Một số vấn đề lý luận về quản lý giáo dục trải nghiệm ở các nước trên thế giới và giá trị tham khảo cho việt nam

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management, 2022, Vol 14, No 5, pp 155-161 This paper is available online at http://jem.naem.edu.vn DOI: 10.53750/jem22.vl4.n5.155 SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES OF EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD AND REFERENCE VALUES FOR VIETNAM Kieu Manh Ha*1 Abstract Experiential education is not a new ideology, but it is being very focused by educators in recent times True experiential education is not simply encouraging learners to participate in practical experiences to explore and develop their own potentials and skills, but also through experiential education to help learners gradually, forming living values; wants to contribute to the community, to the development of society Experimental education has been applied in many countries around the world, Vietnam is also actively researching and applying experiential education to educational programs at different levels, levels, and subjects This study presents some general theories about the creative experience activities, the management of experiential education in the world, thereby suggesting solutions that contribute to improving the quality of education in general Comprehensive capacity development for learners in particular in the current context of Vietnam Keywords: Experimental education, the management of experiential education, creative experience activities, the management of experiential educational activities Introduction The educational context today has been posing a lot of challenges for learners, teachers and educational managers, we have to deal with when society has something, in schools, there is Consequently, the brutal, intentional injury cases of which the perpetrators were students and the victims were their classmates and teachers The outbreak of the phenomenon of high school students smoking, drinking alcohol, injecting drugs , even committing suicide when encountering problems in life also makes US think Many students well, but apart from their high scores, their self-control and communication skills are very poor And it seems that the story of unemployment activities according to the trend, arguing and racing for the bad, the negative is a painful reality Because according to educational experts, students have never been taught how to cope with life’s difficulties such as divorced parents, bankrupt families, poor academic results In recent years Before the increasing demand of the society for education, the Party and State have focused on making leadership decisions, investing in education to bring the quality of education and training in Vietnam step by step, development on a par with the region and the world The second meeting of the Central Committee of the Party, term VIII, affirmed: "Education - Training is the top national policy" With the goal that by 2020, Vietnam will basically become an industrial country, integrating with the international community by 2020 To accomplish the above goal, it is required that each organization and individual must quickly approach and integrate into the general development of humanity The people’s knowledge base must be improved to provide both quantity and quality of human resources With that urgent requirement, the task of the education and training sector is to equip learners to not only have knowledge acquired at school but also can master knowledge, dynamic, creative; at the same time, learners must have the ability to solve problems, Received April 6, 2021 Accepted May 15, 2021 1Xuanloc High School, 261 Hung Vuong, Gia Ray Town, Xuan Loc District, Dong Nai Province e-mail: kieuha.ptnt@gmail.com 155 Kieu Manh Ha JEM., Vol 14 (2022), No have professional knowledge and skills, communication skills, behavior, organization, independent thinking, good physical sưength, bravery, a sense of ownership and creativity, capable of adapting and cooperating with the community in work and daily life The important issue is educating learners to form psychological qualities such as love for people, love for their homeland, a shared concern with the painful loss of the community as well as the nation, community, dynamic, creative, self-confident, have a will these are the ethical values needed in working people in the period of industrialization and modernization Obviously, human values are not only through lessons in class or in books, but also through various types of creative experience activities, because, through experiential activities, will help people, learn with practical knowledge and skills in life Therefore, researching and approaching theoretical issues about experiential education in the world to find reference values, which are highly applicable in the aforementioned context of Vietnam today is the last thing, strength needed 2.1 Content Research on experiential activities Even in prehistoric times, when the phenomenon of education was first started, primitive people educated the next generation what it takes for them to live and survive During the process of living together, adults teach and pass on their own experiences (production experiences, experiences against beasts, customs, customs, rules of the commune ) to children, direct Thus, the main educational method in this period was to use verbal, visual and practical activities Is it possible that the method of educating through practical, practical and experiential activities has been formed from the primitive time? When people enter a society with class and state, education has an increasingly important role in life in general "The school” was born and the educational method is noted as "learning with practice" Senior teachers such as Confucius, Soviet have mentioned the importance of combining learning with practice in education Later, Czech philosopher, educator, theologian- Jan Amos Komensky (March 28, 2015 - November 15, 2016), the ancestor of modern education and is considered the father of education Modern, while working as an educational consultant in Hungary, has placed great importance on the NERC, who laid the foundations for the birth of the current school, considers managing student learning in conjunction with extracurricular activities are a way to free learning from the "confinement of the four walls" of medieval school and claim that "Learning is not about acquiring knowledge in books, but acquiring knowledge, awake from the sky, the ground He allowed students to participate in stage performances to help them remember deeply the necessary content He found that the boys who are usually shy, now appear in public with confidence and composure Komensky has applied a new teaching method, especially out-of-class teaching methods, to arouse and promote latent abilities, to train students’ personalities, and to teach in a practical way According to him: “Around the school there should be a space for students to walk or play There is a need for a garden to occasionally see the flower beds” John Locke (August 29, 1632 - October 28, 1704), a seventeenth-century British doctor, philosopher, and political activist who highly appreciated the environmental impact on development, the child’s personality: Therefore, managing activities outside the classroom is essential to orient children in their practical experience with their surroundings John Locke argues that knowledge comes only or primarily from experience This is one of the many views of epistemology, the study of human knowledge, along with rationalism and skepticism Empiricism emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in shaping ideas, on ideas about innate ideas or traditions; Experiments can argue that traditions (or customs) arise from the relationships of previous sensory experiences Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially when discovered in experiments It is a fundamental part of the scientific method where all hypotheses and theories must be 156 PRACTICE JEM., Vol 14 (2022), No tested against observations of the natural world rather than based solely on reason, intuition Experience, often used by natural scientists, argues that "empirical knowledge" and "knowledge are expected and determined to be further modified or improved" One of the epistemological principles is the experience of creating knowledge Experimental research, including proven experiments and measuring tools, guides the scientific method The scientific method must be based on empirical evidence of the senses Both the natural sciences and the social sciences use testable working hypotheses verify, guide the scientific method The scientific method must be based on empirical evidence of the senses Both the natural sciences and the social sciences use working hypotheses that can be verified by observational and experimental evidence and previous experimental results to participate in rational modeling and theoretical investigation Jean-Jaccques Rousseau (June 28, 1712 - July 2, 1778), was an enlightenment philosopher who greatly influenced the French Revolution of 1789, the development of social theory, on his educational perspective That the purpose of education is to learn to live, and that this can be achieved by having a teacher guide the way through practical experience to a good life The development of social theory and the development of nationalism also give the famous educational argument "Education of nature and freedom", education must be adapted to nature, nature is children, people And the surrounding objects are the factors that participate in the educational process to develop the child’s organization and personality He said that Education in accordance with nature means that educational activities must be suitable with the psycho-physiological characteristics of the student’s age, based on the natural development of the child The manifestation of that is love and respect for the rights of children "Nature desires that children be made children before they become adults," he said Liberal education: That is, he is opposed to scholasticism, against rote learning with rigorous discipline, suppressing the development of a child’s personality Liberal education means giving children the freedom to develop their positivity and creativity Therefore, he attaches great importance to the education of labor by employment, considering it the purpose of education and training A typical educator and a famous Swiss teacher - Petxtalio (1746 - 1827), in the nineteenth century, he was one of the capitalist educators of the combined intentions Education with productive labor is one of the most important points in his educational theory and educational practice, according to him, in schools needing land for farming, breeding and children to learn a handicraft He highly appreciated the role of labor in shaping children’s character, he wanted that through work to: " warm the hearts and develop children’s minds", students were allowed to go to school, experience the handicraft camps and workshops to study This shows US that, in school education is not enough, we need to expand education outside of school, outside of class hours so that students can both acquire knowledge in the classroom and have time to practice consolidating the knowledge Robert Owen (May 14,1771-November 17,1858), is a Utopian British social reformer, but he is actually Welsh He built a factory system for labor education from childhood to adulthood, his view on education is to associate reality with life, combine education with employment, education with production, labor The pioneering American psychologist and philosopher - William James (1842-1910), He was Henry James’s brother, He wrote influential books on psychological science, was an educator First offering a course in psychology in the United States, James was one of the leading thinkers of the late nineteenth century and is widely believed to be one of the most influential philosophers in America, he is considered as "the father of American psychology, coined the term" fundamental experimentalism ", James notes that according to experimental observation" the cosmic needs can say whatever we finding in wisdom also begins with the senses ” Hence, if theories are theoretical then so are the senses and perception itself can be seen as a kind of imitation inference In James’s view, experience, from James’s point of view, is a transitional relationship and a relationship like real ideas and images that the analysis experiences Knowledge is perception, James calls "acquaintance’s knowledge," that relationship is an identity: "The mind prefers" acquaintances "directly to a present object." To know is a direct, immediate, and pure experience There is no separation of known and known Indeed, in a practical sense, no known and known, only experienced person Knowing and knowing is separate from the flashback experience, as we have seen when "the same 157 Kieu Manh Ha JEM., Vol 14 (2022), No personal experience is done twice in different contexts" In the last years of the nineteenth century, the person who had a great influence on European and American pragmatism and was not only a theoretical philosopher but also an experimental philosopher in all fields of education was John Dewey (1859 - 1952 ), he is a professor at the University of Colombia (New York), he is an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer with influential ideas in education and social reform In addition, he believes that students will thrive in an environment where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum and that all students should have the opportunity to participate in their own learning experiences Dewey’s writings mainly give the idea of democracy and continuous social reform discussed in his writings on education He argues that the importance of education is not only as a place to gain content knowledge but also as a place to learn how to live In his eyes, the purpose of education should not revolve around purchasing a predefined skill set, but rather to realize the student’s full potential and the ability to use those skills for a great benefit, than He noted that "preparing students for future lives means letting them lead themselves, meaning to train students to have full knowledge, skills and willingness to use them all our own abilities " According to Dewey’s philosophers, education reduces personal autonomy when learners are taught that knowledge is transmitted in one direction, from expert to learner Dewey not only reimagined how learning should play out, but also the role a teacher should experience in it For Dewey, "what is needed is to improve education, not just by creating teachers who can better than unnecessary things, but by changing educational perceptions" Dewey’s teaching ability is a natural love for working with young children, a natural tendency to ask questions about career-related topics, methods and other social issues, and a desire to share, knowledge acquired with others, is not an external appearance mechanical skill set Instead, they can be seen as principles or habits that are "working automatically, unconsciously" Dewey’s essays concerning the profession of teaching, followed by his analysis of the teacher as a person and an expert, as well as his belief in the responsibility of educational programs that educate, tablet nurturing properties are resolved, teachers can start classes successfully as Dewey envisioned In 1996, the United Nations Committee for Culture, Science and Education, UNESCO published a research report on education, which covered the four pillars of 21st Century education These can be considered as the basic principles to reshape education to suit the global development trend The four pillars are: - Learning to know: means providing learners with cognitive tools to understand the complex world and equipped with the right knowledge base for learners to continue learning and exploring, knowledge throughout their lives - Learning to (Learning to do): equips learners with knowledge, skills and attitudes so that each individual can successfully practice his career and participate effectively in the socio-economy in the context Global - Learning to be (Learning to be): is to provide everyone with analytical thinking and social skills so that they can best promote their psychosocial qualities as well as their physical health, become perfect people - Learning to live together: is for everyone to understand the values contained in the human rights framework, democratic principles, the understanding of human cultural values, and respect, peace, relations in human society From there, everyone can coexist harmoniously among relationships 2.2 Research on experiential activity management Entering the 21st century, Kolb’s theory of experiential learning is still respected and recognized as an effective learning method to develop students’ capacity Melvin L Silberman (2007); Scott D Wurdinger (2005); Scott D Wurdinger and Julie A Carlson (2009) are developed in the direction of applying experiential learning theory to different learning and teaching Applying the experiential learning model of 158 PRACTICE JEM., Vol 14 (2022), No the classical studies from past to this period becomes more flexible, but still ensures the basic elements of experiential learning The most central issues of classical experiential learning models, experiential learning theory such as: conception of learning, characteristics of experiential learning, experiential learning cycle; from there, giving some orientations to apply to the design, organization of experiential activities in the subject in high school David Kolb, the first American educational theorist to research and develop a model of experiential learning, known as "Kolb learning cycle" to "Process" learning, practice in stages Kolb learning model consists of stages: specific experience, reflection observation, concepts, positive test At Christchurch in Virginia’s waters, there is an experience program called “Great Journeys Begin at the River” An internally and externally skill-based practice program based on the use of the school’s location on the Rappahannock, in the Chesapeake Bay basin Students recycle aluminum to raise money for the school’s oyster farm, thereby educating and helping students protect the marine environment Through studying the works of great educators on experiential education in schools, we can see an overview that experiential education is the most concerned issue today This can also be seen confirmed that in a few countries with developed education that have been interested in implementing the educational program of youth education activities, especially countries that approach the general education program towards capacity development; pay attention to the education of humanities, creative education, quality education and life skills , which can be mentioned in typical countries such as: a) Singapore: The National Arts Council has an art education program that provides and sponsors high schools for the entire program of art groups, art creation experiences b) Netherlands: Creates a website to help creative students familiarize themselves with a career Students submit their creative portfolio (project) to this website, gaining additional insights from here; each student receives a small sum of money to work on his I her project c) The UK: Providing a wide range of situations and contexts for students that require development, applying a lot of knowledge and skills in the program, allowing students to create and think; problem solving in different ways to get better results; provide students with opportunities to create, innovate, dare to think, dare to d) Germany: From Primary level, emphasis has been placed on the position of specific skills, including the development of creative skills for children; develop the ability to learn independently; Think critically and learn from our own experience e) Japan: Nurture children the ability to cope with social change, forming a strong basis to encourage their creativity g) Korea: The goal of creative experience activities is aimed at people who are educated, healthy, independent and creative The Primary and Middle School levels emphasize creative feelings and ideas, the High School level develops a creative thinking global citizen Experimental and creative activities include main groups of activities: - Autonomous activities (adaptation, autonomy, event organization, independent creation ); - Club activities (youth association, arts and culture, sports, diligent practice ); - Volunteering activities (caring about neighbors and people around, protecting the environment); - Orientation activities (find out information about future development directions, learn about yourself Can choose and organize the implementation flexibly to suit the characteristics of students, school level, grade, school and local social conditions h) Finland: Known for a unique and excellent educational system that ranks first in Europe for its "experiential learning" approach In Finland, learning through play, hands-on experience is a very important educational method In addition to studying in the classroom, students also spend a lot of time on self-study, self-study and play Students often participate in outdoor extracurricular lessons, the classroom 159 ... allowed to go to school, experience the handicraft camps and workshops to study This shows US that, in school education is not enough, we need to expand education outside of school, outside of... psychologist and philosopher - William James (1842-1910), He was Henry James’s brother, He wrote influential books on psychological science, was an educator First offering a course in psychology... development directions, learn about yourself Can choose and organize the implementation flexibly to suit the characteristics of students, school level, grade, school and local social conditions h) Finland: