cac dja phuong ca nucfc hfi't sue d6ng tinh va ting hO Va'n d^ xiiy dung n6ng th6n m6i da duoc chinh quyen dia phuong o mot sO' tinh, thuc hi6n tuong doi co hieu qua, nhung xay dung nOng thon m6i cho lang nghd chua duoc cac cap, cac nganh quan tam diing mirc Hau qua la qua trinh xSy dung nOng thOn mdri o cac lang ngh6 da va dang diln rat cham Theo cac nha nghien cuu thi nguyen nhan ccj ban cua thuc trang tren la nhung rao can, l^ho khan tam ly da va dang can tro qua trinh tren Hien ca nu6c CO trgn 2000 lang ngh^ {nguon Tong cue Thdng ke 2014) da va dang giai quyS't viSc lam cho hang chue van lao dOng nOng thon, da dong gop dang ke v6 t£li chinh cho su phat trien tai cac dia phuong vii dong gop khong nho viio ngan sach Nha nu6c Nghifin ciru kho khan tam ly cua cu dan lang ngh6 qua trinh xay dung n6ng m6i hi^n co y nghTa ly luan va thuc tian het siic quan Kei qua nghien cihi se lii co so de dua cac bien phap tam Iy - giao due TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, SO' 10(187), 10-2014 nhkn thao go cac kho khan tam ly cho cu dan lang ngh6 thuc d^y qua trinh xay dyng n6ng thon mori, tao dieu kien thuan Icfi cho su phat trien kinh te, van hoa xa h6i c* dia phuang Viet Nam la mOt niidrc nOng nghiep lua n\x6c truyen thong vi the dai bo phan cac lang nghe cua Viet Nam la nhtJng lang nong nghiep truyen th6'ng, tSm ly cua cu dan lang nghe la tam ly cua nOng dan nOng nghiep da va dang thay d6i theo hudng thi tnidng Lang nghe la nhOng co scf san xua't nam a ven hoac cac vung nong thon dang san xua't cac san ph^m thu cong truyln thong dap ung cac nhu cSu xa hoi va xua't khau nham Sn dinh dcfi s6'ng cua cu dan va phat trien kinh te', xa hOi cf dia phucfng Cu dan lang nghe la nhiing nguoi dang lao dOng san xuat, sinh song tai cac lang ngh6 Kho khan tam ly la nhihig ye'u to can trcf ca nhan (nhom) thuc hien qua Irinh hanh dong hudfng tdi muc tieu nao duoc the hien qua nhan thirc, tam irang va hanh dong ciia ho Kho khdn tdm ly ciAU ci( ddn ldng nghe qua trinh xdy diing nong thon mai Id nhiing yeu to cdn tra qua trinh xdy diing nong thon mdi cua cdc ci( ddn ldng nghe duac the hien qua nhdn thiic, tdm trgng vd hdnh dgng cita hg Co the noi kho khan tam ly ciia cu dan lang nghe qua trinh xay dung ndng th6n mcfi la nhung dac trung tam ly noi bat cua c6ng dong dan cu chuyen san xua't cac mat hang thu cong, my nghe can tre* qua trinh xay dmig ndng thOn mcri - lang nghe m6i cua ho N6ng thCn mdfi cho lang nghe la mo hinh lang nghe san xua't hien dai cac mat hang thii cong, my nghe, thong qua viec phat trien he thong co so tSng, md r6ng san xuat, ap dung cac tiru khoa hoc cong nghe tien tie'n nham tang nang sua't, tao cac san ph^m thu c6ng, my nghe v6i chat lucmg, mau ma dep, gia hgp ly dap iing nhu cau xa hoi cang cao, tang cuong xuat khau gop phan phat trien kinh te", van hoa, xa hpi dia phuong ma van giiJ dugc m6i trucmg sinh thai bao dam cho phat tri^n ben vung Xay dung nong thon m6i cho lang nghe la qua trinh xay dung van hoa, xay dung ngucfi moi cho lang nghe vcfi tinh yeu nghe truyen thO'ng cua cha ong co pham ch^t dao diic tot, co nang luc sang tao cong viec, CO nang luc ap dung cac tuu khoa hpc cong nghe tien tie'n san xua't va biet tie'p thu cac gia tri tie'n bp co chpn loc tren co sd cac gia tri, ban sac van hoa truyen thong cua dan toe Muc dich nghien cun la danh gia thuc trang kho khan tam ly cua ngudi dan lang nghe qua trinh xay dung nOng thon moi, lam ro nguyen nhan cua thuc trang va dua dugc cac bien phap tam ly - giao due nham thao g5 cac kho khan tam ly cho ngu6i dan lang nghe, giiip hp tich cue xay dung nong th6n m6i, thuc hien \6x cac chu truong, chfnh sach ciia Nha nuoc Nghien ciiu dugc tie'n hanh tir thang nam 2013 den thang nam 2013 Dia ban nghien ciiu tai lang gdm Bat Trang, huyen Gia Lam va lang nghe san xuat gO truyan thfi'ng van Ha, huyen Dong Anh, Ha Npi Khach the nghien cun la 512 nguoi TAP CHf TAM L? HOC, So 10 (187), 10 - 2014 dan lang nghe, can bp huyen (pho chu tich huySn) va can bo dia phuong (2 chia tich xa, bi thu chi bG thdn, trucmg thdn va hdi trudng hpi ndng dan) Cac phucmg phap dugc sir dung nghien ciiu la phucfng phap phan tich van ban, tai lieu; phuong phap quan sat; phuong phap phong va'n sau; phuong phap dieu tra bang bang hoi va phuong phap xir Iy k^t qua nghien ciiu bang phSn m^m thd'ng ke toan hpc SPSS phien ban 16.0 Thang danh gia sijr dung de tai d^ danh gia kho khan tam ly vdi raiic dp (ra^t khd khan: 3,0 diem; khd khan trung binh: 2,0 diem; it khd khan: 1,0 diem) K^t qua nghien curu Ke't qua nghien cun cho th^y, khd khan tam ly cua cu dan lang nghe qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi la he't siic phong phii, da dang Qua viec trao doi vdi cac chuyen gia, can bd dia phudng, nghien ciiu chung tdi tap trung vao mdt sd' khd khan tam ly sau: (1) Khd khan nhan thiic ve xay dung ndng thon mdi cho lang nghe; (2) Khd khan tam ly th^ hien qua tam trang cua cu dan lang nghe; (3) Khd khan tam ly th^ hien qua hanh ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia cu dan lang nghe 2.1 Kho khdn nhan thtic ve xdy dung nong thon mdi cho ldng nghe Nhan thiic la qua trinh phan anh, kham pha, ITnh hoi ban cha't, qui luat cac dac di^m cua su vat, hien tugng ciia the' gidi xung quanh nham muc dich nao dd D^ xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe trudc he't cu dan lang nghe c^n nhan thiic diing dan ve ban chat, tam quan trpng cua viec xay dung ndng thdn - lang nghe mdi ddi vdi ca nhan, gia dinh va cdng ddng Trong nghien ciiu chiing tdi tap trung vao nhung khd khan tam ly the hien qua nhan thiic ciia cu dan lang nghe sau day: 1/ Nhan thiic khdng dung ve y nghTa, tam quan trpng ciia viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi d lang nghe dd'i vdi ca nhan, gia dinh, xa hdi; 2/ Nhan thiic ve cac dieu kien c^n thie't cho viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi lang nghe; 3/ Nhan thiic ve va'n de mdi truong va xay dung ndng thdn mdi d lang nghe; 4/ Nhan thiic ve van de dau cho san pham viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi; 5/ Nhan thiic ve cac dac diem tam ly can trd qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi; 6/ Nguyen nhan cua nhung khd khan dd? Ket qua nghien ciiu thuc tien dugc the hien d bang sau: Kel qua bang cho tha'y, sd khd khan tam ly ve nhan ihiic can Ird qua Irinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia cac cu dan lang nghe dugc the hien nhu sau Khd khan vi tri thii nhat la "lang nghe hien san pham lam lieu thu ra'l khd ne'u xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe san pham lam nhieu se di dau" (DTB = 2,76; DLC = 0,55) Khi dugc phong va'n dng D.V.D cho biet "Ldng nghe chimg tdi sdn phdm lam i-a khd da dgng, luy nhien viec deu thu gap I'd't nhieu kho khdn, co nhieu cd thdng khong bdn duac sdn phdm ndo nhieu cii ddn tra nen thdt nghiep, khong co viec de lam Toi cho rang neu xdy TAPCHfTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014 dimg ldng nghe theo mo hinh nong thdn men - sdn xudt hien dai thi sdn phdm ldm nhieu khdng hiet sebdn cha ai?" Thuc tg'cho thiy viec tieu thu cac san pham thii cOng, my nghe ciia cac lang nghe hien la rKt kho khan rna nguyen nhan co ban la thi tni6ng tieu thu han hep, san pham lam chua phu hop v6i nhu cau, thi hieu cua ngu&i dto va vi the' chua co silc canh tranh titn thi trucmg Ke't qua dieu tra ciia chiing toi cho tha'y, 82,5% cac san pham thO cong, my nghe gO lang nghe Van Ha lam chii yS'u phuc vu xua't khau di Trung QuO'c, Dai Loan Viec tieu thu san ph&n phu thuflc rat nhieu vao quan he chinh tri ciia Viet Nam v6i cac nude Trong thcri gian viia qua B\in Dong nong len Trung Quoc dat gian khoan 981 trai phep tren them luc dia ctia Viet Nam thi viec tieu thu cang tr6 nen klio kJian hon Khi dugc phong van 6ng N.V.H truang thon - lang nghe san xuSt g6 truyen thong Van Ha cho bie't "Sdn phdm ldng nghe ehiing toi ldm chii ye'u la de xudt khdu sang Trung Qude, Ddi Loan Trong mdy thdng trd lai ddy Bien Ddng ed vdn de, quan he giiia minh vdi hp cdng, sdn phdm e ldm, dd vdn ddu tu vdo mua nguyen lieu gd lai nhieu Vi the mde dii khdng tieu thu duac sdn phdm nhimg ehiing toi vdn phdi trd ldi sudt eho ngdn hdng dieu ndy ldm eho bd eon lo ldng mdt dn, mdt ngu Tdi cho rdng v&i dd ndy, xdy dung nong thdn mdi sdn phdm ldm se nhieu thi vdn de tieu thu lai edng khd khdn han" Bdng I: Khd khdn tdm ly viee xdy dimg ndng than mdi cua cuddn ldng nghe the hien e/ua nhdn thiic XT Kho khdn tam ly the hien qua nhan thurc DTB DLC Thiif bac Nen kinh te thi trudng lam cho nhu cau cua xa hoi ddi vdi cac san ph^m thu cong my nghe truyen thdng ciia cac lang ngh6 cang cao, ddi so'ng ciia ngudi dan cang dugc cai thien vl the khong c^n thiet xay dung nong thon mdi cho lang nghi 2,34 0,55 2,21 0.47 2,47 0,67 Xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho nhuan cao cho mdt sd ngudi chii ban than ngudi dan lang thu hudng Xii nhung gi ma ho lang nghe chi mang lai lgi giau cd, cho cac dng chu nghe, dia phucfng ft dugc lam Xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe yeu c^u lugng kinh phi Idn dau tu cho viec xay dung co sd tang, md rdng CO sd san xua't va ddi mdi kT thuat, cdng nghe san xual hien dai dd co hoi tiep can nguon vdn he't siic han che' TAP CHITAM L? HOC SO 10 (187), 10-2014 San ph^m lang nghi san xua't tiSu thu rat khd neu xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi san ph^m lam nhilu se di dau Xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi trudc he't c^n cd qui dat de' md rdng ca set san xuat, nhung hien ca che' chuyein ddi tii dat ndng nghiep sang dat san xuat, kinh doanh het stic khd khan Mdi Irudng sdng cac lang nghi hien d nhilm tr^m trong, anh hudng true tiep tdi siic khoe, ddi sdng ciia cu dan, neu xay dung lang nghe mdi qui md san xua't tang len thi cu dan cd thi sdng ndi hay khdng Cu dan lang nghi hien da phan la nhiing ngudi ndng dan ndng nghiep truyln thdng vi the' tu san xuat nho le, manh miin, manh ngudi dd lam da an sSu vao tam tri ciia ho vi vay khd cd th^ xay dung dugc lang nghi mdi, ndng thdn mdi Trung binh chung 2,76 0,52 2,23 0,68 2,35 0,62 2,55 0,45 2,41 Giii chii: DTB diioc tinh tren thang miic dp, do: Rdt dong tinh: 3,0 diem; ddn tinh: 2,0 diem va khong dong tinh: 1,0 diem C) vi tri thii hai la cu dan lang nghe hien cdn mang nang tam ly ndng dan ndng nghiep truyen thdng, san xua't nhd le, tu manh miin, manh ngudi dd lam vi vay khd cd the xay dung dugc lang nghe mdi - lang nghi van minh, hien dai (DTB = 2,55; DLC = 0,45) Cu dan lang nghe da nhan thiic dugc chfnh cac dac diem lam ly ciia ngudi ndng dan truyln thdng (item 7) da can trd qua trinh xSy dung ndng thdn mdi hien Khi dugc phdng va'n dng D.V.H., chii CO scf san xua't gdm tai lang nghe Bat Trang, cho biet "Hien sif lien kei, hap tdc sdn xudt tgi Bdt Trdng cdn rdt nhieu vdn de, neu nhu co sit trao doi ban bgc phdn cong de mdt ca sa sdn xudt cung cdp mgt sd mat hdng chu dgo thi ca hgi phdt trien cua lang nghe se tdt dep han Hien tinh trgng sdn xudt manh ngticfi ldm, sdn xudt khong co ke hogch la nguyen nhdn sdn phdm ldm e thiia khong biet di ddu" Vi iri ihii la "xay dung ndng Ihdn mdi cho lang nghe yeu cau lugng kinh phi Idn d^u tu xay dung co sd lang, md rdng co sd san xua't va ddi mdi ky thuat, cdng nghe san xua't hien dai dd co hpi tiep can ngudn vdn cua ngucri dan lang nghi het siic han che"" (DTB = 2,47; DLC = 0,67) Cd the ndi, nhu c^u ciia ngudi dan lang nghi vl vdn dau tu xay dung dudng giao thdng, mo rdng co sd san xua't va dau tu mua nguyen Heu cho san xual, mua cdng cu va phuong tien, ky thuat cdng nghe tien tien la rat Idn Dieu lam TAP CHf TAM LV HOC Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014 cho ngudi dan lang nghi da kho khan ve vdn cang kho khan hon Mac du Nha nude da cd chinh sach uu tien cho ngudi dan lang nghe vay vdn de san xual nhung sd lugng dugc vay khdng nhieu, thu tuc vay he't siic phiic tap Dieu cang can trd viec tiep can ngudn vdn cua ho Khi dugc phdng va'n dng T.V.K cho bie't "Mudn xdy dipig ndng thon mai cdn co vdn de ddu tii nhiing viec tiep can nguon vdn ddi ven chung toi Id he't sAc kho khdn Gia dinh toi co nhu cdu md rgng xiidng sdn xudt ma khong bie't vay d ddu Thu tiic vay ngdn hang thi hit siic kho khdn ndo Id gidy xdc nhgn tai sdn, nao la chiing minh thu nhgp sdtien co the duac vay lgi khong nhieu" Vi tri thii la "mdi trudng sdng frong cac lang nghi hien d nhilm tram trpng, anh hudng true tie'p tdi siic khoe, ddi sdng cua cu dan, ndu xay dung lang nghi mdi qui md san xua't tang len thi cu dan cd the khdng sdng ndi" (DTB = 2,35; DLC = 0,62) Cu dan nhan thiic ro su d nhilm mdi trudng tai cac lang nghi hien da anh hudng rat Idn tdi siic khoe, ddi sdng ciia ho va nlu tinh hinh khdng dugc cai thien thi viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi se gap ra't nhilu khd khan vi nd de dpa true tie'p tdi siic khoe cua ho Khi dugc hdi dng P.T.D., lang nghi dd gd my nghe Van Ha, cho bie't "Ldng nghe chung toi hien moi trudng hi nhiem nghiem trgng Bui lii gS dgm dgc irong khong khi, mHi san, mui hod chdt khdp nai, nude thdi tii viec gia cong go ciing cdc chdt thdi ddc hgi khdc ldm cho nguon nude cung cang nhiem Neu xdy ditng phdt trien nong ikon mdi d lang nghe ddng nghia vdi viec nhiem moi Irudng cdng se tram trgng them vgy cu ddn ldng nghe chiing ldi lieu co chiu dung duac khong" O vi tri thii la "nln kinh te' thi trudng lam cho nhu c^u ciia xa hdi dd'i vdi cac san pham thu cdng my nghe truyln thdng cang cao, ddi sdng cua ngudi dan cang dugc cai thien vi the' khdng c^n thie't xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe" (DTB = 2,34; DLC = 0,55) Dilu cho tha'y, tu kinh te' ciia cu dan lang nghi cdn mang dam tu cua cu dan ndng nghiep truyln thdng Hg cho rang, su phat triln ciia lang nghi mang tinh chat tu phat, phu thupc vao cac dieu kien ben ngoai (mdi trudng) vi vay khdng c^n xay dung ndng thdn mdi thi lang nghi ciing cang phat triln Vi tri thii la "xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi trudc he't cSn cd qui da'l de mo rdng co sd san xua't, nhung hien co che' chuyen ddi tii da't ndng nghiep sang dat san xua't, kinh doanh he't siic khd khan" (DTB = 2,23; DLC = 0,68) Khd khan ve dien tich dl md rdng san xuSt cho lang nghi dugc cu dan nhan thiic ra't ro Nguyen nhan la cac chi'nh sach ciia Nha nude vl chuyen ddi miic dich sii dung dat cdn rat nhilu diem chua hgp ly Chinh dilu da can trd true tie'p qua tnnh xay dung ndng thdn mdi d cac lang nghi hien Khi dugc hdi dng N.V.S., lang nghe san xua't dd thii cdng my nghi truyln thdng Van Ha huyen Ddng Anh cho biet "Dien lich mat bdng de sdn xudt hien TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 10(187), 10-2014 ra't chdt, hep neu nhii Nha niidc khong thay ddi chinh sdch chuyen muc dich six diing ddi tii ddt nong nghiep sang ddt sdn xudt cho ldng nghe thi cuddn chung loi khong the md mang sdn xudt cho ldng nghe duac" Vi tri thii la "xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi chi mang lai lgi nhuan cho mdt sd ngudi giau cd, cho cac dng chu chii ban than ngudi dan lang nghe va dia phuong it dugc thu hudng lii nhiing gi ma hp lam ra" (DTB = 2,21; DLC = 0,47) Dieu cho tha'y, cu dan lang nghe nhan thiic hp thien vl cac gia trj vat cha't, gia tri ca nhan ma chua chii trpng tdi cac gia tri tinh th^n, gia tri xa hdi Vi vay, ho cho rang xay dung lang nghe mdi chi dap ung Igi ich cua mdt nhdm ngudi nao dd dd khdng cd hp Ke't qua nghien clhi bang cho tha'y dilm trung bmh chung khd khan tam ly viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi dugc thi hien qua nhan thtic ciia cu dan lang nghi d miic cao (DTB = 2,41) Cac khd khan thi hiln su lo lang cho su cdng ciia viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi, lo lang ve su phat trien cua lang nghi anh hudng true tiep tdi ddi sdng cua hp 2.2 Kho khdn tdm ly cua ngudi ddn ldng nghe xdy dung nong thon mdi the hien qua tdm trgng Tam trang la nhiing rung dpng chii quan ciia ngudi (nhdm) phan anh mdi quan he giiia sir vat, hien tugng nao dd ddi vdi viec thda man, hay khdng thda man nhu cau, mong mud'n ciia hp Trong ddi sdng lam ly ciia ngudi tam trang dugc thi hidn he't sire phong phii, da dang nhu: Tam trang tich circ hay thu dpng, tam trang pha'n khdi hay dau khd, tam trang chu ddng hay thd o ddi vdi su vat, hien tupng nao dd Trong bai viet nay, chiing tdi tap trung nghien ciiu mot sd khd khan tam ly thi hien qua tam trang cua cu dan lang nghi qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi sau: Tam trang khdng dn djnh luc vui, luc budn ddi vdi chinh sach ciia Nha nude vl xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi; Tam trang lo ldng, hoang mang ddi vdi va'n dl d nhilm mdi trudng; Tam Irang biic xiic, cang thing ddi vdi nhiing khoan thu lien khdng hgp ly; Tam trang cam phan, tire gian dd'i vdi each lam thie'u dan chit, khdng cdng khai minh bach qua trinh xay dung ndng ihdn mdi ciia chinh quyin dia phucmg d cac lang nghe; Tam trang budn r^u vl su suy thoai cac gia tri dao diic, van hda, truyln Ihdng irong giao tiep iing xir cua cu dan Ke't qua nghien ciiu thuc liln dugc trinh bay d bang sau: Ke't qua bang cho tha'y, tam trang eua cu dan lang nghe dd'i vdi viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi la he't siic phong phii, da dang Trong sd khd khan iam ly dugc thi hien qua tam trang dugc nghien ciiu thi d vi tri thii nhal la "tam trang biic xiie, cang thSng vdi nhung khoan ddng gdp khdng hgp ly cho viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi" (DTB - 2,48; DLC = 0,63) Trong qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi, chinh quyin dia phuong da tu y thu nhieu khoan khdng TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So'10(187), 10-2014 hgp ly gay tam trang biic xuc, cang thang cf cu dan la dilu dl hieu Khi dugc hdi bac P.V.T., ngudi dan lang gdm Bat Trang, cho bie't "Ngifdi ddn chung toi hien bi thu qua nhieu khodn de xdy dung nong thon mdi nhu: Lam dUdng .vdy dung khu Hgi cha gdm, ndng cdp he thdng dien ddng ky chit sdn xudt, kinh doanh hdng gdm, lien thue mat hdng de kinh doanh hgi cha lien ve sinh moi trudng, lien xu ly mfdc thdi dieu ndy gdy ldm trgng biic xiic, cdng thdng cho cu ddn chimg loi" Bdng 2: Kho khdn cua ngudi ddn ldng nghe viec xdy di/ng nong thon mdi the hien qua ldm trgng TT Tam trang Tam trang khong 6n dinh luc vui, luc buon duoc ph6 bien chmh sach xay dung nong th6n m6i cho cac liing nghe CLia Nha nu6c Tam trang that vpng, khong tin tuong vao su cong ciia chi'nh sach xay dung nong th6n m6i cho cac lang nghe ciia Nha nUcfc Tam trang biic xuc, cang th^ng vcfi nhGng khoan tien dong gop khong hop ly cho viec xay dung nong thon mdi Tam trang cam phSn, tUc gian doi vdi each lam thie'u diin chii, khong cong khai minh bach qua trinh xay dung nong thon mdi eua chinh quyen dia phuong Tam trang lo lang, hoang mang dO'i vdi viec nhilm moi trucmg (khong khi, nucrc thiii, tie'ng 6n va canh quan, bo mat nong thon ) qua trinh xay dimg nong thon mcfi cho cac lang nghe Tam trang buon rau ve sir suy thoai cac gia tri dao diic, van hda, truyln thong giao tie'p, ling xii ciia cu dan lang nghe Trung binh chung DTB DLC Thir bac 2,24 0,58 2,37 0,66 2,48 0,63 2,15 0,54 2,21 0,49 2,12 0,55 2,24 Gin chit: DTB dugc tinh tren tliang mine dp do: The hien rdt ro: 3,0 diem; the hien rd: 2,0 diem vd dot the hien: !,0 diem Vi tri thii hai la "iam trang that vgng, khdng tin ludng vao su cdng ciia chi'nh sach xay dung ndng ihdn mdi ciia Nha nude cho cac lang nghi" TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014 (DTB = 2,37; DLC = 0,66) Trong qua trinh td chirc thuc hien chinh sach xay dung ndng th6n mcfi cho cac lang ngh^, chinh quyin dia phucfng da cd nhiJng sai sot nhu tham 6, bi^n thti cOng qui, bin canh v^n de dau cho san pham chua duoc giai quye't da lam cho cu dan khOng tin tucmg vao su cong ciia chinh sach Khi dugc phong va'n ba T.V.T., cu dan lang nghe Van Ha cho bie't "Tif vdy dimg nong thdn mdi toi thdy mgt sd vdn de nhu; O nhiem mdi trudng, vdn de ddu cho sdn phdm chua duge gidi quye't Ngudi ddn thdn tdi khdng dugc hdn hqc, tham gia vdo qua trinh trien khai, thuc hien ehinh sdch, vi the ehiing loi khong tin vdo su thdnh cdng cua chinh sdch" Nhu vay, tam trang khong tin tucmg vao su cOng cCia chucfng trinh xay dung nong thon mdi cho lang nghe la each thiic to chirc thuc hien viec xay dung nong thon mdi cho cac lang nghe ciia chinh quyen dia phuong nhieu han che, dac biet ' nhiing vtfn de sinh qua trinh xay dung nOng thOn mdi chua dugc giai quyet kip th6i, tir gay tam trang khong tdt cho cu dan Vi tri thu" ba ta "tam trang khdng 6n dinh luc vui, luc bu6n dugc phd bie'n chinh sach xay dung nong thdn mdi cho cac lang nghe ciia Nha nude" (DTB = 2,24; DLC = 0,58) Nguyen nhan cua tam trang la cu dan lang nghi vui mimg vi que huong dugc ddi mdi nhung hg lai budn vi nhimg bieu hien suy thoai vl dao diic, van hda truyln thd'ng tai cac lang nghi cd chilu hudng tang Khi dugc trao ddi vl van dl niiy dng N.V.H., nghe nJian lang nghe van Ha, cho bie't "Phdn Idn ngudi ddn thdn chiing tdi het site vui mimg dUde phd hien chinh saeh xdy difng ndng thdn mdi eho cdc ldng nghe ctia Nhd nitc'tc vi hg hieu rdng ddy Id ca hgi rdt tdt cho su ddi mdi ldng nghe, tdng thu nhdp cho ngudi ddn vd phdt trien kinh te'vdn hda xd hdi tai dia phuang, nhien eiing co khdng it ngudi lai budn vi vdn de ddu cho sdn phdm, vdn de nhiem mdi trudng ehua dugc gidi quye't"Vi tri thil la "tam trang lo lang, hoang mang dd'i vdi viec o nhilm mdi trucmg (khdng khi, nude thai, tiing dn va canh quan, bp mat ndng thdn ) qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi" (DTB = 2,21; DLC = 0,49) va'n de ndi cdm ddi vdi cac lang nghe Viet Nam hien la van nan d nhilm mdi trucmg tir cac chat thai qua trinh san xuat tao Cac chat thai nhu nude diing san xua't, ngudn nude sinh hoat, bui, khdi, tieng dn vucft miic cho phep da va dang anh hudng true tie'p tdi mdi trucmg sdng ciia cu dan lang nghi, day la nguyen nhan gay tam trang lo lang, hoang mang ciia hg Khi dugc hoi dng N.V.C (85 tudi), ngudi dan lang nghi Van Ha, cho biet "Tdi het site hoang mang, lo Idng cho vdn de nhiem moi trudng thdn Cdc ao hd quanh ldng nude nhi^m dgc Cd vd cde loai thiiy sinh khdng sdng duge Trong dd, khdng qud nhieu biii qud trinh sdn xudt gd tao Tie'ng dn til cde mdy cua, mdy tien dn sudt ngdy Mdi tritdng d nhiim trdm trgng d ddy dang de dga true tie'p site khde ciia cu ddn ldng nghe Tit ddu ndm tdi TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014 ihdn dd co ngifdi dudi 50 tudi chet ung thu md nguyen nhdn Id bi nhiem cdc chdt dpc hgi tii nude sinh hogt vd khdng khC Vi tri thii la "tam trang cam phan, tiic gian ddi vdi each lam thie'u dan chii, khdng cong khai minh bach qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia chinh quyin dia phuong" (DTB = 2,15; DLC = 0,54) Trong qua tnnh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghe, mpt sd chinh quyen dia phuong da cd bilu hien vi pham qui che' dan chii, cdng khai, minh bach viec sir dung tien ddng gdp ciia ngudi dan Day chinh la nguyen nhan gay tam trang cam phan, tiic gian cua cu dan lang nghi Khi dugc trao ddi ba N.T.T (79 tudi), lang nghi Bat Trang, cho bie't "Mdi ndm chiing ldi phdi dong 21 khodn tien khdc cho thon, co nhieu khodn phi ly lam Ngudi ddn khdng duac tham gia dong gop y kien vdo viec thu chi, ldnh dgo thdn quye't dinh tdt cd Tdi cho rdng, chinh quyen dia phuang dang vi phgm nguyen tdc ddn chii, cong khai vd minh bgch qud trinh td chiic xdy dung ndng thdn mdi Chinh dieu ndy dd ldm bd he't siic bdt binh gdy tdm trgng cdm phdn, tiic gidn d hg" Vi tri thii la "tam trang budn rSu vl su suy thoai cac gia tri dao diic, van hda, truyln thdng giao tiep, iing xir ciia cu dan lang nghi" (DTB = 2,12; DLC = 0,55) Nen kinh te' thi trudng da anh hudng sau sdc, loan dien tdi ddi sdng xa hdi Bdn canh cac mat tich cue nln kinh te ihi Irudng mang lai nhu: Thu nhap ciia ngudi dan cang dugc nang cao, nhu c^u dd'i vdl cac san ph^m thu cdng my nghe truyln thd'ng ciia cac lang nghe cang tang thi cac mat han che' cua nd dugc bdc Id kha ro, cac gia Iri dao diic, van hda truyln thdng giao tie'p, iing xir ed chilu hudng bi mai mdt di da gay tam trang budn ran ciia cu dan ndi day Khi dugc trao doi ba N.T.D., lang nghi Van Ha, cho bie't "The he tre ldng giao tiep iing xit hg de cao cdc gid tri vgi chdi, chgy theo ddng lien md bd qua cdc gid Iri truyen thdng nhucoi Irgng linh cdm, tdn trgng ngudi co ludi Hg il quan ldm ldi cdc gid Iri xd hpi, gid tri cpng ddng Tdi rdt buon suy ngdm ve cdch ihiic Ung xd, giao tiep ndy cita hg" IVhu vay cd thi ndi, qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi d cac lang nghi, ngudi dan the hien cac tam trang he't siic phong phii da dang Nhung noi bat len la cac iam trang tieu cue, tam trang am tinh, can trd hanh vi xay dung ndng ihdn mdi ciia hg 2.3 Kho khdn tdm ly cda cu ddn ldng nghe qud trinh xdy dung nong thon mdi the Men qua hdnh dpng Khd khdn tdm ly the Men a hanh dpng xdy dung ndng thdn mdi cita cu ddn ldng nghe la nluTng ye'u td cdn trd hanh ddng xdy diing ndng thdn mdi cho que huang lang nghe ciia hg Trong nghien ciiu nay, chung tdi tap trung vao nhiing khd khan sau day: 1/ Khd khan viec tie'p can ngudn vdn; 2/ Khd khan vl mat thdi gian tham gia cac hoat ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi; 3/ Khd 10 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC Sd 10(187), 10-2014 khan viec tham gia cac ldp tap hua'n, dao tao ky nang sit dung cac phucmg tien, cdng nghe san xua't tien tien; 4/ Khd khan hoat dpng tie'p thi, quang cao san ph^m lam ra; 5/ Khd khan cac hoat ddng cai tie'n mSu ma san ph^m; 6/ Khd khan hoat ddng hgp tac phdi hgp vdi nhau, chia se kinh nghiem san xua't kinh doanh han che'; 7/ Khd khan viec tham gia cac hoat ddng xa hpi nham xay dung ndng thdn mdi Ke't qua nghien ciiu thuc tiln dugc the hien d sd lieu tai bang Bdng 3: Kho khdn ldm ly the hien qua hdnh dpng ctia cu ddn lang nghe xdy diing ndng thdn mdi TT DTB DLC Thiif bac 2,31 0,55 0,47 2,44 0,67 Kho khan hoat ddng tie'p thi, marketing nham md 2,63 long thi trudng tieu thu siin ph^m lang nghi vi the it cd CO hoi canh tranh vdi cac san phalm ngoai tuong tu 0,52 Hoat dong cai tie'n mau ma siin ph^m iam chua dugc dau tu va quan tam thich dang vi the' cac san pham lam chua phu hop vdi thi hie'u ngudi tieu dung 2,20 0,58 Hoat dgng hgp tac phdi hgp vdi nhau, chia se kinh 2,32 nghiem san xuai kinh doanh han che' tam ly cu dan ndng nghiep truyln thd'ng manh ngudi dd lam chi phoi 0,62 Ngudi dan lang nghi ft cd co hgi tham gia vao cac hoat ddng xa hgi nhu ve sinh moi trudng, sira sang nang cap dudng xa thdn va cac hoat dong tinh nguyen khac 2,52 0,45 Trung binh chung 2,23 Kho khan tam ly the hien qua hanh dpng Cdng viec cua cu dan lang nghi rai ban vi t h i khong cd thdi gian tham gia cac cudc hgp ban ve xay dung nong thdn mdi chinh quyen dia phucmg to chUc Kho tie'p can ngudn v6'n de d^u tu mua sam may moc, 2,18 cong nghe tien tie'n va mua da't md rdng mat bang san xuai kinh doanh Khdng cd co hgi tham gia cac ldp tap huan, dao tao ky nang tay nghi cho viec sir dung cac phuong liSn, cong nghe san xuat tien tie'n Ghi chii; DTB dupe tinh tren thang mirc dp, dd; The hien rd'l rd; 3,0 diem; the hien rd- 2,0 diem vd ddi the hien; 1,0 diem TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd'10 (187), 10 - 2014 Ke't qua bang cho tha'y, khd khan tam ly the hien qua hanh dpng dugc nghien ciiu thi vi tri thii nhtft la "khd khan hoat dpng tilp thi, marketing nham md rong thi trudng tieu thu san p h ^ lang nghi, vi the it cd co hpi canh tranh vdi cac san p h ^ ngoai tuong tu" (DTB = 2,63; DLC = 0,52) Hoat ddng cua cac lang nghi hien mang tinh nhd le, manh miin Cu dan lang nghe chua dugc tie'p can vdi cac tri thiic tam ly quan tri, kinh doanh hien dai vi vay viec xiic tie'n cac hoat ddng tiep thi, quang cao chua dugc quan tam diing miic Dilu can trd true tie'p hoat ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghe ciia ho Khi dugc trao doi dng D.V.D., hdi trudng chi Hdi Ndng dan lang nghe dd gd my nghe Van Ha, cho bie't: "Kho khdn Idn nhdt cua chung tdi hien la vdn de tieu thu cdc sdn phdm ldm ra, chiing toi chifa duac hgc cdc tri thiic, kinh nghiem hogt ddng qudng cdo thuc ddy viec tieu thu vi vgy khdch hdng cua chiing tdi phdn Idn Id cdc bgn hdng truyen thdng, cdn cdc ihi trudng tiem ndng nhU: Hoa Ky, EU va Singapore chua vUOn tdi duac" Vi tri thii hai la "ngudi dan lang nghi it cd co hdi tham gia vao eac hoat ddng xa hdi nhu: Ve sinh mdi trudng; nang c^p dudng xa thdn va cac hoat ddng tinh nguyen khac" (DTB = 2,52; DLC = 0,45) Nguyen nhan cua khd khan la san xuat cac mat hang thu cdng my nghe la cdng viec cd cdng nghe san xuat phiic tap ddi hdi ngudi thg phai suy nghi, tap trung nhilu thdi gian, cdng siic, diic tinh ti mi, ky luong cho ttmg san pham lam vi vay hp cd it CO hpi tham gia vao cac hoat ddng xa hpi, hoat ddng phong trao de xay dung ndng thdn mdi tai que hudng hg Khi dugc trao ddi dng N.H.T., cu dan lang nghi Van Ha, cho biet: "Cdng viec ctia cu ddn ldng nghe chung ldi ban rdn quanh nam Han niia sdn phdm ldm phdi ddu tii nhieu site luc, tri lue de sdn phdm dep han, pha hap vdi thi hieu khdch hdng vi the chiing ldi il cd ca hpi tham gia vdo cdc hogt dpng xd hdi de xdy dung ndng thdn mdi nhu: hogt dpng ve sinh mdi irudng, hogt dpng xdy dung dudng xd, hogt ddng cdi tgo ludi dien " Khd khan thii ba thi hien hanh ddng xay dung ndng thdn mdi la "khdng cd co hpi tham gia cac ldp tap hua'n, dao tao ky nang tay nghe cho vide sii dung eac phuong tien, cdng nghe san xua't tidn tie'n" (DTB = 2,44; DLC = 0,67) Nguyen nhan ciia khd khan la chinh quyen dia phuong chua mo cac Idp tap huan, bdi duong cac ky nang sii dung phuong tien, cdng nghe san xua't tien tie'n, hien dai cho cu dan lang nghi Trong dd cac phuong lien ky ihuat, cdng nghe san xua't cac san pham thii cdng lidn tuc thay ddi Ne'u cu dan lang nghe khdng cd cd hdi tie'p can cae kiln thiic va ky nang dd thi khd cd thi xay dung ndng ihdn mdi dugc Trao ddi vdi dng N.V.D., nghe nhan lang nghi Van Ha, dng cho bie't: "Hien phuang lien sdn xudt ldng nghe chiing ldi vdn Id cdc phuang tien thu cdng Iruyen ihdng nhu: Cua, due, bdo, ddnh gidy giap bang tay Vdi cdc phuang lien sdn xudt ndy thi khd cd the xdy dung ndng tlidn mdi lam vi hien cdc cdng cu hien dgi nhU cua mdy vi linh, bdo mdy, 12 TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014 ddnh gidy giap mdy vdi cdng sudt co the ldng len hdng trdm lan Ne'u khdng ddi mdi sdn phdm ldm khd cgnh tranh tren thuang trudng" Khd khan thii tu la "khd khan hoat ddng hgp tac phdi hgp vdi san xu^t kinh doanh v^i han che' - manh ngudi dd lam tam ly ndng dan chi phdi" (DTB = 2,32; DLC = 0,68) Nguydn nhan cua khd khan la cu dan lang nghi van bj chi phdi nang nl bdi tam ly ndng dan ndng nghiep truyln thdng ngai hoat ddng phdi hgp ciing nhau, chia se kinh nghiem lan san xua't Khi dugc trao ddi dng D.V.H., ngudi dan lang nghi Bat Trang, cho bie't: "Cdc bi quyet sdn xudt gdm nhu: cdch thiic pha che mdu men, chdt lieu sdn xudt, cdch thiic xdy Id nung, nhiet dp nung chiing tdi khdng the trao ddi, chia se cho duac Trong sdn xudi, kinh doanh gdm nen kinh tethi Irudng thi bi mat Id ye'u id cgnh tranh quan trgng nhdt" Khd khan thii nam la "khd tiep can ngudn vdn dl dSu tu mua sam may moc, cdng nghe tien tien va de md rdng mat bang san xuat kinh doanh" (DTB = 2,18; DLC = 0,47) Nguyen nhan ciia khd khan la eac qui dinh vl vay vdn ngan hang cdn nhilu philn ha, cac ngudn vdn cho cac lang nghi thu cdng truyln thd'ng cdn han che' vl vay viec mua sam, thay ddi phuong tien ky thuat, cdng nghe san xuat gap rat nhilu khd khan Khi dugc phdng van ba V.T.H., bi thu chi bd lang nghe Van Ha, cho bie't: ''Khd khdn cabdn cita cuddn ldng nghe hien Id ca hpi vay vdn he'l stic hgn hep De vay vdn tii ngdn hdng, fig phdi chudn bi rdt nhieu gidy td nhu: Gidy chiing nhgn quyen sif dung ddt: gidy xdc nhgn cua chinh quyen dia phuang ve muc dich vay vdn; gidy cam doan trd lien lgi ngdn hang dimg hgn; sd hd lich; gidy chiing minh thu Dieu ndy dd cdn trd ca hdi vay vdn ngdn hang de ddu lU cho phuang tien ky thugt cdng nghe lien tie'n gdp phdn xdy dung ndng thdn mdi cita hg" Khd khan thii sau la "hoat ddng cai tie'n mau ma san pham lam chua dugc d^u tu va quan tam thich dang vi the cac san pham lam chua phu hdp vdi Ihi hie'u ngudi tieu diing, khd lieu thu" (DTB = 2,20; DLC = 0,58) Nguyen nhan ciia khd khan la cac chu san xua't kinh doanh ehua quan tam diing miic ldi hoat ddng cai tien mau ma san pham San pham lam chua dap iing nhu e^u, thi hieu lieu diing da can trd viec tieu thu san pham ciia hg Trao ddi vdi dng T.V.T., lang nghi gdm Bat Trang, dng eho biet: "Sdn phdm gdm cita ldng nghe Bdt Trdng chiing ldi hien tieu thu rdi cham chdt luang mdu md chua that sifddp ifng nhu cdu, thi hie'u lieu diing Nguyen nhdn a ddy Id cdc ca sd sdn xudt chua quan ldm ditng mifc ldi hogt dpng cdi tien mdu ma sdn phdm, chdt luang men vd hga tiet hoa vdn cita sdn phdm" Nhu vay, cd the ndi khd khan tam ly ciia eu dan lang nghe the hien qua hanh ddng het siic phong phii, da dang Ke't qua bang cho tha'y khd khan tam ly vile xay dung ndng thdn mdi ciia eu dan lang nghi d miie trung binh TAPCHfTAMLVHOCSd 10(187), 10-2014 (DTB = 2,23), dd cd khd khan thi hien qua hanh ddng d miic cao (items 3, va7) Ke't qua danh gia miic dp khd khan tam ly chung ciia cu dan lang nghi dugc tdng hgp tii cac mat bilu hidn khd khan tam ly vl nhan thiic, tam trang va hanh ddng cua ho ket hgp vdi ke't qua nghien cihi tir cac phuong phap nghien ciiu khac dugc sii dung nghien ciiu Tong hgp chung mu'c dd khd khan tam Iy thdng qua cac mat bieu hien dugc trinh bay tren dugc the hien d bang dudi day Bdng 4: Ddnh gid chung miic dp khd khdn tdm ly ctia cu ddn ldng nghe viec xdy dung ndng thdn mdi TT Mat bieu hien DTB Mute Nhan thdc 2,41 Cao Tam trang 2,24 Trung binh Hanh ddng Danh gia chung 2,23 Trung binh 2,29 Trung binh Nhu vay, miic dd khd khan ciia ngudi dan lang nghi xay dung ndng thdn mdi a mile dd trung binh Chi'nh quyen dia phucmg lang nghi cSn tap trung thao gd kip thdi, dua cac qui dinh phii hgp nhSm thtic diy nhanh hon qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghe hien Ke't qua xit ly tuong quan Spearman giiia cac mat bieu hien kho khan tam ly cda cu dan lang nghi qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn miJi bang thd'ng kl toan hgc cho tha'y: cac mat bieu hien khd khan tam ly (nhan thilc, tam trang va hanh ddng) cd tuong quan thuan, duong ti'nh kha chat che vdi Tuong quan giua khd khan the hien a nhan thiic vdi khd khan thi hidn d tam trang la tuong quan thuan kha chat che vdi r = 0,56; p < 0,05 Dilu cd nghTa la khd khan the hien d nhan thdc tang thi kho khan vl tam trang cung tang va ngugc lai Tuong quan giOa khd khan vl nhan thdc va khd khan vl hanh ddng la thuan, ducfng ti'nh kha chat che vdi r = 0,48; p < 0,05 Tucfng quan giua khd khan the hien a mat hanh dgng va khd khan the hiln a tam trang la tuong quan thuan vdi r = 0,38 va p < 0,05 Trin CO sd cac kit qua nghiin cim da nhan dugc a trdn, cd the dua mgt sd bien phap tam ly - giao due nham thao go khd khan cho ngudi dan lang nghi, d^y manh hon nira qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi Viet Nam sau day: TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd' 10 (187), 10-2014 Tang cudng tuyen truyln van ddng dl ngudi dan hieu ro hon chinh sach xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi cua Nha nude Chinh quyin dia phuong c5n tang cudng tie'p xiic vdi ngudi dan thuc hien td't nguyen tac dan chu, cdng khai minh bach qua trinh xay dufng ndng thdn mdi d dia phuong Nha nude c^n dua cac chinh sach dl tao dieu kien cho cu dan lang nghi tie'p can dugc vdi cac ngudn \6n de day manh qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi Ox dan lang nghe can tich cue day manh hoat ddng quang cao, marketing va cai tie'n mSu ma san ph^m lam cd chat lugng cao va phu hgp vdi thi hie'u khach hang Ngudi dan cin tich cue, chu ddng va y thiic trach nhiem cao vile tham gia cac hoat ddng bao ve mdi trudng - ye'u td quyet dinh su cdng ciia viec xay dung ndng thdn mdi Nhu vay, khd khan tam ly cua cu dan lang nghi xay dung ndng thdn mdi la he't siic phong phii, da dang Trong dd cac khd khan vl nhan thiic d miie dd cao hon khd khan ve lam trang va khd khan vl hanh ddng Cac khd khan tren ludn cd quan he tUdng quan thuan va kha chat che vdi Dilu da va dang anh hudng true tie'p tdi qua trinh xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho cac lang nghi Cac khd khan ed the dugc han che, thao go neu chinh quyin dia phuong tao mgi dilu kiln eho eu dan tham gia vao qua trinh td ehiic thue hien chinh sach xay dung ndng thdn mdi cho lang nghi va dam bao nguyen lae cdng khai, dan chii d dia phuong Tai lieu tham khao Vu Dung, Tdm ly hgc xa hpi vdi qudn ly, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, 1995 K.L Larsen, Le Van Hao, Tdm ly hoc xa hpi, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, 2011 Nguyin Hun Thu, Tdm ly hgc kinh le, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, 2014 Nguyin Hun Thu, Tdm ly hgc qudn tri kinh doanh, NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2010 B6 Tai nguySn - Moi irudng, Bdo cdo nhiim moi trudng ldng nglie qudc gia 2008 ' Mdi Irudng ldng nghe Viet Nam TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014 ... tam quan trpng cua viec xay dung ndng thdn - lang nghe mdi ddi vdi ca nhan, gia dinh va cdng ddng Trong nghien ciiu chiing tdi tap trung vao nhung khd khan tam ly the hien qua nhan thiic ciia cu... Loan Viec tieu thu san ph&n phu thuflc rat nhieu vao quan he chinh tri ciia Viet Nam v6i cac nude Trong thcri gian viia qua Bin Dong nong len Trung Quoc dat gian khoan 981 trai phep tren them luc... cho bie't "Sdn phdm ldng nghe ehiing toi ldm chii ye'u la de xudt khdu sang Trung Qude, Ddi Loan Trong mdy thdng trd lai ddy Bien Ddng ed vdn de, quan he giiia minh vdi hp cdng, sdn phdm e ldm,
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