Tư vấn hay tham vấn vai trò nào cho người giáo viên trường trung học phổ thông

TU VAN HAY THAM V A N VAI TRO N A O C H O NOaOi GlAO VIEN TRUONG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG? GS.TS Nguyen Hi?u Chau Dgi hpc Gido due, Dgi hpc Qud'c gia Hd Npi Le Thi Quynh Nga TOM TAT Trong tien Irinh phdt Irien, ngudi ludn phdi dot mat vai nhieu kho khdn, thdch thicc Trong giai dogn doi m&i vd hoi nhdp ngdy cdng sdu rpng, nhirng kho khdn, thdch thitc cdng tra nen da dgng vd phirc tap han Chinh vi vdy, nhu cdu duac Iham vdn vd lu vdn cua ngu&i ngdy cdng tra nen ro rel han Doi ven hoc sinh THPT, cdc em thu&ng gap phdi nhimg kho khdn su thgy doi Idm -sinh ly cua lua ludi mang lai, nhimg khd khdn Irong cupc song vd Irong qud trinh hpc idp De gidi quyel nhieu kho khdn vd vudng mdc, viec tim den su Ira giup ciia cdc thdy, co gido Id mpt cdch md hoc sinh cdn lira chpn Viec xdc dinh rd vai tro cita ngu&i gido vien viec ho trp hpc sinh gidi quyel cdc vdn de ciig mtnh Id thai su cdn thiet Tir khoa; Tu vdn; Tham vdn, Tu vdn hpc du&ng; Gido vien tu vdn Ngdy nhdn bdi: 14/9/2015; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2015 Cac khai niem 1.1 Quan niem cda cdc nhd khoa hpc nu&c ngodi Lien quan tai v i n d l nay, cac nha khoa hpc nuac ngoai eo sir dung hai thuat ngO Consultancy va Counselling Ca hai thuat ngir deu lien quan toi su tro giiip bang cae loi khuyen, chi din, huong dan va lien quan toi hai dii tucmg: nhung ngucri cin trg giup va nguoi dua y kiln trg giup Theo chung toi, hai thuat ngu dugc dich sang tilng Viet da khong dugc sir dung mpt each t h i n g nhit va doi bi lin lpn Truoc dl nghi nhiJng thuat ngu tieng Viet tuong Qng voi cac thuat ngQ tilng Anh nay, chung toi xin tom luge mot so quan niem ciia cae nha nghien ciru nuoc ngoai ve cac npi dung Theo Fritz Steele [10], Consultancy ducJi goc dp chUc nSng la "Mpi hinh thirc u g giup v l npi dung, quy ttinh hoac ciu true cua mpt v i n de hay mpt loat cac TAP CHI TAM L t HOC, Stf 12(201), 12-2015 vin dl, nguoi dugc hoi y kien khong phai la ngucri thuc hien eac nhiem vu ma chi giup nguoi hoi thuc hien cac nhiem vu ma thoi" v l thuat ngQ Counselling, duoi nhilu goc dp khac nhau, nhilu nha khoa hpc ciing dua nhieu quan dilm khae Bumard, Phillip [7] thi cho rang: "Counselling la giup nguoi khac bJng each tro ehuyen vai nguoi va mue tieu la giup dtf cang nhieu cang tit nhim giai quylt vin dl va tao dilu kien cho nguoi dtf tu tim thay nhirng tilm nang eua ban than de lap ke hoaeh hanh dpng" Nhu vay Consultancy va Counselling deu co the hieu mgt each ehung nhit la nhimg hinh thirc trg giup cho nhQng nguoi dang co nhu eau de giai quyet nhttng vin dl ma hp gap phai eugc song Tuy nhien, gitta hai thuat ngu cung co sy khac biet Bdng 1: Su khde giita Consultancy vd Counselling TT Noi dung M6i quan he Muc tieu Phucmg phap Consultancy Moi quan he giua nguai dupfc hoi y kien vai nhiing van de cua nguai hoi Noi each khac, doi tugng cua Consultancy huong nhiSu den viec giai quyet van de ciia nguoi hoi han !a "chinh ban than" nguoi hoi Dua mot loat cac kien nghi de giai quyet van de hoac cung cap thong tin ve cac nguon luc va cong cu CO the ap dung cho van de cu the cua nguoi hoi Counselling Moi quan he ciia nguai dugc hoi y kien voi chinh ban than ngucri hoi Doi tugng cua Counselling la su tu phan anh hoac tu danh gia cua chinh ban than nguai hoi, nguoi dugc hoi sg chan doan vkn de va ggi y nhiing gi tot nhat cho nguoi hdi va nguai hoi se la nguoi tu tim giai phap tot nhat cho minh Cling thao luan voi nguoi hoi ve nhimg van de cua nguai va ggi mo nhimg each thao ga van de de giup nguai tu giai quyet van de ciia minh chii Ichong dua giai phap Tap trung vao viec de xuat cac giai phap de nguai hoi CO the su dung de giai quyet van de ban than Huong true tiep toi van de ciia nguoi hoi chii khong phai viec de xuat giai phap, nguoi hoi se tu nhan tiem nang ciia ban than va tim giai phap phii hop Nang lire cua Khong de cap den nang lire Khang dinh nguoi dugc hoi y nguai dua y cua nguoi dugc hoi y kien kien la nguoi co nSng luc nghe nghiep, co cac ky nSng va kien kien trg giup thuc ve tam ly co lien quan TAP CHf TAM Lt HOC, Stf 12 (201), 12 - 2015 1.2 Quan niem ciia cdc nhd khoa hpc nw&c O nuac, nhieu nha khoa hpc nghien cuu ve van de ciing dua nhimg dinh nghla khac Tac gia Le Quang Huy [3] vai quan diem coi tu van la mpt dich vu (hay mpt nghe) thi cho rang: "Tu van la mpt dich vu tri tue, mpt hoat dpng "chit xam" cung urng cho nhimg nguoi can tu van nhiing lai khuyen dung din vh chi^n lupc, bien phap, hanh dpng va giiip d5, huong dan khach hang thuc hien nhiing lai khuyen do" Tac gia Tran Tuan Lp [4] thi lai xem tu van nhu "Sir tham khao va cung cap y kiin giiia mpt ben A - co thh la mpt ca nhan, mgt t6 chuc cin tim cau tra lai cho mpt thac mac hoac tim giai phap vai ben B - mpt ca nhan, mpt t6 chuc khac CO chuyen mon, kinh nghiem va giiip hp giai dap nhiing thic mic, nhung vin dh ciia hp" Ban ve Tham vdn, cac nha khoa hpc ciing co nhiing quan diSm sau: Tac gia Trin Thi Giong va Nguyin Van Binh [2] thi quan niem ring: "Tham van la sir tuang tac giiia nha tham vin va than chii, tiSn trinh nay, nha tham van sOr dung cac ky nang chuyen mon giiip than chii khai day tiem nang de hp CO the tir giai quyet dugc van de dang gap phai" Tac gia Tran Thi Minh Due [1] da dua mgt khai niem kha cu the, theo "Tham van la mgt qua trinh tuang tac giiia nha tham van (la nguoi co'chuyen mon, ky nang tham van, co cac pham chat dao diic ciia nghe, duoc phap luat thira nhan) voi than chli (la nhiing ngudi dang co kho khan ve tam ly can dugc giiip dd) Thong qua su trao doi, chia se than mat, tam tinh (dua tren nguyen tac dao diic va moi quan he mang tinh nghi nghiep), nha tham van giiip than chii hieu va chap nhan dugc thue te ciia minh, tu tim thay nhiing tiem nang ciia ban than de giai quyet van de ciia chinh rrdnh" Nhu vay, a nuoc, hai thuat ngii tham vin va tu van ciing co nhirng su khac biet nhit dinh Chung toi thiy, quan diim eua tac gia Biii Thi Xuan Mai [5] la rit dang xem xet, theo do, hai thuat ngii khac a nhiiTig diem sau day: - Thu nhdt, vi muc tieu: Tu vin chii yiu huong tai giai quyet vin di hien tai hoat dgng tham vin huong toi muc tieu lau dai hon, la giiip ca nhan nang cao kha nang giai quyet van de sau dugc tham van - Thu hai, vi tiin trinh Tu vin thuong la cung cap thong tin hay dua loi khuyen, vay no diin mgt thai gian ngan, giai quyet van de tuc thoi tham vin co thi diin thai gian co thi keo dai hang tuan, hang thang tham chi hang nam - Thu ba, vi mdi quan he: Trong tu van, co thi la moi quan he tren - duai giiia mpt nguai dugc xem la "uyen bac" v6i nhimg thong tin chuyen mon ben TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 12 (201), 12 - 2015 la nguai "thiiu hieu biit" vi vin de nao do, moi quan he a day khong doi hoi su tuang tac rit tich cue tir phia d6i tugng Trong do, a tinh hu6ng tham vin, m6i quan he mang tinh ngang bang, binh dang va doi hoi co su tuang tac rat chat che va hgp tac tich cue giiia hai ben, co the noi, no dong vai tro nhu mgt cong cu quan trpng cho sir cong ciia ca tham van - Thu tu vi cdch thuc tuong tdc: Trong tu van, each thuc can thiep chinh la cung cip thong tin va loi khuyen bi ich tir nguoi tu vin voi day kien thurc chuyen sau vi vin di cin tu vin Trong tham vin, sir c6ng phu thugc vao ky nang tuong tac eiia nha tham vin di dii tupng ty nhan thiic, hiiu chinh minh va hoan eanh ciia minh de chii dgng tim kiem giai phap phu hgp va thuc hien no Ngoai nhung y kien tren, thong qua cac khai mem ve tu van va tham van ciia cac nha khoa hpc ki tren, chiing toi nhan thiy m6t su khac biet ro ciia hai khai niem nay, la: Ngucri lam tu vin la nhiing nguoi co chuyen mon, co kmh nghiem vi vin di doi tugng dang gap phai nguai lam tham van thi lai phai dap ung nhiing yeu cau eao hon, chuyen nghiep hon, hp phai la nguai co ehuyen mon, dugc dao tao de thyc hien cong viec trg giiip nguai khac nhu la mgt nghe, co ky nang tham vin, co cac pham chat dao diic cua nghe tham chi la eon phai dugc phap luat thira nhan Nhu vay, ro rang tu van va tham van la hai hinh thiic trg giup co sy khac biet nhit dinh a mpt so khia canh Tuy nhien, thyc te, de trg giiip nguoi eo nhu cau khong nen ap dat tuyet doi viec chi sii dung hinh thirc hay hinh thiic ma nen linh hoat lya chpn hinh thiic cho phu hgp vai nhu cau eua doi tupng 1.3, Su tuvng thick v&i cdc thuat ngir tieng Anh Co the noi, Viet Nam hien co nhieu tranh lu^n ve y nghia cua cac thuSt ngii Tham vdn va Tu vdn, nhirng tranh luan Hen quan t6i npi ham ciia hai thuat ngii cung nhu each dich cac thuat ngii quoc te Consultancy va Counselling sang tieng Viet Tir nhiing su phan tich o tren, eo the nhSn thay, hai thuat ngQ: deu chi sy trp giiip cho nguoi dang co nhu cau de giai quyet van de ciia hg nhung CO sy khac biet tuang doi a muc tieu, phuang phap, moi quan he, yeu cau ve nang lyc chuyen mon Tir dinh nghTa ciia eac nha khoa hpc nuoc va quoc te, tu sy so sanh nhiing diem tuang dong va khac biet ciia cac thuat ngir, chiing toi nhan thay rang, thuat ngir Consultancy tieng Anh tuong iing vai thuat ngu Tu vdn tieng Viet va thuat ngu Counselling tuong iing vai thuat ngir Tham vdn Cac van de dat voi ngu'di giao vien trung hoc thong 2.1 Nhu cdu duoc trff giup cua hoc sinh trung hgc thdng Trong tien trinh phat triin, nguoi luon phai d6i mat voi rat nhieu kho khan, thach thiic, dac biet la hpc sinh o liia tu6i THPT - lua tu6i cua sy chuyin TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, SO' 12 (201), 12 - 2015 tiSp giira thi gioi tre em va thi gioi nguoi lan Xa hgi cang phat trien thi nhiing kho khan, thach thiic cang tro nen da dang va phiic tap han Chinh vi vay, cang c6 nhiiu hgc sinh gap phai nhiing kho khan qua trinh hgc tap ciia minh Tuy nhign, viec tim din su trg giiip ciia cac chuyen gia tu vin truang hpc chua phai la sy lua chgn ciia nhieu hpc sinh vi nhieu ly do: Thunhat vi lyc lugng can bg tu vin hgc duang chuyen nghiep boi canh hien nuac ta rit hiim hoi Thii hai, tam ly e ngai ciia phan lan cae em hpc sinh, cae em chi tim din sy trg giup cua cae chuyen gia tu van cac em gap nhiing vin di that sy ldn De giai quyet v&n di, viee tim den sy tu van eiia giao vien la mgt each ma nhieu hpc sinh can lya chpn vi cac thay, co giao chinh la nhiing nguai eo dieu kien gan giii, hieu biet hgc sinh ve mpi mSt, nhat la nhiing van de cac em gSp phai qua trinh hpc tap a truang Khong nhirng the, cac thay, co giao la ngudi co dieu kien tiep can thong tin chinh thong va co chiic nang giao due, ho trg hge sinh viec thyc hien nhiem vu hgc tap ciia minh Vi vay, viec xac dinh ro vai tro eiia ngudi giao vien viec ho trg hge sinh thyc hien nhiem vy ciia minh la thyc sy can thiet, vira eo y nghla ly luan, vira CO y nghia thyc tien, gdp phan nang cao chat lugng giao due thong, phii hgp vdi bdi canh xa hpi phat trien lien tuc va nhieu thach thiic nhu hien va dac biet phil hgp vdi boi canh nhan sy tu van hpc dudng eon thieu nhu d nudc ta hien 2.2 Tw vdn hay tham vdn - Vai tro ndo cho ngu&i gido vien Trong hiu hit cac nghien ciiu d nudc ngoai lien quan tdi vai tro trg giiip ciia ngudi giao vien, ngudi ta thudng diing thuat ngir consulting teacher (nguai gido vien tu vdn) ma khong phai la counselling teacher (ngu&i gido vien tham vdn) vdi ham y vai tro ciia ngudi giao vien la consultant (ngudi tu van) chii khong phai counsellor (ngudi tham vln) Diiu da dugc di cap cac cong trinh ciia Huefner D.S (1988): Chiistie L.S McKenzie H.S, & Burdett CS (1972); Idol - Maeslas L (1981); Pugach M.C (1988) Quan diim cua cac tac gia tren day ciing phii hgp vdi sy phan tich cac diim gidng va khac ciia cac nghien ciiu va ngoai nudc da de cap d tren Chiing toi cho ring, chd dgi cac nha tham van (School counsellor) lam viec d cac trudng hpc nhu nhiing can bp chuyen traeh, cac giao vien co the va cin phai sin sang trg giiip hpc sinh vdi tu each ngudi^ giao vien tu vln (Consulting teacher) di giup hpc sinh giai quyet dupc nhirng van de cac em gap phai cupc s6ng va qua trinh hpc tap nham giiip cac em thyc hien nhiem vu hgc tap va phat triin ban than mpt each hai hda Ket luan Nhu clu duge trg giiip de giai quyet cac van de gap phai cupc song va qua trinh hgc tap d nha trudng la mgt nhu cau co thuc va rat cap bach ciia cac em TAPCHITAMLtHOCSe'12(201), 12-2015 13 hpc sinh Viec giiip dd cac em giai quyet cac van de ciia minh ddi hdi sy tham gia ciia nhiiu hinh thiic hd trg khac Viec Iam rd sy khac b i | t ciia hinh thuc tu vin va tham v l n dong vai tro quan trgng viec lya chpn hinh thiic trg giiip cho cac em ddng thdi gop phin lam ca sd cho viec sir dung thu&t ngii mpt each chuan xac nhiing bdi canh cu thi Xae dinh ro vai trd tu v i n ciia ngudi giao vien viec giiip cac em hpc sinh giai quyet nhiing van de gap phai vira co y nghia ly luan vira cd y nghia thyc tien nham ho trg cac em hpc sinh thyc hien nhiem vu hpc tap ciia minh va phat trien ban than mfit each hai hda Tai lieu t h a m k h a o Trail Thi Minh Diic, Tu vdn va Tham vdn - Thudt ngie vd cdch tiep can, Tap chi Tam ly hoc, S6 8, 2002 Tran Thi Giong, Nguyen Van Binh, Nhu cdu thuc trgng tham vdn tgi thdnh Ho Chi Minh, Hoi thao Khoa hgc quoc gia "Tu van tam ly giao due - Ly luin, thuc tien va dinh huong phat triin", phi H6 Chi Minh, 2003 Le Quang Huy, Biiu cdn t>iit su dung iw vdn, NXB Xay dung Ha Ngi, 1998 Tran Tuan Lo, Tir vdn ldm ly vd nhihig khdi niem lien quan, Ky yeu Hgi thao "Tu van tam ly - giao due, ly luan, thirc tiln va djnh huang phat triin", Hoi Khoa hoc Tam ly - Giao dye Viet Nam, 2006 Bill Thi Xuan Mai, Co nen dong nhal tham vdn vdi tic vdn vd tri heu ldm ly, Tap chi Tam ly hgc, S6 (97) 4/2007 Vien Ngon ngii hgc Tic diin Tiing Viel, NXB Tir diin Bach Khoa, Ha Ngi, 2010 Burnard, ?h\\\\p Practical counselling and helping, Routiedge, 2013 Dougherty A Psychological consultation and collaboration in school and community sellings Cengage Learning, Jon-David Hague Pubblisher, United States of America, 2013 Gustad J.W., The defimlion of counselling University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, US, 1953 10 Steele F., Consulting for organizational change University of Massachusetts Press, Minneapolis, US, 1975 TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, S6 12 (201), 12 - 2015 ... nhan thay rang, thuat ngir Consultancy tieng Anh tuong iing vai thuat ngu Tu vdn tieng Viet va thuat ngu Counselling tuong iing vai thuat ngir Tham vdn Cac van de dat voi ngu'di giao vien trung. .. dudng eon thieu nhu d nudc ta hien 2.2 Tw vdn hay tham vdn - Vai tro ndo cho ngu&i gido vien Trong hiu hit cac nghien ciiu d nudc ngoai lien quan tdi vai tro trg giiip ciia ngudi giao vien, ngudi... [7] thi cho rang: "Counselling la giup nguoi khac bJng each tro ehuyen vai nguoi va mue tieu la giup dtf cang nhieu cang tit nhim giai quylt vin dl va tao dilu kien cho nguoi dtf tu tim thay nhirng